Abstract: A plasma display device including a plasma display panel, a chassis base proceeding substantially parallel to the plasma display panel, and a heat conductive medium closely adhered to the plasma display panel and the chassis base while being disposed between the plasma display panel and the chassis base. The side of the heat conductive medium facing the plasma display panel and/or chassis base is provided with a plurality of prominent portions. Depressed portions are disposed between the prominent portions to remove the gap between the heat conductive medium and the respective plasma display panel and/or chassis base. Contact area enlargement members are formed at the prominent portions to improve the attachment efficiency of the heat conductive medium to the respective plasma display panel and/or chassis base.

Abstract: A directly heated thermionic flat emitter has an emission surface divided by slots into interconnects that have respective terminal lugs forming power leads arranged at a peripheral edge. A number of segments are connected by respective narrow webs to the outermost interconnects of the emitter but have no connection to one another. The webs are arranged and dimensioned such that practically no current can flow from the interconnects to the segments and so that thermal conduction to the segments is largely suppressed.

Abstract: An electron tube cathode includes an emitter layer 30 whose main component is barium oxide and that includes a metal and/or a metal oxide as a dopant is formed on a base metal 20 whose main component is nickel and that includes a reducing agent such as magnesium. A mole ratio of the magnesium, barium, and the dopant is expressed as Y:1000:X. When the X and Y values in are expressed as XY coordinates, the value of X and the value of Y are within a range defined by straight lines connecting points (0.7, (0.8, 15), (3, 130), (3, 30), (2.5, 10), (2, 0.1), and 0.1).

Abstract: A method for fabricating an electron emitter is provided. This emitter structure may be used to form individual emitters or arrays of emitters. The method is comprised of implanting energetic ions into a diamond lattice to form cones or other continuous regions of damaged diamond. These regions are more electrically conducting than the surrounding diamond lattice, and have locally sharp tips at or near the point of entry of the ion into the diamond. The tips may then also be additionally coated with a layer of a wide band-gap semiconductor. An electrically conducting material may also be placed in proximity to the tips to generate an electric field sufficient to extract electrons from the conducting tips into either the region above the surface, or into the wide band-gap semiconductor layer in contact with the tips.

Abstract: A circular fluorescent lamp comprises a light-transmitting circular tube, filled with a discharge gas including mercury and a rare gas, having an outer diameter between about 14 mm and 18 mm. A phosphor layer is coated on the inner surface of the light-transmitting circular tube. A stem seals each end of the light-transmitting circular tube air-tightly, and holds a pair of conductive wires. One of the ends of each pair are connected to a filament, and the other of the ends extend outwardly from the circular tube. A lamp base is arranged between the ends of the light-transmitting circular tube so as to rotate slightly around the center axis of the circular tube and includes conductive pins, which are connected to the conductive wires. An insulator, arranged between at least one pair of the conductive wires, limits the movement of the conductive wires. The circular fluorescent lamp may be used for a lighting fixture.

Abstract: A low pressure gas discharge lamp with a tubular discharge vessel is provided with two separate capacitive coupling members at its ends, said discharge vessel having a small inner diameter of preferably less than 5 mm. Each coupling member comprises a cylindrical tube of dielectric material. The electrical connection to said coupling members is realised by pressing a spring element having an inner diameter smaller than the outer diameter of the cylindrical tube around this tube. Said spring element tightly surrounds a metal body on the cylindrical tube while forming a number of contact points.

Abstract: A double-layer electrode coil for a high intensity discharge (HID) lamp and a method of making the electrode coil are provided. A more stable layer of coils is made by front winding, instead of back winding, the layers of wire. The second layer of wire is entirely within a helical groove on the exterior surface of the first layer of wire. This arrangement is particularly stable and permits more rapid insertion of the electrode shank after removal of the mandrel.

Abstract: A reservoir dispenser cathode includes a cup for receiving a material adapted to decompose when heated which passes to the upper surface of a porous plug at the top of the cup and coats this surface, thus producing a low work function surface. The plug may include a circumferential band while the cup has a radial flange resting on a cylindrical heater body and extending therebeyond. The flange is employed as a welding material for providing a continuous circumferential weld. To produce the weld, a laser is directed to the seam between the flange and the heater body while the assembly of the cup, flange and heater body is rotated around a common axis. The weld provides a hermetic seal between cup and plug and is accomplished without impairment of the emissive material or the plug.

Abstract: An inline electron gun and a color cathode ray tube provided with the inline electron gun for reducing the manufacturing cost for an assembly jig of the electron gun, for example, that might be generated with a change in the size of the cathode ray tube and for realizing a favorable static convergence property is provided. The inline gun includes a first flat plate electrode, a second flat plate electrode, two cylindrical electrodes at least is used. An opening geometry of outer passage holes provided in the first flat plate electrode and the second flat plate electrode is configured by combining an inner curve and an outer curve, which have different degrees. The opening geometries of the outer passage holes are symmetric with respect to a line. At least one of the outer curves and the inner curves in the outer passage holes have different degrees.

Abstract: The present invention provides a cathode ray tube which exhibits a favorable contrast by enhancing a speed modulation effect. A front-stage anode electrode and a focus electrode which constitute an electron gun are respectively divided into a plurality of portions. A plurality of portions of the divided front-stage anode electrode are arranged in the tube axis direction at given intervals and are electrically connected with each other. A plurality of portions of the divided focus electrode are arranged in the tube axis direction at given intervals and are electrically connected with each other. Due to gaps formed in the front-stage anode electrode and the focus electrode, the speed modulation effect is increased.

Abstract: A cathode ray tube is disclosed wherein the stress at a bonding portion between a glass member and a metal member is moderated. The cathode ray tube includes a panel made of glass, a skirt element made of metal and attached to a peripheral edge of the panel, and a funnel connected to the skirt element. The skirt element has a rib or ribs for reinforcement provided thereon. The cathode ray tube may be incorporated in a display apparatus.

Abstract: There is provided a glass funnel for a cathode ray tube, comprising an open end portion having long sides, short sides and corner portions; a neck portion for housing an electron gun therein; a yoke portion for mounting a deflection coil thereto; and a body portion extending between the open end portion and the yoke portion; wherein the long or short sides of the open end portion or the long and short sides of the open end portion have flange portions formed thereon, and the corner portions have no flange portion formed thereon.

Abstract: A display tube is provided that can improve light emission efficiency without raising a breakdown voltage. The display tube has a tubular vessel defining a discharge gas space and a pair of display electrodes for generating surface discharge along the circumferential surface of the vessel and opposing discharge traversing the inside of the vessel.

Abstract: An apparatus and a method for stabilizing the threshold voltage in an active matrix field emission device. The method includes the formation of radiation-blocking elements between a cathodoluminescent display screen of the FED and semiconductor junctions formed on a baseplate of the FED.

Abstract: A display device comprises a main display device body incorporated into a frame constructed by assembling transparent plate members. Specifically, a plurality of display blocks are arranged in a matrix configuration in an opening of the frame. Further, a substance having a light-transmitting property adjusted for its refractive index, for example, a flexible type adhesive made of an acrylic material is allowed to intervene at end surface portions of the respective display blocks and between the display blocks and the inner wall of the frame.

Abstract: To provide a voltage application structure that is electrically stable and a display apparatus using the voltage application structure, while reducing the size, thickness, and cost of the display apparatus. A through hole structure is formed in the vicinity of a cylindrical hole established in a rear plate in advance. The through hole structure is electrically connected to lead wiring led to the outside from an anode electrode through a conductive elastic structure. A voltage to the anode electrode is applied to the through hole structure on the atmosphere side, and thus the voltage is applied to the anode electrode through the vacuum side of the through hole structure, the elastic structure, and the lead wiring. Vacuum hermeticity is maintained by filling the hole of the through hole structure with frit. Also, low-voltage wiring that is connected to the ground and regulates a potential is arranged around the through hole structure.

Abstract: A flat panel display device having a high capacitance and a high aperture ratio. A thin film transistor and a capacitor are formed on an insulating substrate. The thin film transistor includes a semiconductor layer, a gate electrode and source and drain electrodes. The capacitor has first and second capacitor electrodes and a dielectric layer. An insulating layer is formed over the transistor to insulate the gate electrode from the source and drain electrodes, and a portion of the insulating layer is formed as the dielectric layer between the first and second capacitor electrodes. A non-planar shape of the first capacitor electrode and a conforming shape of the dielectric layer and a second capacitor electrode increase a capacitance of the capacitor. The portion of the insulating layer serving as the capacitor dielectric is formed to be thinner than the portion of the insulating layer formed over the gate electrode.

Abstract: An organic EL display includes an anode electrode; a cathode electrode; at least one organic layer selected from a hole transport layer, a hole injection layer, a light-emitting layer, an electron transporting layer, and an electron injection layer between the anode electrode and the cathode electrode; and at least one organic compound derivative layer arranged between the anode electrode and the cathode electrode, the organic compound derivative layer having a structure of formula:

Abstract: The present invention relates to a manufacturing method and a structure of organic light-emitting diode display panels. By precisely controlling the position—shape and thickness of the organic light-emitting layer of pixels, the conventional cross talk problem can be solved and a better quality and longer lifetime for the OLED can be obtained. This method is to form a plurality of long grooves on a substrate, then fill the grooves with a conducting material to form a plurality of first electrode lines. A cavity matrix is formed on the first electrodes. Each individual cavity of the cavity matrix corresponds to a pixel. An organic light-emitting layer is filled in the cavities. Repeat the above steps three times, and a red-green-blue three-color organic light-emitting matrix can be obtained. A plurality of second electrode lines are formed on the organic light-emitting layer.

Abstract: An organic light emitting device display may be formed with a first layer having standard thicknesses. The first layer may be manufactured to include the organic light emitting device material. The first layer may be secured to a second layer to form a panel. Thereafter, the resulting panel can be subjected to a grinding operation to reduce the thickness of the first layer.

Abstract: The invention relates to an organic electroluminescent display device comprising a front electrode member, a counterelectrode member, an organic electroluminescent member arranged between the front electrode member and the counterelectrode member, and a protective layer of an amorphous carbon modification, by means of which the organic electroluminescent display device is sealed in a gastight and moistureproof manner.

Abstract: Hybrid LED having a radiation-emitting semiconductor body (chip) which is surrounded by a housing which comprises at least a base body and a cap, the chip being seated in a recess of the base body, and the primary radiation of the chip being converted at least partially into longer wave radiation by a conversion means. The cap is formed by a glass-like body, the conversion means being contained in the glass-like body.

Abstract: An LED lamps capable of composing a display panel that is installed at any outdoor place and capable of displaying an image thereon with a high contrast under any working conditions at any place. The LED lamp comprises at least one LED chip for emitting visible light, a lead frame comprising a common part and separate parts for supplying electric power to each of electrode terminals of the LED chip and a transparent resin part disposed on the common lead frame for mounting the LED chip and converging light emitted from the LED chip, wherein the LED-chip-mounted surface is provided with an anti-reflection black-colored layer for absorbing light. The LED chip may be a four-element LED chip composed of an active layer of AlGaInP and the light-absorbing layer formed from any of black silver sulfide, silver oxide, iron oxide, chromium oxide, black silver paste and black copper paste.

Abstract: A gas discharge tube includes a plurality of light-emitting portions that are provided outside of the tube and comprise at least two discharge electrodes, and an electron emission film formed on the entire inner wall of the tube for improving discharge characteristics.

Abstract: A low-pressure gas discharge lamp comprising a discharge vessel and at least two, spatially separated, capacitive induction structures, the vessel having a relatively small diameter of preferably 5 mm or less and comprising cylindrically shaped tubular induction structures of a dielectric material.

Abstract: A safety metal halide lamp with a high luminous efficiency and a long lamp life is provided. The metal halide lamp includes an arc tube made of light-transmissive ceramic, in which a pair of electrodes is provided and cerium iodide (CeI3) and sodium iodide (NaI) are enclosed as a light-emitting substance, wherein a molar composition rate NaI/CeI3 of the light-emitting substance is specified within a range of 3.8 to 10, inclusive, and a wall load on the arc tube ranges from 13 to 23 W/cm2, inclusive, and on a series of X, Y coordinates, where X denotes a value of a lamp watt (W) and Y denotes a value of Le/&phgr;i, where Le and &phgr;i denote a distance between the pair of electrodes and an internal diameter of the arc tube, respectively, values of the Le/&phgr;i and the lamp watt are specified to be within a range surrounded by lines passing through the points (200, 0.75), (300,0.80), (400, 0.85), (700, 1.00), (1,000, 1.15), (1,000, 2.10), (700, 2.00), (400, 1.90), (300, 1.80), and (200, 1.

Abstract: A high-pressure discharge lamp is effective to prevent initial blackening on an outer casing thereof, is of a long service life, and can easily be manufactured. A tungsten wire is wound as a double coiled winding around an electrode metal rod, leaving a tip end thereof, and the double coiled winding is machined into a melted tip end by a YAG laser beam, with the remaining double coiled winding used as a coil. The left tip end of the metal rod is machined into a nipple on the distal end of the melted tip end. If it is assumed that the melted tip end has a diameter D1 and a length L1 up to its distal end, the nipple has a proximal end having a diameter D2 and a length L2 from the proximal end up to the distal end thereof, and the coil and the melted tip end (including the nipple) have a volume V1 and the melted tip end (including the nipple) has a volume V2, then the electrode assembly is machined to satisfy at least one of the conditions 0.15≦D2/D1≦0.3, 0.2≦L2/L1 ≦0.4, and 0.2≦V2/V1≦0.4.

Abstract: The invention relates to a high-pressure discharge lamp of the ceramic metal halide type of the Philips MasterColor series having power ranges of about 150 W to about 1000 W. Such lamps are provided with outer bulb (10) enclosing a cylindrical ceramic discharge vessel (20) enclosing a discharge space, said cylindrical ceramic discharge vessel including within said discharge space an ionizable material comprising a metal halide; a first and second discharge electrode feedthrough means (30, 40); and a first and second current conductor (12, 13) connected to said first and second discharge electrode feedthrough means (30, 40), respectively.

Abstract: A method, system, and apparatus for providing reduced dark current in a linear accelerator includes a cavity having an input aperture and an output aperture, and a particle source coupled to the input aperture, the input aperture having a radius greater than a radius of the output aperture.

Abstract: An assembly especially suitable for aquarium and desk lighting or other such arrangement requiring lighting of only a limited area is disclosed herein. This lighting assembly is composed of one or more miniature fluorescent lamps, reflector arrangement and cylindrical lens to provide lighting with a controllable degree of collimation. This lighting system can illuminate a desired area with light of multiple colors. Applications of this compact and energy efficient lighting system in aquarium and desk lighting are described. 1 Cross Reference to Related Applications U.S. Pat. No. Documents 3069579 December, 1962 Berg et al. 313/511. 3609343 September, 1971 Howlett 362/562. 3749901 July, 1973 Clough 362/562. 3819973 June, 1974 Hosford 313/498. 3908598 September, 1975 Jewson 119/267. 4516529 May, 1985 Lotito et al. 119/253. 5067059 November, 1991 Hwang 362/101. 5211469 May, 1993 Matthias et al. 362/101. 5353746 October, 1994 Del Rosario 119/266.

Abstract: A laser beam, which scans a display screen comprised of an array of picture elements. Each picture element is further comprised of a photocell connected to an LED in the presence of an electric field. The laser's intensity and or duration on selected photocells produces the desired intensity of LED illumination for that pixel. The photocells convert photons from the laser into a current flow, which is accelerated and amplified by the presence of the electric field. With quantum efficiency significantly greater than one, it is possible to create a RGB color display screen activated by a scanning laser. LEDs may be arranged in an alternating pattern of red, green, and blue to form the color display. The LED may also be monolithic in construction, coated with an alternating pattern of red, green, and blue phosphors to form the color display.

Abstract: A plasma display panel sustain-discharge circuit. First and second signal lines for supplying first and second voltages and at least one inductor coupled between one end of the panel capacitor and a third voltage are formed. Energy is stored in the inductor through a path formed between the third voltage and the first signal line in a state where a voltage of one end of the panel capacitor is substantially fixed to the first voltage. The voltage of one end of the panel capacitor substantially decreases to the second voltage using resonance current generated between the inductor and the panel capacitor and the stored energy. Energy is stored in the inductor through a path formed between the third voltage and the second line in a state where a voltage of one end of the panel capacitor is substantially fixed to the second voltage.

Abstract: Circuits and methods employing the inherent capacitance of an electro-luminescent lamp in a resonant circuit to recover the energy otherwise lost in electro-luminescent lamp driver circuits to thereby increase the overall efficiency of such circuits and to lower the noise and increase the life of the electro-luminescent lamp itself.

Abstract: Gas discharge tube displays according to the present invention control power applied to the tubes using isolator/switches, which can be opto-isolators in combination with triacs, FET's or other semiconductor switching devices or devices which can form part of a switching circuit. Such displays can also use, if desired and if appropriate, isolators which also act as the switch without other switching devices or circuits to switch and otherwise control activation of the tubes on the secondary side, or high voltage side, of the power source or sources feeding the tubes. They may also use such switching devices or circuits which act as both the isolator and the switch. The opto-isolators separate or isolate the low voltage control circuitry from the high voltage tube power circuitry, in conjunction with a triac, FET, thyristor or other device, preferably a semiconductor device, that is adapted to withstand the power load yet accomplish the switching necessary to control activation of the tube in real time.

Abstract: A flicker reduction method for a lamp assembly includes providing current pulses to a fluorescent lamp in response to a periodic signal such as a ramp voltage. The current pulses illuminate the fluorescent lamp. The method further includes providing at least a predetermined number of current pulses to the fluorescent lamp per period of the periodic signal. A feedback circuit samples current in the fluorescent lamp to ensure that a predetermined number of current pulses have been provided. After the pulses are provided, the circuit is reset for the next cycle of the periodic signal.

Abstract: A system and method of controlling power to a high-intensity-discharge lamp is provided. A voltage sensor determines voltage across the lamp. A current sensor determines current through the lamp. A control circuit approximates lamp power based on input from the sensors, compares the lamp power against a desired level, and regulates lamp power based on the comparison.

Abstract: A ballast (10) for powering a gas discharge lamp includes a lamp-out detection circuit (300) that quickly responds to a lamp-out condition. Lamp-out detection circuit (300) receives a portion of the lamp current and provides a detection voltage. The detection voltage remains at a first average level while the lamp is conducting current in a normal manner, but quickly decreases below a second level if the lamp ceases to conduct current. In a preferred embodiment, ballast (10) includes an inverter (100) and a resonant circuit (210,220) that are normally operated at a high frequency. The detection voltage is coupled to an enable input (112) of an inverter drive circuit (110), and the inverter (100) is either shut off or operated in a low-power mode within less than ten high frequency cycles after occurrence of a lamp-out condition.

Abstract: An LED driver circuit and method are disclosed where an array of light emitting diodes have a transistor connected to each respective array of light emitting diodes. A PWM controller has an input for receiving a voltage reference and an output connected to selected transistors for driving selected transistors and setting a PWM duty cycle for the selected arrays of light emitting diodes to determine the brightness of selected light emitting diodes. An oscillator is connected to the PWM controller for driving the PWM controller.

Abstract: In a circuit configuration to operate a gas discharge lamp (LA) the lamp (LA) is arranged in a full bridge circuit. A control circuit in normal operation actuates the four switches (S1-S4) in such a way that it changes over with a first frequency (f1) alternately between a first and a second state (T1, T2), whereby in the first state (T1) the two switches (S2, S3) of a first bridge diagonal are opened, one switch (S1) of the second bridge diagonal is closed and the other switch (S4) with a second frequency (f2), which is higher than the first frequency (f1), is alternately opened and closed. In the second state (T2) the four switches (S1-S4) are actuated in such a way that the lamp (LA) is pole reversed. In a start phase (TS) on the contrary the switch connected to the DC voltage source (S4) of a half-bridge is opened, the second switch (S3) of this half-bridge is closed, and the two switches (S1, S2) of the other half-bridge are with a third frequency (f3) alternately opened and closed.

Abstract: A display apparatus according to the present invention includes an electron beam landing pattern correction coil disposed at the rear side of a deflection yoke provided on a cathode-ray tube and a correction current generating device for generating a correction current corresponding to an electron beam landing pattern and supplying the current to this electron beam landing pattern correction coil. This correction current is obtained by selectively combining a plurality of waveform current components (e.g., DC current component, a saw-tooth wave component, a parabolic waveform component, a sine waveform component, etc.) which can respectively correct a plurality of fundamental electron beam landing patterns in response to a difference in beam-landing position. Thus, after the display apparatus has been manufactured, the difference in beam-landing position of the manufactured display apparatus can be corrected to the details on the whole screen.

Abstract: Disclosed is a deflection yoke mounted around a glass bulb of a CRT so as to cover a predetermined area of the glass bulb. The predetermined area is where an outer shape of the glass bulb smoothly goes from circular to substantially rectangular along a tube axis of the CRT. The deflection yoke includes a horizontal deflection coil disposed in a shape to fit with the outer shape of the glass bulb, and a funnel-shaped ferrite core disposed to surround the horizontal deflection coil. The inner shape of the ferrite core is circular throughout a length of the ferrite core.

Abstract: A moving body drive control device characterized by mutually balancing a magnitude of driving force TK and a magnitude of braking force TB, both of the forces being generated by a motor, to approximate a moving speed of a moving body 100 to a target speed highly precisely without being affected by a disturbance and the like in a state where the drive control device always applies at least any force of the driving force TK and the braking force TB to the moving body 100 to always apply a driving load thereto.

Abstract: A movable barrier operator includes a wall control switch module having a learn switch thereon. The switch module is connectable to a control unit positioned in a head of a garage movable barrier operator. The head unit also contains an electric motor which is connected to a transmission for opening and closing a movable barrier such as a garage door. The switch module includes a plurality of switches coupled to capacitors which, when closed, have varying charge and discharge times to enable which switch has been closed. The control unit includes an automatic force incrementing system for adjusting the maximal opening and closing force to be placed upon the movable barrier during a learn operation. Likewise, end of travel limits can also be set during a learn operation upon installation of the unit.

Abstract: There is provided a control unit capable of suppressing the fluctuation in speed a motor for use in a printer. The control unit comprises: a speed detecting part for detecting the speed of a motor for use in a printer in a predetermined period tv; an average speed calculating part for calculating an average speed using at least the current detected speed, which is detected by the speed detecting part, and a detected speed which has been detected n (≧2), which corresponds to substantially half period of the fluctuation in speed of the motor, before the timing in detecting the current detected speed; and a speed control part for controlling the speed of the motor on the basis of a speed deviation of the average speed, which is the output of the average speed calculating part, from a target speed of the motor.

Abstract: A control system for a mobile robot (10) is provided to Effectively cover a given area by operating in a Plurality of modes, including an obstacle following mode (51) and a random bounce mode (49). In other embodiments, spot coverage, such as spiraling (45), or other modes are also used to increase effectiveness. In addition, a behavior based architecture is used to implement the control system, and various escape behaviors are used to ensure full coverage.

Abstract: A robot controller for keeping the posture of a tool in a task coordinate system by a simple processing and allowing a robot to perform flexible translational motion. A robot controller for controlling a motor for driving a joint by means of a control circuit having a position/speed state feedback loop, comprising means for measuring the angle of a joint of a robot, means (11) for storing the initial posture of a tool attached to the end of a hand of the robot, means (10) for setting the position or speed gain of a specific joint axis smaller than the position or speed gains of the other joint axes, and means (12) for calculating the correction of a position or speed command to keep the tool posture with respect to the robot base on the basis of the angle of the joint and the initial posture of the tool.

Abstract: The invention relates to a device for producing and controlling an alternating current with a direct current source in at least one inductive load, in particular for driving a stepper motor, preferably in microsteps.

Abstract: An apparatus for controlling the rotation speed of a motor, which is capable of controlling the rotation speed and the torque of the motor by detecting the input voltage and the input current of the motor without using a sensor for detecting the position of the rotor of the motor, is provided.

Abstract: A method of increasing public safety by supplying widespread portable power to the general public in order to recharge their cellular phones, while providing the tracking coordinates of it's users to e-911 authorities during emergencies or disasters. The method utilizes a portable emergency service devise equipped to re-charge or operate cellular phones, as well transmit an e-911 signal to authorities when activated by a public in need. FIG. 10 shows a person in need of e-911 service or emergency recharge power releasing the devise from it's housing and carrying the power and e-911 transmitter with him to an emergency situation. FIG. 33 shows the e-911 support of the invention in use in the field.

Abstract: A secondary cell featuring transient rise in temp. once charged to saturation, to be coupled and thereby forming a composite structure with a charging assembly by mutual engagement of conductive contacts provided on either part, the force of union generated by the coupling will compress a thermosetting prestressed means which is a spring or otherwise prestressed element while the coupling brings the contacts into conduction by which the charging is initiated, the momentum prestressed thereby will be released once charging in the secondary cell reaches its saturation, and that followed by cutoff of the charging current to the secondary cell.