Abstract: The present invention discloses a scalable flow-control mechanism. In accordance with the present invention, there is provided a switching device for transporting packets of data, the packets being received at the switching device based on flow-control information, the device comprising a memory for storing the packets, a credit counter coupled to the memory for counting a credit number of packets departing from the memory, and a scheduler unit coupled to the credit counter for deriving the flow-control information in response to the credit number. Moreover, a switching apparatus and a method for generating flow-control information is disclosed.

Abstract: A multilevel hierarchical addressing and routing mechanism for high-speed Internet is presented. The presented mechanism enables an Internet router to make its packet forwarding decision based on a short, fixed-length block of the IP address. This short, fixed-length block can be used as an index to an entry in the routing table. This will significantly speed up the packet forwarding and routing procedure, which is crucial for the future high-speed Internet.

Abstract: The system includes a jitter buffer for receiving speech packets in a Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) system, a playback device for adjusting the playback speed of the received speed packets, and a jitter buffer manager for detecting out of sequence packets in the jitter buffer and for sending commands to the playback device to adjust playback speed based on the detection. The speech signal is played back at the nominal speed when there are no out of sequence packets. The playback speed is decreased when an out of sequence packet is detected, thereby tending to increase the jitter buffer length. When an out of sequence packet arrives, the playback speed is increased in order to restore jitter buffer length to its nominal length.

Abstract: Adaptive jitter buffer management, e.g., for playout of packetized data transmitted over a network. Playout delay is iteratively adjusted based on changing network traffic characteristics by varying the release threshold in a jitter buffer. The adjustment is carried out by evaluating three quantities: (1) average packet transit time over the network; (2) jitter of the packet transit time; and (3) additional waiting time due to the presence of out-of-sequence packets. This invention reduces negative effects of jitter and/or transmission irregularities, such as late arrival of packets and out-of-sequence packets, while maintaining relatively low playout delay and relatively high quality of service.

Abstract: A technique for providing high speed data service over standard wireless connections via an unique integration of protocols and existing cellular signaling, such as is available with Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) type systems through more efficient allocation of access to CDMA channels. For example, when more users exist than channels, the invention determines a set of probabilities for which users will require channel access at which times, and dynamically assigns channel resources accordingly. Channel resources are allocated according to a buffer monitoring scheme provided on forward and reverse links between a base station and multiple subscriber units. Each buffer is monitored over time for threshold levels of data to be transmitted in that buffer. For each buffer, a probability is calculated that indicates how often the specific buffer will need to transmit data and how much data will be transmitted.

Abstract: A method and system for dynamically allocating bandwidth to at least two applications sharing a communication channel of a fixed bandwidth for simultaneous transmission in a communication network. The method includes determining a bandwidth required for optimal transmission of each application, monitoring the flow of packets of each application, determining amount of the allocated bandwidth in use by each application, and assigning an unused portion of the allocated bandwidth of one application to the other application.

Abstract: The present invention relates to handling of data units in a node of a communication system. The data units are distributed in a plurality of transmission queues based on priority parameters that associate with the data units. The queues are weighted such that the weight of a queue defines the relative share of resources allocated to said queue in relation to the resources that are to be allocated to the other queues. The assigned weights can be adjusted based on information of the amount of logical connections that associate with the respective queue.

Abstract: The present invention discloses a method for managing multicast subscribers in mobile network, comprising: the data related with multicast traffic is classified into multicast-related record data and multicast route data, wherein said multicast-related record data is stored in the system for query, while said multicast route data is hierarchically stored in the system to determine how to forward multicast data; when a subscriber joins in a multicast group or the multicast subscriber exits the multicast group, said hierarchical multicast route data and said multicast-related record data are modified accordingly, when the multicast subscriber performs position register and position update in network, said hierarchical multicast route data in the system is modified accordingly; in said method, the management of multicast subscribers in mobile network can be achieved and both management efficiency and utilization coefficient of system resources are improved.

Abstract: Based on a selected criterion, a BTS (Base Transceiver Station) for each mobile station (MS) determines an antenna pattern in a reverse channel, based on combined weight factors in weighed combining of signals from antenna array elements during MS signal receiving, and in the forward channel, based on combined weight factors in weighed combining of signals from antenna array elements during MS signal transmission. The antenna pattern determined in the forward channel is performed by the reverse channel signal. The antenna pattern determined in the forward channel is based on the estimate of the angle signal area of mobiles station that is the average angle of signal arrival and its angle sector or on the estimate of average angle of signal arrival only. To determine the desired signal angular area, a decision function is proposed, where powerful interference canceling is implemented.

Abstract: Method for reserving isochronous resources in a wireless network comprising at least a wireless source device and a wireless sink device, said wireless network being based on a TDMA frame transmission scheme, said method comprising the steps of: providing an output plug in said wireless source device, said output plug being associated with an output plug register, wherein said output plug register defines a maximum amount of data output by said output plug during a wireless frame; reserving an amount of bandwidth corresponding to said maximum amount of data to be sent in a wireless frame with an isochronous resource manager of the wireless network.

Abstract: A bandwidth control method and a bandwidth control device for a network switch are disclosed. When a client port has a packet to be transmitted, the average traffic rate Tr[n+1] of the client port generated before the time slot n+1 is determined by Tr[n+1]=g*Tr &Dgr;[n]+(1−g)*Tr[n], where g<1, Tr&Dgr;[n] is the traffic rate of the client port in time slot n, and Tr[n] is an actual average traffic rate generated before time slot n. Only when Tr[n+1] is smaller than the bandwidth threshold Tr_pre of the client port, the packet is allowed to be transmitted.

Abstract: The DTX status of the Reverse Dedicated Control Channel (DCCH), Reverse Supplemental Channels (SCHs), along with the status of the Erasure Indicator Bit (EIB) is encoded using reverse power control bits transmitted by the mobile system on the Reverse PICH. Particularly, eight reverse secondary power control subchannel bits areredefined to include DTX and EIB information for the various channels.

Abstract: In a system including a resource which is shared among a number of users, it is difficult to distribute the available capacity of the resources fairly among the users and still maximize resource utilization. Additionally, it is desirable to allow at least some of the control over usage rates to remain with the users, while at the same time avoiding situations where the resource is overloaded. A system and method are disclosed wherein usage rates are selected from among a set of available rates according to a set of persistence vectors.

Abstract: Since a converter, which converts a local side communication protocol of a second communication apparatus into a local side communication protocol of a first communication apparatus and vice versa, is provided between the second communication apparatus and a host computer, a network using the second communication apparatus can be established without correcting the host computer.

Abstract: A data multiplexing network is described which multiplexes a plurality of asynchronous data channels with an asynchronous data stream representing compressed voice signals and/or facsimile signals onto a single synchronous data packet stream. The single synchronous data packet stream is then transmitted by a high speed statistical multiplexer over a composite link to a second site using a modified high-level synchronous data link control protocol with an overlay of an advanced priority statistical multiplexing algorithm. The asynchronous data channels and the compressed voice channel and/or facsimile signals are demultiplexed and reconstructed for sending to other asynchronous computer terminals and to a standard telephone or facsimile analog port at the second site, respectively. PBX trunk interfaces are also provided to allow PBX's to share the composite link between sites. Communication between the first site by voice or facsimile and the second site is transparent to the users.

Abstract: A method of transmitting data packets, in particular a real-time or near-real-time data over an internet protocol (IP) network using a real-time protocol (RTP) for media data packets and a real-time control protocol (RTCP) for control data packets. Each protocol is allocated a fraction of the available transmission bandwidth. The method comprises the steps of determining the needed RTCP bandwidth based on known link parameters for an individual media session, transmitting control data packets using the needed RTCP bandwidth and transmitting media data packets using the remainder of the available bandwidth.

Abstract: In a digital broadband broadcasting system, in which information is transmitted and received periodically in bursts to reduce receiver power consumption, time-slice information is provided from the transmitter to the receiver. The time-slice information can include information from which the receiver can determine when a subsequent transmission burst will be transmitted. The time-slice information can include a burst duration, an amount of time between original bursts, the time between an original burst and a copy of the burst, and numbering of original bursts. This type of time-slice information can be placed into packet headers, such as one or more bytes reserved, but not used, for media access control addressing.

Abstract: Disclosed is an AAL2 (ATM (Asynchronous Transfer Mode) Adaptation Layer 2) switching apparatus. A cell deassembler for deassembling a payload of a received ATM cell into a CPS (Common Part Sublayer) packet, and generating a first VPC (Virtual Path Connection) by using the header of the ATM cell. A header converter for receiving the CPS packet from the cell deassembler and converting the first VPC into a second VPC by using a lookup table which have a number of VPCs and CIDs (Channel Identifiers) for changing the VPC. A cell assembler for receiving the CPS packet from the header converter, assembling an ATM cell which have the CPS packet and an ATM header generated from the second VPC.

Abstract: Systems and methods are described for supporting synchronization status messages (SSM) on building integrated timing system synchronization supply unit (BITS-SSU) remote shelves. A method includes providing a composite clock reference to a remote synchronization supply unit from a master synchronization supply unit; providing a synchronization status message to the remote synchronization supply unit; relaying the composite clock reference from the remote synchronization supply unit; and relaying the synchronization status message from the remote synchronization supply unit.

Abstract: In a network which includes a plurality of nodes with unsynchronized clocks, a message which is used by the destination node to determine the offset of the destination node's clock relative to the source node's clock is sent along a route between the source node and the destination node. At each node along the route it is determined whether the particular node is a slave node with respect to the node which transmitted the message to the particular node or whether the particular node is a slave node with respect to the node to which the message is to be forwarded. If the particular node is a slave node with respect to the node which forwarded the message, the node adds an offset with respect to the master node to the accumulated offset in the message. If the node is a slave node with respect to the node to which the message is to be forwarded, the node subtracts an offset with respect to the master node from the accumulated offset in the message.

Abstract: A multiplexing processor multiplexes internal signals of a system LSI to be verified at a clock rate higher than that of the internal bus lines of the system LSI so as to create a multiplexed internal signal to be output. Thus, internal signals on target bus lines can be taken out of the system LSI using a small number of signal lines. Therefore, without considerably increasing the number of output terminals of the system LSI, the internal signals can be taken out through the smallest number of additional output terminals. This results in an easy verifying process for the entire operation of the system LSI without the need for a complicated design of the system LSI or an increase in cost of the system LSI.

Abstract: An inverse multiplexing method for transmitting data via multiple data links by apportioning the symbols to be transmitted among the available communication links in proportion to the individual communication links' symbol transmission rates in a predictable manner, and a system, including a transmitter and a receiver, employing this method. Preferably, a table shared by the transmitter and receiver is used by the transmitter to apportion the symbols to the various communication links and by the receiver to reconstruct the original data. The method allows fine granularity in the division of symbols, which in turn allows for short messages to be transmitted at high speed, and with minimal latency, by using the full capacity of the communication links, with a minimum of overhead.

Abstract: An optoelectronic assembly multiplexes and/or demultiplexes optical signals. The assembly includes a monolithic multiplexer for multiplexing and demultiplexing optical signals, and two optical imaging systems for coupling light beams in or coupling them out of the multiplexer. The first optical imaging system is integrated in a single-channel interface and/or the second optical imaging system is integrated in a multi-channel interface, and at least one interface is directly linked with the multiplexer.

Abstract: A multiplexer capable of automatically and dynamically selecting a correct or the best input out of a pre-configurable set of alternative inputs, based on the current status of the alternative inputs. An input status-sensitive, dynamic, M-by-M digital cross-connect can be formed out of an arrangement of M (an integer) instances of such input-controllable dynamic M:1 multiplexers. An application is an SDH/SONET cross-connect system that is able to perform a protection-switch for any number, up to all, of its output paths, simultaneously, if necessary, thereby enabling a short and deterministic latency for individual-path-granular protection-switch process for cross-connects of unlimited capacity. Another application is an SDH/SONET path that can be dynamically shared, even at a single time-slot granularity, among multiple path sources.

Abstract: A compact low-cost continuous single-mode fiber laser delivers output powers in excess of 50 mW over the C-band (1530 nm-1565 nm). The phosphate glass fiber supports the high doping concentrations of erbium and ytterbium (Er:Yb) without self-pulsation that are required to provide sufficient gain per centimeter needed to achieve high power in the ultra short cavity lengths necessary to support single-mode lasers. The use of fiber drawing technology provides a lower cost solution than either combined solution doping/MCVD fiber fabrication or waveguide fabrication. The ability to multi-mode clad pump the fiber further reduces cost, which is critical to the successful deployment of fiber lasers in the burgeoning metro markets.

Abstract: The present invention provides a power-equalizing multi-channel fiber laser array, which comprises a pumping laser source, a 1×N ratio splitter, a plurality of WDM couplers, some pieces of EDFs, some pieces of fiber grating pairs, and a power-equalizing device (which may include variable optical attenuators). The power-equalization approach is realized by: (1) adding in some variable optical attenuators; (2) controlling the pumping power ratio to the individual channels by a 1×N variable ratio splitter; (3) adjusting the fiber lengths or the Er3+ concentration; or (4) adjusting the fiber gratings reflectivity.

Abstract: A method of frequency and mode stabilising a tuneable laser, wherein one or more measurable magnitudes is/are measured, wherein the laser has been characterised with respect to a number of operation points, and wherein the values of the measurable magnitude or magnitudes are stored in a microprocessor or corresponding device. The invention is characterised by causing the values of one or more of the measurable magnitudes to be non-extreme values; storing the values of such non-extreme values as a quotient where the numerator is the derivative of a measurable magnitude &dgr;Y with respect to a control current &dgr;I to one laser section, and where the denominator is the derivative of another measurable magnitude &dgr;Z with respect to said control current &dgr;I; and using the stored values to control the laser to a desired operation point.

Abstract: A method of maintaining desirable optical performance of an optoelectronic apparatus at extreme temperatures is disclosed. At a first temperature, a first bias current at which the laser generates optical signals at a first level is determined. At a second temperature outside of a predefined range of the first temperature, a second bias current at which the laser generates optical signals at a second level is determined. If the second temperature is greater than the higher end-point temperature of the predefined range, the second predefined level is defined to be less than the first predefined level. If the second temperature is less than the lower end-point temperature of the predefined range, the second predefined range is defined to be greater than the first predefined level.

Abstract: An optical transmission module with an optical device mounted in a substrate provided with an optical waveguide is provided wherein respective metallic electrodes in pair are symmetrically disposed in each side of an optical device divided by a centerline parallel to an optical axis such that those electrodes have an error of 60 &mgr;m or less and said metallic electrodes are soldered to a metallic electrode as disposed on a substrate, which electrode has a size enough to cover those electrodes as disposed in the optical device.

Abstract: A novel class of semiconductor lasers, or “tilted cavity lasers” includes at least one active element with an active region generating an optical gain by injection of a current and mirrors. The active element is placed into a cavity. The cavity is designed such that the optical path of the resonant optical mode is tilted with respect to both the vertical direction and the lateral plane. Thus, the feedback both in the vertical and in the lateral direction is provided for the resonant optical mode. Depending on the particular embodiment, the laser operates as both a surface emitting laser and an edge-emitting laser. Employing a tilted optical mode allows the use of substantially fewer layers in the bottom and the top interference reflectors than in conventional lasers. This preserves the necessary high reflection coefficients. Also, a wavelength-stabilized laser is realized for edge-emitters.

Abstract: A surface emission semiconductor laser device capable of substantially completely controlling the plane of polarization is obtained. This surface emission semiconductor laser device comprises a first multi-layer reflector, an emission layer formed on the first multi-layer reflector and a second multi-layer reflector formed on the emission layer, and at least either the first multi-layer reflector or the second multi-layer reflector includes a striped part worked in a striped manner in a prescribed period.

Abstract: There is provided a stripe waveguide structure type semiconductor laser device capable of preventing the occurrence of unevenness on the side surface of a channel and a fabricating method therefor. An etching stop layer 1 is formed under a second upper clad layer 2. This etching stop layer 1 is constructed of a GaAs layer 1a, an Al0.5Ga0.5As layer 1b formed under this GaAs layer 1a and a GaAs layer 1c formed under this Al0.5Ga0.5As layer 1b. With this arrangement, the unevenness of the side surface of the channel formed of a GaAs layer 3 and the second upper clad layer 2 can be controlled.

Abstract: The semiconductor laser element comprises, from bottom to top, the p-AlxGa1−xAs upper clad layer, p-AlyGa1−yAs resistance control layer, and p-GaAs cap layer (where x>y>0.2). A portion of only the resistance control layer and cap layer is selectively etched. The etchant used for this etching is a mixture of organic acid and hydrogen peroxide based mixture, has such a composition such that the ratio of dissolution rate of the upper clad layer to the cap layer is between 10 and 20, and pH is between 7.4 and 7.6.

Abstract: A laser diode array that includes a plurality of laser stripes each separated by an unpumped region. The array includes at least one first laser stripe and at least one second laser stripe. The first laser stripe emits a first laser beam. The second laser stripe emits a second laser beam. A phase shifter is connected to the stripes so that the phase of the second laser beam is shifted to be in phase with first laser beam. The resultant output beam of the array is a high power, high quality, diffraction limited beam.

Abstract: A surface emitting laser alleviated in reflection from facets of its active layer and waveguide layer and remarkably improved in oscillation property is configured not to make vertical side surfaces relative to the active layer or the waveguide direction. In VCSEL, side surfaces of the active layer are processed not to made vertical surfaces. In GCSEL, its crystalline surface orientation and its waveguide structure are chosen appropriately not to make upright surfaces on facets of the waveguide.

Abstract: A distributed feedback laser device capable of inhibiting a beam coupling coefficient from variation resulting from fabrication dispersion and improving the fabrication yield is obtained. The distributed feedback laser device comprises cladding layers provided on an InP substrate and located on both sides of an active layer and a diffraction grating having grating bars, different in refractive index from the cladding layers, provided in either cladding layer to extend in a direction perpendicular to a light emission direction at a prescribed pitch in the emission direction, as well as at least one light distribution control layer, located in the cladding layer apart from the diffraction grating, having the same composition as the diffraction grating.

Abstract: An integrated or hybrid-optical device (10) able to perform the functions of both a beam splitter and an etalon. A splitter interface (72), front-cavity interface (74), and rear-cavity interface (76) are provided and separate regions (78, 80, 82, 84) which may be of “air” (gas or vacuum) or solid materials. The front-cavity interface (74), the rear-cavity interface (76), and the interposed third region (82) define a Fabry Perot etalon, which may be either solid or air-spaced. In particular, the integrated optical device (10) has only the second region (80) interposed between the splitter interface (72) and the front-cavity interface (74).

Abstract: A device for thermal sensing is disclosed based on only one thermopile. The cold junctions of said thermopile are coupled thermally to a first channel comprising a first substance while the hot junctions of said thermopile are coupled thermally to a second channel comprising a second substance, said first and said second channel are separated and thermally isolated one from another. Said device can further comprise a membrane to thermally and electrically isolate said thermopile and to mechanically support said thermopile. Particularly a liquid rubber, i.e. ELASTOSIL LR3003/10A, B can be used as a membrane material. Further disclosed is a method for fabricating such a device using micromachining techniques.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a cooking thermometer which can measure a temperature in contact with foodstuffs directly or around foodstuffs during the cooking process. Particularly, the present invention relates to a cooking thermometer which inhibits the proliferation of bacteria on the surface of the thermometer and is coated with an antibacterial compound such as titanium dioxide.

Abstract: To measure and regulate temperature, a temperature measuring resistor (3) and a control element (2) are accommodated in one layer as metallization on a substrate (1). The printed conductors of the temperature measuring resistor (3) and of the control element (2) are arranged in close proximity to one another.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a cooking thermometer which can measure a temperature in contact with foodstuffs directly or around foodstuffs during the cooking process. Particularly, the present invention relates to a cooking thermometer which inhibits the proliferation of bacteria on the surface of the thermometer and is coated with an antibacterial compound such as titanium dioxide.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for performing characterization of devices is presented. The characteristic of the device are determined by obtaining a first temperature measurement in a first location of a device, obtaining a second temperature measurement, computing the difference between the temperature measurements and, using the temperatures and/or the temperature difference, a characteristic of the device is determined.

Abstract: A temperature-based sensing device (10) for detecting or determining a presence or proximity of a body or body part (12) in or near a garment, device, apparatus, or other item (14), such as, for example, an orthopedic device or exercise apparatus. The device (10) broadly comprises a first temperature sensor (20) for measuring a first or internal temperature of a an interior or receiving portion (16) of the item (14); a second temperature sensor (22) for measuring a second or external temperature of an ambient environment (18) surrounding the item (14); a controller (24) adapted to determine the presence of the body part (12) by comparing the first temperature with the second temperature; and connective circuitry (26) made of flexible material and adapted to electrically connect at least the first temperature sensor (20) with the controller (24).

Abstract: Prediction methods for navigation message symbols of satellite systems, such as GPS (Global Positioning System) and GLONASS (Global Orbiting Navigation System), that use information repetition in navigation data messages are disclosed. The methods enable one to eliminate the impact of symbol modulation for a received signal on the threshold performance of any navigation receiver, thereby permitting its operation in severe environments when the carrier-to-noise ratio C/N0 of “weak” satellite signals falls to levels below C/N0=20 dB*Hz.

Abstract: A method for power control in spread spectrum communication systems includes a first step of providing multiplexed registers coupled to a control circuit and controlled by a TPC-derived control. One register containing an increased power control value and the other register a decreased power control value. A next step includes measuring a transmit power. A next step includes precalculating an increased and decreased power control value using the measured transmit power. Next steps includes comparing precalculated power control values to those previously stored in the registers, and writing only those changed values to their corresponding registers. A next step is receiving TPC information, followed by determining the requested power change from the TPC information, wherein if the information for the next slot is the same as for the current slot, writing the associated precalculated value to the next register to be selected.

Abstract: A communication apparatus and method that includes generating a series of successive spread-spectrum signals formed through the concatenation of a direct sequence spread spectrum code with a Doppler Tolerant Polyphase Code (DTPC) is herein disclosed. By transmitting concatenated codes, it is possible to demodulate received sequences that are very long compared to the inverse of the Doppler frequency and/or the local oscillator drift. The method and apparatus may be applied to implement a wireless telecommunication system that efficiently transfers small quantities of data, such as status/telemetry, identification information and/or establishes device location at a low data rate over long distance in challenging radio environments and with low power consumption.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for direct sequence spread spectrum communication having low complexity. In the transmitter, the data bit is spreaded by a code sequence, a reference code is interleaved with the code sequence, and together they are transmitted by the transmitter. The corresponding receiver recovers the data signal from the received signal by transforming the received signal to a complex base band signal and differentially decoding the base band signal at the chip level. The spreaded signal is despreaded by the chip-level differential operation, thus eliminating the decorrelation operation, and so significantly reducing the cost of the overall system. Furthermore, this system is very robust to any carrier frequency drift since the chip-level differential operation is used, thus releasing the reference clock or crystal requirements, and so further reducing the cost of the system.

Abstract: A synchronization detection circuit comprises: a matched filter 105 for outputting a correlation value, between a spreading code and data that is obtained by sampling a code spread signal 101, using a sampling clock for one chip cycle; a sampling clock generator 102 for generating the sampling clock, so that, for each cycle of a code spreading signal, a phase delay for the basic clock of one chip cycle is increased by a value obtained by dividing one chip cycle by an integer; and a synchronization determination unit 107 for determining the timing whereat the maximum correlation value is attained and for performing synchronization detection.

Abstract: A single ended highly linear power amplifier includes a component, a 1st transistor pair, and a 2nd transistor pair. The 1st and 2nd transistor pairs are coupled in series with the component, which may be a resistor, inductor and/or linearly loaded transistor, where the node coupling the component to the 1st and 2nd transistor pairs provides the output of the single-ended highly linear power amplifier. The 1st transistors of the 1st and 2nd transistor pairs are coupled to receive an input signal. The 2nd transistors of the 1st and 2nd transistor pairs are each coupled to receive a separate enable signal. The transistor pairs are enabled via their corresponding enable signal to change the gain of the power amplifier with negligible effects on the linearity of the power amplifier. A differential power amplifier includes the single ended power amplifier and a complimentary mirror image of the single ended power amplifier.

Abstract: A method and system transmits telemetry control signals with IF payload data from a common cable between an indoor unit and an outdoor unit. The system modulates a carrier signal with telemetry control signals to represent serial data bytes by switching ON and OFF a carrier tone for ON_OFF keying and bandpass filtering such that when transmitted on a common cable, the signal will not interfere with payload data and DC signals.