Abstract: Provided is an electronic device including a semiconductor memory. The semiconductor memory may include: an under layer including first and second metal layers and a barrier layer having a dual phase structure of different crystal structures and interposed between the first and second metal layers; a first magnetic layer positioned over the under layer and having a variable magnetization direction; a tunnel barrier layer positioned over the first magnetic layer; and a second magnetic layer positioned over the tunnel barrier layer and having a pinned magnetization direction, and the under layer may further include a barrier layer having a dual phase structure between the first and second metal layers.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is a spacer used in a battery pack having a plurality of battery cells mounted in a pack case, wherein the spacer is configured to have a top shape corresponding to the inner shape of the pack case in vertical section and a bottom shape corresponding to the outer circumferential shape of the battery cells in vertical section so that the spacer can be mounted in a space defined between the battery cells and the pack case, grooves, in which electrical connection members are mounted, are formed at the top of the spacer, and the spacer includes at least one temperature detection member mounting part including a horizontal opening open in one direction or in opposite directions and a vertical opening communicating with the horizontal opening so that a temperature detection member is inserted from one side of the spacer and mounted in a space defined between the battery cells.

Abstract: This technology provides an electronic device and a method for fabricating the same. An electronic device in accordance with an implementation of this document includes semiconductor memory, and the semiconductor memory includes an interlayer dielectric layer formed over a substrate and having a hole; a conductive pattern filled in the hole and having a top surface located at a level substantially same as a top surface of the interlayer dielectric layer; and an MTJ (Magnetic Tunnel Junction) structure formed over the conductive pattern to be coupled to the conductive pattern and including a free layer having a variable magnetization direction, a pinned layer having a pinned magnetization direction and a tunnel barrier layer interposed between the free layer and the pinned layer, wherein an upper portion of the conductive pattern includes a first amorphous region.

Abstract: According to one embodiment, a magnetic memory includes a first magnetic layer, a second magnetic layer, a non-magnetic intermediate layer provided between the first magnetic layer and the second magnetic layer and an underlying layer provided on an opposite side of the first magnetic layer with respect to the intermediate layer, and the underlying layer contains AlN of a hcp structure.

Abstract: A method for fabricating a non-volatile memory device includes alternately stacking a plurality of interlayer dielectric layers and a plurality of conductive layers over a substrate, etching the interlayer dielectric layers and the conductive layers to form a trench which exposes a surface of the substrate forming a first material layer over a resulting structure in which the trench is formed, forming a second material layer over the first material layer, removing portions of the second material layer and the first material layer formed on a bottom of the trench to expose the surface of the substrate, removing the second material layer, and burying a channel layer within the trench in which the second material layer is removed.

Abstract: In a method for fabricating a magnetic tunnel junction, a first magnetic layer is formed on a substrate, and a tunnel insulating layer is formed on the first magnetic layer. Subsequently, a second magnetic layer is formed on the tunnel insulating layer. In the method, the first magnetic layer is formed by periodically sputtering a magnetic target while a metal target is continuously sputtered.

Abstract: A ballast water treatment apparatus for a ship includes a water collection part for collecting sea water, a forward osmosis process unit for producing ballast water and treatment water obtained by desalinating the sea water collected through the water collection part, and a ballast water tank for storing the ballast water produced by the forward osmosis process unit. Since the sea water is treated using a forward osmosis process, fresh water required within the ship can be supplied and the treated sea water can be used as ballast water. In addition, since waste heat and carbon dioxide generated in the ship are used to treat the sea water, the ballast water can be treated and produced in a low-cost and high efficient manner.

Abstract: An electronic device includes semiconductor memory, the semiconductor memory including an under layer; a first magnetic layer located over the under layer and having a variable magnetization direction; a tunnel barrier layer located over the first magnetic layer; and a second magnetic layer located over the tunnel barrier layer and having a pinned magnetization direction, wherein the under layer includes a first metal nitride layer having a NaCl crystal structure and a second metal nitride layer containing a light metal.

Abstract: This technology provides an electronic device. An electronic device in accordance with an implementation of this document includes semiconductor memory, and the semiconductor memory includes a first magnetic layer having a variable magnetization direction; a second magnetic layer having a pinned magnetization direction; and a tunnel barrier layer interposed between the first magnetic layer and the second magnetic layer, wherein the second magnetic layer includes a ferromagnetic material with molybdenum (Mo) added thereto.

Abstract: A system and method are disclosed for transmitting data over a wireless channel. In some embodiments, transmitting data includes receiving convolutionally encoded data and enhancing the transmission of the data by further repetition encoding the data.

Abstract: Methods and devices performing the method for wireless communications are disclosed, where the method includes retrieving historical communications information for a plurality of receive chains for receiving communications from a wireless node; determining a number of receive chains from the plurality of receive chains to enable in a discontinuous reception mode based on the historical communications information; and enabling the number of receive chains to receive a communication from the wireless node in a communications cycle. Other aspects, embodiments, and features are also claimed and described.

Abstract: A method for fabricating a vertical channel type nonvolatile memory device includes: alternately forming a plurality of sacrificial layers and a plurality of interlayer dielectric layers over a semiconductor substrate; etching the sacrificial layers and the interlayer dielectric layers to form a plurality of first openings for channel each of which exposes the substrate; filling the first openings to form a plurality of channels protruding from the semiconductor substrate; etching the sacrificial layers and the interlayer dielectric layers to form second openings for removal of the sacrificial layers between the channels; exposing side walls of the channels by removing the sacrificial layers exposed by the second openings; and forming a tunnel insulation layer, a charge trap layer, a charge blocking layer, and a conductive layer for gate electrode on the exposed sidewalls of the channels.

Abstract: In a semi-open loop rate adaptation scheme for a multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) system, a transmitter can advantageously use one or more quality metrics of an uplink as well as knowledge of device characteristics of both ends to perform fast and accurate rate adaptation.

Abstract: A battery exchange station and a method of operating the battery exchange station are provided which can solve conventional problems, such as the unavailability of electricity stored in a battery, the difficulties in coping with changes in system operation, and the difficulties in utilizing renewable energy. The battery exchange station and the method of operating the battery exchange station allow for utilization of electricity stored in a battery and improve a system's operation and electricity demand conditions by charging a large-capacity battery with electricity coming from the system and providing the electricity stored in the large-capacity battery to the system.

Abstract: Methods, systems, apparatuses, and devices are described for transmitting a measurement report during wireless communications. When, for example, a low-power period (e.g., CDRX OFF period) is scheduled to begin during a time defined by a measurement event timer (TTT timer), a UE may modify the low-power period. The low-power period may be modified based, at least in part on determining the low-power period of the UE will begin during a time defined by a measurement event timer, a duration of the measurement event timer, and a duration of the low-power period. Modifying the low-power period may include delaying the start of the low-power state until after transmission of the MR associated with the measurement event timer or skipping the low-power period altogether. The UE may transmit the MR based, at least in part, on the modification.

Abstract: A system and method are disclosed for transmitting data over a wireless channel. In some embodiments, transmitting data includes receiving convolutionally encoded data and enhancing the transmission of the data by further repetition encoding the data.

Abstract: An electronic device includes a semiconductor memory, wherein the semiconductor memory includes: a seed layer including conductive hafnium silicate; a first magnetic layer formed over the seed layer; a tunnel barrier layer formed over the first magnetic layer; and a second magnetic layer formed over the tunnel barrier layer.

Abstract: A multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) system can transmit on multiple antennas simultaneously and receive on multiple antennas simultaneously. Unfortunately, because a legacy 802.11a/g device is not able to decode multiple data streams, such a legacy device may “stomp” on a MIMO packet by transmitting before the transmission of the MIMO packet is complete. Therefore, MIMO systems and methods are provided herein to allow legacy devices to decode the length of a MIMO packet and to restrain from transmitting during that period. These MIMO systems and methods are optimized for efficient transmission of MIMO packets.

Abstract: A fuel cell using biogas as a fuel is provided, in which the fuel cell is supplied with a first gas required at a fuel electrode and a second gas required at an air electrode, which are separated from the biogas by a selective permeation method using a separation membrane of a gas-purification separation unit, and supplies gas discharged from the fuel cell along with the biogas to the gas-purification separation unit.

Abstract: In one aspect, the present invention provides nanosized systems for generating electrical energy based on the use of a chemically reactive composition to generate a thermoelectric wave. For example, the system can include at least one nanostructure (e.g., a carbon nanotube) extending along an axial direction between a proximal end and a distal end. A chemically reactive composition is dispersed along at least a portion of the nanostructure, e.g., along its axial direction, so as to provide thermal coupling with the nanostructure. The chemical composition can undergo an exothermic chemical reaction to generate heat. The system can further include an ignition mechanism adapted to activate the chemical composition so as to generate a thermal wave that propagates along the axial direction of the nanostructure, where the thermal wave is accompanied by an electrical energy wave propagating along the axial direction.