Abstract: A disk cartridge has a reflection portion to identify a kind of a disk in the disk cartridge. A disk drive apparatus has an optical detector to identify the kind of the disk by irradiating a beam to the reflection portion and detecting the reflected beam. The disk cartridge and the disk drive apparatus provide identification marks for identifying the kind of the disk by varying the angle and amount of a beam reflected from the reflection portions on the disk cartridge. Therefore, the kind of a disk and the type of a disk format are identified as well as the storage capacity of the disk.

Abstract: Provided is a communication adapter switching method and apparatus in a system having a plurality of communication adapters. The method includes: setting the addresses of the plurality of communication adapters equal to the address of the first of the plurality of communication adapters; setting a packet filtering mode of the communication adapters other than the first communication adapter to a mode in which all packets are accepted; and switching from one of the communication adapters to another when the one communication adapter is disconnected during communication. Accordingly, seamless handoff from the wired LAN to the wireless LAN is possible, since the TCP/IP session is maintained with the same IP address.

Abstract: In a method for feeding back combination information of transmitted signals in a multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) system using a multiple space-time block coding technique, mean square error values are computed in relation to the combination information pieces of the transmitted signals. An index of a combination having a minimum mean square error value from among the mean square error values is fed back.

Abstract: A method of transmitting a signal by using an Adaptive Modulation and Coding scheme in a Frequency Hopping-Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing Access communication system capable of dividing total frequency bands into a plurality of sub-carrier bands and including a plurality of sub-channels, which are sets of predetermined sub-carrier bands, and a plurality of cells. The method includes the steps of allocating a predetermined number of sub-channels as AMC sub-channels per each cell matching with predetermined conditions in order to apply the AMC scheme to the AMC sub-channels, and allocating remaining sub-channels except for the AMC sub-channels as FH-OFDMA sub-channels in order to apply an FH-OFDMA scheme to the FH-OFDMA sub-channels.

Abstract: Disclosed is a method for estimating a frequency offset in a mobile communication system that divides a predetermined frequency band by a time division scheme to transmit data signals or divides an entire frequency band into a plurality of sub-frequency bands to transmit the data signals. The method includes the steps of modeling a fast fading channel by one of a linear equation and a polynomial equation; and applying the model to a variable for the channel after performing the modeling and estimating the channel and the frequency offset based on a joint maximum likelihood using a training sequence.

Abstract: Disclosed is a protein variant which substitutes valine for phenylalanine residue in a binding domain having a biological response-modifying function by binding to a receptor, ligand or substrate. Also, the present invention discloses a DNA encoding the protein variant, a recombinant expression vector to which the DNA is operably linked, a host cell transformed or transfected with the recombinant expression vector, and a method of preparing the protein variant comprising cultivating the host cell and isolating the protein variant from the resulting culture. Further, the present invention discloses a pharmaceutical composition comprising the protein variant and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

Abstract: A display apparatus and method of displaying an image, and a video signal processor and method of converting an input video signal into a displayable format compatible with the display, including an reproducing apparatus reading out data stored on a medium, a playback part converting the data read by the optical disk drive into a video signal compatible with the video signal processor, an interface transmitting and receiving data to and from an external device, e.g., a computer, and a switching part selectively enabling the reproducing apparatus to communicate with either the drive playback part or the external device. With this configuration, embodiments of the present invention provide a display apparatus, computer system, and methods, using a display apparatus to play back a medium, e.g., a DVD having multimedia functionality, without having to boot the computer system.

Abstract: An optical pickup apparatus having laser light sources emit a first light beam having a relatively shorter wavelength for a DVD and a second light beam having a longer wavelength for a CD-R, an objective lens having a focal length of an information recording surface in the DVD, an optical path control unit controls the light beams so that the light beam emitted from one of the laser light sources is directed to the objective lens and the light output from the objective lens is directed to the optical detection unit, and a phase shift unit between the optical path control unit and the objective lens and which shifts a phase of the second light to reduce the size of a beam spot which is formed the information recording surface in the CD-R.

Abstract: Methods of manufacturing semiconductor devices having at least one single crystal silicon layer are provided. Pursuant to these methods, a first seed layer that includes silicon is formed. A first non-single crystalline silicon layer is then formed on the first seed layer. The first non-single crystalline silicon layer is irradiated with a laser to transform the first non-single crystalline silicon layer into a first single crystalline silicon layer. Corresponding semiconductor devices are also disclosed.

Abstract: A computer keyboard is provided which is constructed in such a manner that an auxiliary key group of the keyboard is moved to the left of a text creation key group, the phase of the keys of each key group belonging to the auxiliary key group being mirrorlike-symmetrical with respect to the right-handed standard phase, thereby mitigating confusion in user feels.

Abstract: A resource allocation method in a multiuser-multiple-input multiple-output/orthogonal frequency division multiple access (MIMO/OFDMA) system. In the multiuser-MIMO/OFDMA system feedback information is received from terminals. A channel gain and a transmission rate for each user are determined using the feedback information. An average channel gain for each user is computed according to the channel gain. The average number of bits for each user is determined according to the average channel gain. The number of subchannels for each user is computed according to the average number of bits for each user. At least one subchannel is allocated to each user according to the number of subchannels for each user. A modulation scheme for each of the at least one subchannel is determined. The resource allocation method adaptively allocates subchannels and bits according to channel environment, thereby considerably improving frequency use efficiency as well as a power gain.

Abstract: An information processing system operating in response to a remote control signal transmitted from a remote controller, the information processing system including a remote signal receiver to receive the remote control signal; an interrupt generator to generate a system management interrupt signal when receives the remote control signal by the remote signal receiver; and a controller to process the remote control signal received by the remote signal receiver and to control the information processing system to operate in correspondence to the remote control signal when the interrupt generator generates the system management interrupt signal.

Abstract: A semiconductor device includes an inorganic insulating layer on a semiconductor substrate, a contact plug that extends through the inorganic insulating layer to contact the semiconductor substrate and a stress buffer spacer disposed between the node contact plug and the inorganic insulating layer. The device further includes a thin-film transistor (TFT) disposed on the inorganic insulating layer and having a source/drain region extending along the inorganic insulating layer to contact the contact plug. The device may further include an etch stop layer interposed between the inorganic insulating layer and the semiconductor substrate.

Abstract: Methods for forming semiconductor devices are provided. A semiconductor substrate is etched such that the semiconductor substrate defines a trench and a preliminary active pattern. The trench has a floor and a sidewall. An insulating layer is provided on the floor and the sidewall of the trench and a spacer is formed on the insulating layer such that the spacer is on the sidewall of the trench and on a portion of the floor of the trench. The insulating layer is removed on the floor of the trench and beneath the spacer such that a portion of the floor of the trench is at least partially exposed, the spacer is spaced apart from the floor of the trench and a portion of the preliminary active pattern is partially exposed. A portion of the exposed portion of the preliminary active pattern is partially removed to provide an active pattern that defines a recessed portion beneath the spacer. A buried insulating layer is formed in the recessed portion of the active pattern. Related devices are also provided.

Abstract: A pilot designing method in an uplink OFDMA system is provided. In the uplink OFDMA system, communications are carried out in a frame divided into time-frequency lattices, and each time-frequency lattice includes a plurality of data symbol periods and a plurality of pilot symbol periods intermittently arranged with respect to the data symbol periods. The frame is divided into a plurality of blocks. The blocks are allocated to the terminals. A predetermined allocated pilot time-frequency lattice is shared between adjacent terminals.

Abstract: Embodiments of the present invention include heterogeneous substrates, integrated circuits formed on such heterogeneous substrates, and methods of forming such substrates and integrated circuits. The heterogeneous substrates according to certain embodiments of the present invention include a first Group IV semiconductor layer (e.g., silicon), a second Group IV pattern (e.g., a silicon-germanium pattern) that includes a plurality of individual elements on the first Group IV semiconductor layer, and a third Group IV semiconductor layer (e.g., a silicon epitaxial layer) on the second Group IV pattern and on a plurality of exposed portions of the first Group IV semiconductor layer. The second Group IV pattern may be removed in embodiments of the present invention. In these and other embodiments of the present invention, the third Group IV semiconductor layer may be planarized.

Abstract: The present invention provides an ashing method using rapid heat transfer under high pressure. The present method, applicable to all photoresist ashing processes, can rapidly remove hardened photoresists without popping at the ashing step by baking high dose ion implanted silicon substrate on a hot plate, enhancing the ashing quantity, by drastically reducing the ashing process time, while allowing conventional equipments to be used further. The present method comprises an in situ baking step, wherein a silicon substrate is baked for a predetermined time period under a pressure of 10 Torr or more while it is placed on a hot plate; a vacuumizing step, wherein a stable vacuum status is achieved while the silicon substrate is placed on the hot plate; a gas processing step, wherein selected reaction gas is introduced into a reaction chamber; and an ashing step, wherein plasma is generated until almost all of the photoresists are removed.

Abstract: An actuator used with an optical pickup includes: a base on which a holder is fixed; a lens holder in which a plurality of installation holes are formed such that a plurality of objective lenses to record and/or reproduce optical discs having different recording densities are installed at different heights; a support member, which movably supports the lens holder, having one end coupled to the lens holder and the other end coupled to the holder; and a magnetic circuit which drives the lens holder in focusing and tracking directions. The plurality of installation holes include a first installation hole in which a first objective lens for at least one type of low density optical disc is installed, and a second installation hole in which a second objective lens for a higher density optical disc than the low density optical disc is installed.

Abstract: A lens device which can be used as an objective lens in an optical pickup apparatus includes an objective lens provided along a light path facing a disc and having a predetermined effective diameter, and light controlling means provided along the light path for controlling the light in an intermediate region between near and far axes of an incident light beam, thus providing a simplified and inexpensive device for using discs of differing thickness in a single disc drive, by reducing the spherical aberration effect.