Signal repeater system
The present invention concerns analog signal repeater system solutions of the general kind. It concerns in particular stability with analog signal repeater systems.
The present invention concerns analogue signal repeater system concepts of the general type as explained in the preamble of the appended claim 1, as well as analogue signal repeater as described in appended claim.
BACKGROUNDDuring the last 20 years, analogue, high frequency repeaters in data communication systems have been neglected in favour of digital concepts. Analogue gain may be realised with analogue or digital signal processing methods and are characterised firstly by their full or part transparency. They offer an amplified, analogue representation of the input signal to give a near sustained bandwidth and very low latency even at very large system bandwidths. Digital repeaters are not transparent and are commonly based on just one type of modulation as well as one type of communication protocol, which again is likely to be of proprietary character. The resulting conversion that takes place within them causes high supply current draws and they tend to be of large physical dimensions. In addition each repeater contributes to a substantial reduction of the overall bandwidth of the system and always introduces problematic latencies that either excludes or complicates certain modern, time critical telecommunication services. There are physical limitations as well to which extent technologies within digital repeaters can be developed for large bandwidths. With known semiconductor types there are physical limits to how much it is possible to reduce current consumption at high processing speeds being limited, amongst other factors, by the lower limit of transistor bias and clock frequencies. Such concepts are likewise not inexpensive in production as for instance due to their obligation to utilise the newest and most expensive technology available. Such technologies are therefore likely to be quickly replaced by new generations leading to hi write-off costs. As a consequence, it is too expensive and impracticable to use a sufficient number of such repeaters for, as an example sustaining signal levels on cables or for wireless coverage in an area where line of sight obstructions are significant. There exists therefore a great need of novel solutions that will give repeaters that may be utilised in great numbers and have low productions costs, which have small dimensions and consume low currents. An analogue repeater system may as well be made compatible with any existing, none proprietary communication system and might be prepared for most future ones. Analogue repeaters do not have the disadvantages associated with mentioned digital repeaters. It has been claimed that analogue repeaters as opposed to digital repeaters accumulate noise. These are conclusions with substantial flaws in addition to the fact that digital repeater systems will accumulate noise that gradually reduces symbol bandwidth in addition to the band width reduction being caused by the latency associated with each repeater. It is known from analogue repeaters of old times used in telephone systems that they were able to convey the signals across the globe. With regenerative, super regenerative and super heterodyne analogue repeaters one may obtain regeneration of the signal which among other things is owing to averaging of noise similar to what happens when amplifiers are connected in parallel. The accumulated, systematic noise may be reduced with various measures. A significant number of analogue repeaters may be utilised without substantial degeneration of the signal if the repeater design measures are taken. The advantage of analogue repeaters is their significantly lower power consumption as compared to digital repeaters. This is particularly important when repeaters are battery powered or will have to live off currents flowing in conductors that the repeaters are coupled loosely to, for example by inductive means.
In repeater or transponder systems as given in patent documents NO20001057, NO20010132, NO20020112, PCT/NO01/00079, PCT/NO03/00004 it is shown how analogue repeaters and systems using analogue repeaters may be realised within none optimal cases for both wireless and wire bound concepts or a hybrid of those. Characteristic of such sub optimal cases as when conventional solutions are not applicable, is when sufficient attenuation between input signal and output signal easily does not lend itself to be made larger than the signal gain of the repeater. Consequently it is also characteristic of such cases that there are points along the signal medium where analogue gain is required but where it is impractical to insert the mentioned attenuation. Examples of this are cable connections that cannot be broken up as in power grid networks. One example of wireless applications is when only one antenna can be used or when large distance in the form of a number of wavelengths between antennas cannot be realised. Additional examples of none optimal cases are when isolation between input and output signal is reduced from reflections from various causes. This may be the case for wire bound and wireless systems. In wire bound systems certain control of this may usually be exercised in wireless systems varying reflection parameters are often a larger problem. A one port gain block that is a repeater is stabile only as long as sufficient attenuation is present between the gain block or repeater and the reflection occurring in the system or repeater cascade. There exists therefore a need for novel, simple solutions making it more practicable to meet such challenges. In some cases conventional concepts have applied circulators to attain attenuation of reflections and to obtain directional sensitivity. However, in large scale context this is too expensive and additionally it is often impracticable. Even other types of directional sensitivity may be impracticable to implement. The consequences of insufficient attenuation between input and output signal in signal repetition using frequency transposing is duplex interference.
The consequences under the mentioned, none optimal conditions as a result of reflections or lack of attenuation may be that stability requirements cannot be sustained for signal repetition within the same channel.
When frequency transposing is applied to analogue repeater systems it is often important that a minimum of channels are used for duplex purposes in order to acquire the largest possible efficient symbol bandwidth using the available frequency spectrum in addition to securing channels for two-way communication or multiple channel systems for increasing the available system bandwidth. In this context it is also necessary to be able to allocate neighbouring channels as close to each other as possible. Super regenerative frequency mixers allow very small spacing between input and output channel in a repeater as shown in the publications NO20001057, NO20010132, NO20020112, PCT/NO01/00079, PCT/NO03/00004. There exists a need for novel applications that can economise the use of available, useful channels in such systems. This is particularly important for modern broadband applications. It is also particularly important in wireless applications where frequency band density is heavy. Even more important may this be in cable based systems, especially cables with poor high frequency characteristics where often just marginal frequency regions are available for the symbol bandwidth required now and in the future.
When gain is larger than 1 within the same frequency region for a repeater the stability criteria are important for utilisation of the gain. Reflections and echo from other repeaters play an important role to achieve stability. Phase is affected by the complex impedance that the gain block (amplifier) looks at and by the attenuation between ports of a multiple port gain block Analogue gain has to a large extent been abandoned in modern networks due to the difficult task of combining stability and satisfactory gains. It is especially difficult to make solutions that are both repeatable and possibly producible in large quantities or large systems. Directional attenuation in some form is often the only and the best measure taken against echo and reflections. In some applications attenuation of interference of 10 to 20 dB is satisfactory, but in other applications that require good linearity as with QAM and OFDM attenuation of 30-50 dB is necessary. For some modulation types problems with frequency beating can occur even with relatively large attenuation. Previously published solutions are not able to satisfy attenuation requirements and these solutions are either not practically applicable or have only limited applications as for example in none linear systems, for example frequency modulation for rather limited bandwidths. Therefore it exists a large need for novel, practical solutions that can give repeatable stability combined with required gain and signal to noise ratio. There is a need for such solutions both for signal repetition with frequency transposing and with same channel amplification.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTIONIt is one main object of the present invention to provide solutions that in a low cost and production friendly way secures repeatability, stable operation and maximum signal dynamics for analogue high frequency repeaters in systems specifically for one and two way wire bound digital communication, digital “streaming”, digital “multicast”, digital return channel for other systems as in digital point to multiple point and all similar systems, but the invention also has important corresponding applications for wireless transmissions. Besides, one purpose of the invention is to keep power consumption low with the help of simplicity in design. An additional object of the invention is for it to be installation friendly. The object of the invention is also to offer redundancy, improved stability and a wider scope of application for the inventions described in the publications NO20001057, NO20010132, NO20020112, PCT/NO01/00079, PCT/NO03/00004. Further objects of the invention are achieved by improvement of the stability criteria for repeaters with gain within the same frequency band both with gains less than port isolation and gain larger than port isolation. A similar object of the invention is achieved with solutions regarding duplex conditions. Still other objects of the invention are achieved with solutions that reduce mutual interference between repeaters, beating between repeaters and interference from echo or reflections. A further object of the invention is to be able to realise practical solutions for directional discrimination and conveying large bandwidths on single conductors like power lines. One object of the invention is also to allow the solutions by the invention to be utilised in an adaptive way where the adaptivity is controlled by local intelligence or by central intelligence. A further object of the invention is to be able to combine several methods of achieving isolation between ports, to reflections and to other repeaters. To a skilled person of the art it will be apparent that other objects of the invention are obvious.
THE INVENTIONSeveral objects of the invention are achieved, in a first aspect, by a signal repeater system with analogue amplification as given by the attached independent claim.
Further given objects, in subsequent aspects are achieved with analogue signal repeater solutions as given by the subsequent attached claims.
Further, advantageous characteristics are given by the attached dependent claims.
Completely independent of the way in which the first aspect of the invention is realised in detail the principle of the invention can be described as an analogue repeater system for one- and two way digital transmission systems to avoid or reduce satisfactorily echo, reflections and mutual interference between repeaters and thereby make efficient use of available channels. This is especially important for modern broad band applications. It is also particularly important in wireless applications where the density within many frequency bands is heavy. This may be even more important in cable based systems, especially where cables with poor high frequency characteristics offer marginal useful frequency regions for broad band applications. Power grid cables for low- and medium voltage are typical examples where there is a need for two way communication, metering tasks, smart-house services and other services preferably in combination with IP networking and broad band products. Copper networks for telecommunication are contemporary examples as well, especially in those parts of the world where the existence of old copper networks is substantial. The invention can be related to patent publications NO20001057, NO20010132, NO20020112, PCT/NO01/00079, PCT/NO03/00004 that describe how simple and cost effective frequency transposing can be realised. Here, it is also shown how frequency shifting between repeaters can be utilised to improve system performance with respect to different dynamic properties, robustness against echoes or reflections. These publications additionally show that major advantages in signal dynamics and frequency band separation within the repeaters themselves can be achieved by introducing frequency mixing even with the super regenerative repeater. The super regenerative amplifier is both a frequency mixer and an amplifier. It will, without high frequency selectivity both send and receive within a number of frequency bands with separations equal to the quenching frequency. The number of such bands is given by Q-values together with quench action frequency. A pure, super regenerative repeater as opposed to a locked oscillator or an oscillating amplifier will be transparent for all modulation types and for any signal within the high frequency pass band of the repeater or amplifier. The invention may utilise one or more pilot signals injected at any appropriate point in a signal cascade and in an appropriate part of the applied frequency band to facilitate automatic control of gain in each individual repeater, especially when the high frequency signals contain switching characteristics. The invention makes use of the mentioned factors by being able to utilise just two frequency bands for each channel. This is achieved by repeater 1 frequency shifting from frequency f1 to f2. The next repeater repeats the signal within the same frequency band f2. The next repeater will frequency shift to f1. Further on the sequence repeats itself. In this way echoes in one repeater from a different repeater is avoided because the gain in each individual repeater is substantially less than the attenuation between three repeaters. The invention can perform correspondingly for a second information channel, possibly in a second signal direction for example in an asymmetrical or symmetrical system or system that requires two channels by utilising frequency bands f3 and f4. For asymmetrical systems with low return bandwidth one frequency may be sufficient if low carrier frequencies with low attenuation are used. But a second, for instance a higher frequency can advantageously be applied at a certain physical point to allow signal return to a central unit in case this unit is surrounded by high noise level. In this latter case the invention allows frequency shifting back to the low frequency again if this is desirable for practical reasons.
When determining the physical distance and position for repeaters generally is at liberty as in the cases of open power lines or their associated ground lines the invention permits the introduction of added isolation in the same frequency channel by making every second distance between repeaters larger causing a resulting, additional useful attenuation which is conveniently combined into isolation and required signal dynamics.
One example of repeater is described in patent publications NO20001057, NO20010132, NO20020112, PCT/NO01/00079, PCT/NO03/00004 is a double, super heterodyne repeater where there exists a signal intermediate frequency which is favourable as a common intermediate frequency together with an adapter for a wireless or other high frequency based modem as for example a IEEE802.11x node, Docsis node or other type node. The invention facilitates bi-directional mixing of the microwave frequency of the wireless modem into this intermediate frequency in such a manner that a modem or a node is connected at any point where there is a repeater of the type referred to and that matches this intermediate frequency. The invention also describes an adapter solution where in addition to frequency converting a bypass signal path is arranged using any kind of stop frequency band arrangement for the frequency converted frequency band to achieve acceptable duplex specifications. To improve upon duplex characteristics for high requirements in dynamics the invention can utilise triple- or higher order super heterodyne, thus allowing receiver and transmitter having different intermediate frequency to avoid local oscillators reducing dynamics.
Completely independent of the way the invention in it's subsequent aspects is realised in detail the principle of this can be described as a novel method of achieving isolation between input signal and output signal for a repeater with antennas or coupling arrangements as well as avoidance of reflections back to the repeater. This is achieved in the invention using two repeaters that repeats within the same frequency band but where the two repeaters have different frequency bands for the two signal directions. In addition the invention applies opposite antenna polarisation or coupler polarity or different cable conductor for the respective signal directions Microwave radio applications can advantageously apply circular polarisation. The invention is applicable to radio applications where the repeaters should draw low currents likewise it is suitable for repeater with the Lecher wire principle. One example of use of the invention with the Lecher wire principle is on open power lines, air mounted ground wires in power transmission lines and two-way microwave signals on such lines and where the purpose is to achieve wide bandwidths. Still another object of the invention is a novel method of achieving directional attenuation and two way transmission with relatively very large bandwidths across relatively large distances on single conductors, especially open power transmission lines that carry from several kilovolts and up to Megavolt or mast mounted ground lines in connection with such power transmission lines with the help of compact, practical, analogue repeaters. The invention is used on a single conductor, for example a power line of the bare metal type, which is thereby used as a waveguide according to the Lecher wire principle. A standard definition of a wave guide is a dielectric medium constrained or encapsulated by a conductive surface or a material that constitutes a dielectric contrast as opposed to a transmission line which is likely to have open barriers. A Lecher wire is a combination of a transmission line, a waveguide and a wandering wave antenna in that it has an open barrier, for example metal to space. Even though it is similar to an antenna, it exhibits low radiation losses as long as the wavelength is short. Any metallic conductor without insulation layer or with thin insulation layer or with insulation layer with a low loss angle may act in a way that resembles a wave guide with very low losses for short wavelengths all the way up the millimeter wave regions. One such example of application of the invention using Lecher wire principle is on open power transmission lines and transmission of two way microwave signals on such lines and where the object can be to achieve very wide digital bandwidths. With such applications it is important with low power consumption because the currents carried in such power lines have large dynamics and may be down to a few amperes in which case it is difficult to achieve enough induced energy for powering repeaters requiring much energy. At higher voltages it may be possible to use capacitively coupled energy off the power transmission line to power the repeaters. This is also the case when the repeaters are installed on the ground wire or ground wires. To facilitate the use of more compact and energy efficient analogue repeaters it is a requirement that problems associated with echo, reflections and directional dampening is solved while efficient excitation of signal power to the signal medium is made possible at the same time as coupling of signal from the signal medium for best signal to noise ratio is possible. An embodiment of the invention is to regard it as a part radio system and the repeater technology of the invention must therefore satisfy some of the most stringent coexisting regulations that exists today and can be expected in the time to come. Solutions for such repeaters are shown in patent publications NO20001057, NO20010132, NO20020112, PCT/NO01/00079, PCT/NO03/00004.
The invention in one embodiment has in a given repeater point two repeaters in the same frequency band where the repeaters satisfy today's coexistence requirements and where the two repeaters utilise different frequency bands for the two signal directions. In addition the invention can apply opposite antenna polarisation for the different signal ports. Polarisation may be circular or linear and may be in the form of antenna; antenna element or probe and a reflector can be used. In one embodiment the repeaters can be installed on different conductors of a power transmission line to separate the two signal directions. Probing and excitation by the help of the “antennas” is relatively none critical whereas the coupling element does not have to be too close to the conductor but in fact may be installed with a practical spacing to the conductor allowing the coupling element to be looking along the conductor line. The coupling elements will look in the respective directions from the repeaters. In this way it is possible to install repeaters that do not make direct galvanic contact with the high voltage conductor.
The invention may correspondingly be made into an embodiment that utilises frequency-shifting repeaters. Suitable repeaters for this object of the invention are also described in the patent publications NO20001057, NO20010132, NO20020112, PCT/NO01/00079, PCT/NO03/00004.
An independent embodiment of the invention can be described as a novel method to achieve directional dampening, dampening of reflections and two way transmission of relatively very large bandwidths on cable infrastructures, in particular ground buried cables and air mounted cables for low voltage power grids as well as separate conductors with from low voltage to several kilovolts using galvanically coupled analogue repeaters that preferably are placed within junction boxes, transformer sub stations and other types of junctions. In this invention, direct coupling through large capacitances or inductances is regarded as galvanic or as direct coupling. The typical embodiment of the invention uses differential input or output couplers with respect to common mode noise for both immunity and emission characteristics of the signal system. Embodiments of the invention utilise differential input and output signal couplers in systems with two conductors and in systems with more than two conductors as well as in systems that encompass ground or neutral conductor. The invention makes use of any given point on a cable where the conductors are accessible either implicit or by simple measures taken where between two terminals it may be regarded to exist a two port consisting of three parts, two ports with a transfer function between them. The transfer function may be given by the conditions each separate conductor possesses and where the point can consist of one or more junctions, distributed capacitance and various loss functions. This occurs correspondingly with two conductors or for two conductors in a three conductor system and so on further without serious effects to the use of two or more conductors in differential circuits. The invention makes use of altering the magnetic field around the conductor preferably by the use of toroids that in most cases allow practical fitting around each conductor. The invention utilises advantageously toroids of magnetic material. But the invention also makes it possible to use toroids of dielectric materials since materials with very high dielectric constants have been made commercially available. Dielectric materials will not have the same drawbacks as magnetic materials concerning high current levels where none linearity and saturation may cause a problem. The toroid efficiency is increased by increasing the toroid length or by stacking toroids together. In the invention a single conductor with a junction may consist of three separate toroids, in a three phase cable system with a single phase junction it may consist of 8 toroids. A two pole of the invention may be decomposed into separate impedances that can be simulated with computer aid. A single conductor with junction through a typical junction box in a low voltage grid system will typically show 12 dB or more isolation between any of the “ports” using galvanic coupling. Without toroids the isolation will be limited to around 6 dB. With regard to a reflection this means an isolation of 24 dB and an improvement of 12 dB. The invention will show some lower isolation figures with air mounted cables. By introducing additional high frequency impedances between the ports, preferably consisting of a capacitor in series with a low resistance value the figures are usually improved by several dB. With a purely reactive component between the poles of the ports harmful reflections are a risk.
An independent embodiment of the invention can be described as a novel method of achieving directional dampening, dampening of reflections and two way transmission of relatively very large bandwidths on cable infrastructures, in particular ground buried cables and air mounted cables for low voltage and up to a few kilovolts with single conductors with the help of none galvanic coupled analogue repeaters that preferably are installed in junction boxes, transformer sub stations and other types of junctions. Coupling through inductive loops or capacitances of low values or combinations of these are regarded as none galvanic or none direct coupling in the invention. A combination of galvanic and none galvanic coupling with repeaters is regarded as part of this novel aspect of the invention. Differential input and output coupling is utilised in the invention in most cases with respect to common mode noise related to immunity and emission characteristics of the signal system. The principle of the invention with galvanic coupling is a coupling conductor loop where one part of the loop is carried in a certain length very close to the cable conductor to which the coupling is intended. If the cable conductor and the nearby loop conductor are carried through a toroid of magnetic or dielectric material, the coupling efficiency is increased. The coupling arrangement of the invention may be made more efficient by making the respective loop conductor into a few turns through the toroid. Still more improvement of the coupling in the invention results by stacking a number of toroids that the cable conductor and the loop conductor pass through. For higher frequencies and when less attenuation between cable terminals is required the magnetic or dielectric material may take a different form or may be omitted completely. Using these various methods in the invention allow sufficient coupling for achieving coupling efficiency equivalent to galvanic coupling even down to frequencies of a few Megahertz. Differential coupling using two cable conductors is achieved with corresponding arrangement on the second cable conductor and allowing the loop conductor to be routed through both toroids. Multiple phase connection embodiments are realised in a corresponding manner. One simple form of matching may be achieved with a resistance in series inside the coupling loop. The invention can make use of any phase combination and this function may be programmable or adaptive for example using a simple circuit with a selector. In a coupling arrangement using two cable junctions two separate coupling loops will typically offer better than 20 dB isolation between the coupling loops, in optimised cases, for example using additional termination impedance, better than 30 dB isolation between the coupling loops may be achieved in the invention across a wide frequency region from high frequency to well into the VHF frequency region. The invention gives isolation between cable junctions on high frequency of 12 to 20 dB depending on the impedance in the middle of the circuit. Correspondingly the invention offers isolation between all coupling loops when there are more than two such, for example as with three cable junctions using three none galvanic couplings. For three such loops the isolation is still better than 20 dB between any of the three loops or ports. The invention facilitates combination of galvanic and none galvanic coupling, for example by the use of galvanic coupling for one signal direction carrying the lower frequency region where none galvanic coupling is less efficient.
The present invention is described in more detail in the following with examples and references to the appended drawings, where
In
In
In
In addition the invention can apply opposite antenna polarisation 194-196, 197-199, 200-202 for the differing signal ports. The polarisation can be circular or linear and be in the form of an antenna 194, 196, 197, 199, 200, 202, antenna element 194, 196, 197, 199, 200, 202 or probe 194, 196, 197, 199, 200, 202 and a reflector can be used. In one embodiment of the invention the repeaters can be installed on different conductors 211, 213 in a mast power line system to better separate the two signal directions. Correspondingly one embodiment of the invention can be arranged to utilise frequency shifting repeaters 195, 198, 201, 218, 219, 235. Suitable repeaters for the purpose is also described in patent publications NO20001057, NO20010132, NO20020112, PCT/NO01/00079, PCT/NO03/00004.
Claims
1. Analog signal repeater system used in a power grid and distribution system where repeaters with signal gains are applied to extend radio frequency transmission range across a number of termination cable junction arrangements in different physical positions with cables interconnecting them for stable utilization of repeater gains and for bandwidth improvement as a function of transmission range, comprising:
- the signal repeater system with repeaters connected through differential signal couplers consisting of at least one signal coupler arrangement and at least two series impedances and at least one shunt impedance; whereby at least one signal transmission range is facilitated to accept radio frequency gains at the junctions, wherein at least two of the electrically accessible junctions include at least one repeater at each of said junctions, where signal couplers on cables of the junctions facilitate signal bypassing of the junctions and where the combination of transfer losses and inserted dampening in each of the junctions between signal couplers at each of the junctions increase signal isolation between ports of the repeaters at the junctions to mitigate problems from undesired signal coupling between ports of the repeaters.
2. Analog signal repeater system according to claim 1, further comprising the system to be using one of said repeaters for each transmission direction at each of said junctions and where said repeaters are using at least different frequency bands for said transmission directions in each repeater point to achieve duplex and signal transmission in more than one direction across said signal transmission distance enabled by the signal dampening in the junctions.
3. Analog signal repeater system according to claim 1, wherein
- said frequency bands being used by said repeaters to employ frequency conversion enabled by the signal dampening in the junctions.
4. Analog signal repeater system according to claim 1, further comprising an adapter connected to at least one of said repeaters allowing equipment with standardized modulation and protocol that include duplex system standards as in Docsis cable modem standards enabled by the signal dampening in the junctions.
5. Analog signal repeater system according to claim 1, wherein
- the repeaters at the junctions are using two frequency bands using two of said repeaters in at least one repeater point where said repeaters each repeat signals on the same frequency in one of said frequency bands to provide full duplex transmission enabled by the signal dampening in the junctions.
6. Analog signal repeater system according to claim 1, further comprising
- at least one of said repeaters with said two way transmission to be interfaced to two-way wireless communication device enabled by the signal gain at the junctions.
7. Analog signal repeater system according to claim 1, wherein
- the said isolation between ports in electrically accessible physical points consisting of conductor junctions is increased using toroids with magnetic material on at least two conductors while differential signal couplers are connected galvanically through capacitors to at least two conductors on the cable side and while at least one capacitor differentially provides a high frequency low impedance shunt impedance for at least two conductors on the junction side.
8. Analog signal repeater system according to claim 1, wherein
- at least one junction is utilizing a single conductor for signal transmission in at least one direction between at least two of said repeaters enabled by the signal dampening in the junctions.
9. Analog signal repeater system according to claim 1, wherein
- at least one junction is using at least one conductor for additional signal bypass enabled by the signal dampening in the junctions.
10. Analog signal repeater system according to claim 1, wherein
- the said isolation between ports in electrically accessible physical points consisting of conductor junctions is increased using toroids with magnetic material on at least two conductors while differential signal couplers are connected to a wire looping through said toroids on at least said two conductors on the cable side and while at least one capacitor differentially provides a high frequency low shunt impedance for at least two conductors on the junction side.
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Type: Grant
Filed: Jan 10, 2005
Date of Patent: Nov 15, 2011
Patent Publication Number: 20080069025
Inventor: Geir Monsen Vavik (Jonsvatnet)
Primary Examiner: Steve D Agosta
Application Number: 10/597,002
International Classification: H04B 7/14 (20060101); H04J 1/10 (20060101); H04J 3/08 (20060101);
