Abstract: In the case where data are recorded in a medium, after a specific type of a medium in which recording is performed is set, if it is detected that information is recorded on an address of specific position at which decoding information is to be located, then data at a section in which the decoding information is located are replaced with predetermined information and recording is performed. Alternatively, when data are to be reproduced from a medium, after it is discriminated that data are reproduced from a medium of a specific type, if it is determined that data are reproduced from an address of specific position at which the decoding information is to be located, then reproduction data of a section in which the decoding information is located is replaced with predetermined information and outputted.

Abstract: In a disk device, when processing is resumed after replacing the disk or cutting off the power supply, in order to acquire disk-related information in a short period of time and reduce the start-up time, the effectiveness of management information recorded on the disk is judged, the finding of the judgment is stored into a memory means capable of storing even when power supply is off, the management information is read out of some of the recording areas of the disk in advance of a recording or reproducing operation if the stored information on the finding of the judgment indicates effectiveness for the inserted disk.

Abstract: The invention is to provide a method for determining a recording power of a radiation beam for recording information onto a recording medium operated at a user-desired speed. According to a preferred embodiment of the method of the invention, under operation of multiple of test speeds in turn, multiple of optimum recording powers which each corresponds to one of the test speeds are determined, respectively. Then, a function of speed is generated by fitting the corresponding optimum recording powers vs. the test speeds. The recording power for the user-desired speed is calculated by applying the user-desired speed in the function of speed.

Abstract: A DVD-R recorder according to the invention detects an item of recording speed information (d15) from a DVD-R (30) on which histories of recording speed information, write strategy, and recording power condition are stored. When the decoded item of recording speed information (d15) agrees with a set item of recording speed information (d17), the recorder detects the write strategy (d6) and the recording power condition (d10) corresponding to the decoded item of recording speed information (d15). A recording-pulse-determination section (9) converts a recording pattern (d8) into a recording pulse (d9) according to the write strategy (d6). A recording-power-determination section (12) performs an OPC based on the recording power condition (d10). The recording power condition (d10) may include information specifying that a recording pulse corresponding to the front edge of a recorded mark has a larger recording power than other recording pulses.

Abstract: A laser drive circuit includes a first current supply unit which supplies a first drive current to a first laser diode based on a drive waveform signal generated by a drive waveform generating unit, a second current supply unit which supplies a second drive current to a second laser diode based on the drive waveform signal generated by the drive waveform generating unit, and a switching unit which selectively supplies the drive waveform signal generated by the drive waveform generating unit to one of the first current supply unit and the second current supply unit. The drive waveform generating unit may be part of the laser drive circuit, or may be separate from the laser drive circuit, and may include a drive waveform information storage unit which stores a recording strategy according to a type of disk.

Abstract: An optical scanning device for scanning of a first, second and third type of optical record carrier with radiation of a first wavelength &lgr;1, a second wavelength &lgr;2 and a third wavelength &lgr;3, respectively, where the three wavelengths are substantially different.

Abstract: A drive current or a drive voltage is controlled corresponding to change of load by sampling the drive current or drive voltage of a motor to move an optical pickup and then detecting change of the sampling signal as change of the optical pickup when it is moved. Moreover, change of the sampling signal is obtained from a difference of the sampling signals by comparing these sampling signals at the first and second points. Comparison of these sampling signals is conducted in unit of drive pulse.

Abstract: An optical disk (10) includes several tracks (21-23, 121-125) that each include a series of optical data elements (29, 39). Each optical data element includes several reflective surfaces (31-34, 41-44) with respective different orientations that represent stored information. A detection system (210) directs a beam from a laser (217) onto successive optical data elements. The multiple reflective surfaces of each optical data element produce multiple reflected sub-beams that are imaged onto respective portions of a detector (219, 501, 541). The position of each sub-beam on the corresponding portion of the detector is determined, to thereby identify the orientation of the corresponding reflective surface and thus the stored information represented by that surface.

Abstract: An optical-pickup device includes a plurality of light sources, an objective lens for converging light from the plurality of light sources on an optical disc, and at least one light-receiving element for receiving light reflected by the optical disc. A light source of the plurality of light sources, which light source is not used for recording/reproducing, is used for detecting relative tilt between the optical disc and the objective lens.

Abstract: An amplitude variation detection circuit that can reliably detect the mirror portion independently of the type of optical recording medium, as well as a type of information regenerating apparatus that contains said amplitude variation detecting circuit. Voltage division of top envelope signal Ste and bottom-hold signal Sbh of RF signal Srf is performed by voltage divider (16); then, after amplification by gain control amplifier (19) with a gain that corresponds to the type of optical disc (1), a prescribed offset is added by offset circuit (22) to the signal, and the resulting signal is input as mirror detection threshold signal Smt to comparator (24). The high-frequency noise component of bottom envelope signal Sbe of RF signal Srf is removed by low-pass filter (21); after amplification by gain control amplifier (20) with a gain that corresponds to the type of optical disc (1), the signal is input to comparator (24).

Abstract: The invention provides a disc inspection and rejuvenation/repair system. The inspection system and rejuvenation/repair system may be provided as separate modules or may be combined in an integrated unit. The integrated unit may be manually operated, or may be an automated system comprising a controller and disk handling system Appertaining methods of operating the system and modules are also provided.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for initializing optical recording media is provided that detects the intensity of a reflective light off of an optical recording media and analyzes the initializing condition based on the detected intensity during an initializing process. The light is radiated on a rotating phase-change optical recording medium. The light may be moved in a radial direction of the optical recording medium. The detected intensity of the reflected light may be used to identify crystallized portions and amorphous portions of the optical media. The initialization process can be adaptively controlled to ensure proper initialization. If desired, re-initialization can be limited to those areas detected to be outside of the predetermined parameters.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for initializing optical recording media is provided that detects the intensity of a reflective light off of an optical recording media and analyzes the initializing condition based on the detected intensity during an initializing process. The light is radiated on a rotating phase-change optical recording medium. The light may be moved in a radial direction of the optical recording medium. The detected intensity of the reflected light may be used to identify crystallized portions and amorphous portions of the optical media. The initialization process can be adaptively controlled to ensure proper initialization. If desired, re-initialization can be limited to those areas detected to be outside of the predetermined parameters.

Abstract: In a recording medium reproducing apparatus that can reproduce a recording medium such as a CD-R or CD-RW recording therein compressed audio data, a track number of three or more digits can be indicated using an existing display portion that is designed to indicate a track number in two digits. For this, the apparatus determines whether digital audio data to be reproduced is compressed audio data, and when it is determined to be the compressed audio data, the apparatus indicates a track number of the reproducing compressed audio data in a track number display area and a minute display area, a value of minute of a reproduction time of the compressed audio data in a second display area, and a value of second of the reproduction time of the compressed audio data in a frame display area.

Abstract: A method of recording and/or reproducing information onto/from an information storage medium includes the step of detecting a time interval between a received command and a subsequent command. The method further includes the step of controlling recording and/or reproducing-speed of information on the basis of the detected time interval between the received command and the subsequent command.

Abstract: An information recording method including irradiating a phase change recording layer of an optical recording medium with either a multi-pulse laser light train having a recording power of Pw or laser light having an erasing power Pe to record a mark having a length nT in the recording layer, wherein n is an integer of from 3 to 14 and T represents a clock cycle, wherein the multi-pulse laser light train has a constitution such that a heating pulse and a cooling pulse are alternated and the number of heating pulses and the number of cooling pulses each increases by 1 when n increases by 2, and wherein when n is from 6 to 14, the last heating pulse and last cooling pulse have a pulse width of from 0.5T to 0.9T and from 0.7T to 1.5T, respectively.

Abstract: EFM signals including margin bits read from a CD are passed to an EFM copy circuit. After cutting one bit from the margin bits, the EFM copy circuit stores the EFM signals with the margin bits into a buffer. The EFM copy circuit reads the EFM signals including the margin bits from the buffer, decompresses the margin bits, and supplies the EFM signals with the decompressed margin bits to a write strategy circuit. Then, the EFM signals are written onto a CDR from the recording start position on the CDR, which is detected by the information from a WBL detection circuit. The start address of the EFM data to be read from the buffer is located from subcode transferred from a subcode detaching circuit to the EFM copy circuit. In this manner, the content of a CD with copy guard protection can be copied to another disk.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a modulated signal generator capable of carrying out signal processing at a higher speed or capable of supporting a special format and a new format with ease. A modulation processing storing unit 130 has a modulation processing program required for producing an optical disc master 320 stored therein in advance. Information data recorded in an master optical disc 310 is reproduced by an information reproducing unit 110 and is outputted to a modulation controller 120. The modulation controller 120 carries out the signal modulation processing onto the reproduced information data in accordance with the signal modulation processing program so as to generate a data stream and stores the data stream in a modulated information storing unit 140 as necessary.

Abstract: A molding and film forming apparatus 700 molds a disc substrate from a stamper 330 formed from an optical disc disc-master 320 and forms a coating film, for example, a reflective film onto the disc substrate, thereby forming a recorded optical disc 360. A postscript apparatus 200 writes postscript information once onto an optical disc 340 formed by the molding and film forming apparatus 700. As postscript information, a laser beam is irradiated to a predetermined interval of the optical disc 340, a portion which is detected as a pit is formed, and an optical disc 350 on which postscript information 420 has been recorded is formed. Identification information which enables each optical disc 340 to be identified can be postscribed. The postscript information is recorded in a conventional format and the postscript information can be reproduced by an existing reproducing apparatus.

Abstract: An optical disk drive has a lid an emergency ejection hole. An opening is defined in the lid. The emergency ejection structure comprises a locking element having a locking hook and an ejection lever, a safety element movably disposed under the emergency ejection hole, and an electromagnetic unit for generating magnetic field to attract the safety element in the optical disk drive. The locking hook is fitted the opening and keep the lid closed. With magnetic force, electromagnetic unit attracts the safety element. The locking hook can engage with the opening when the optical disk drive is connected to electrical power that enables the electromagnetic unit to attract and hold the safety element. The locking hook can disengage from the opening when the optical disk drive is disconnected from electrical power, enabling the electromagnetic unit to release the safety element.

Abstract: An apparatus for absorb vibration in an optical disk drive. The apparatus includes a chassis, a tray, vibration absorbing dampers and at least one vibration damper, wherein vibration absorbing dampers can be disposed between the tray and the chassis or disposed on the tray.

Abstract: An optical pickup device for reading information recorded on an optical disc, the device having a semiconductor laser, a half mirror and a light-receiving element. The semiconductor laser and the half mirror are attached to each other via a grating, and the light-receiving element is attached on the surface of the half mirror.

Abstract: An optical recording medium allowing high-density recording, where a groove having a shallow U-shaped cross section wider than certain width, a master for manufacturing optical recording medium, a manufacturing apparatus thereof, and a manufacturing method thereof are provided. A exposure beam (61) and a exposure beam (62) are recombined together with a first exposure beam (60) in a second PBS (47) so that traveling directions thereof may be the same direction. At this time, the exposure beam (61) and the exposure beam (62) are arranged so that both optical axes may be aligned at certain distance. Thereby, a width of a spot formed by combining these beams can be extended, and light exposure of the spot can be proper to form a shallow groove, as typically showed in FIG. 3.

Abstract: A single-element objective lens is employed in an optical pick-up. The objective lens directs an incident light beam to a data recording surface of an optical disc through a cover layer to form a beam spot thereon. A numerical aperture of the objective lens is 0.7 or more. The objective lens is configured such that a characteristic of aberration which is generated due to decentering of surfaces of the objective lens is substantially comparable to a characteristic of aberration due to an inclination of an optical axis of the objective lens and an inclination of a central axis of the light beam incident on the data recording surface of the optical disc with respect to the optical disc.

Abstract: A photoreceiver amplifier circuit has an amplifier for amplifying the detection signal of a photoreceiver device, a plurality of negative feedback circuits connected between the input terminal and the output terminal of the amplifier in parallel with one another so as to form different negative feedback loops, and a switch circuit for selecting one among the plurality of negative feedback circuits. The frequency band and/or the gain of the photoreceiver amplifier circuit is varied according to the detection signal of the photoreceiver device. This makes it possible to switch the frequency band without degradation in amplification characteristics.

Abstract: A lower inertial compact disk driving device is disclosed. The disk and laser head are static and optical unit device are used as a medium of the laser optical path. Furthermore, a rough tracing unit device is used to change the optical path projected by optical unit device on the compact disk, a precise tracing unit device is used to control the optical spot to emit to the desired compact disk track precisely; the precise tracing unit device includes two fixed shelves, two permanent magnets, a tracing movable block and a balance movable block, the tracing movable block and balance movable block are wound around focus coils, respectively, and are hung between two fixed shelves by elastic wire, the central thereof is installed with the steel wire whose end connects to the optical unit device. The focusing error from the laser beam passing through the optical unit device is converted into a focusing driving voltage which is applied to the focus coil so that a magnetic field is generated.

Abstract: The present invention provides a nonstandard-sized optical disc capable of decreasing thickness even when a plurality of optical discs are piled up and assuredly positioning in a disc main body fitting dented portion of a disc player. This optical disc includes a disc main body and an outwardly protruded plate portion protruded outwardly from the disc main body. The outwardly protruded plate portion is formed to have a thickness thinner than that of the disc main body, and the lower portion of the disc main body is formed to have a size to be fitted in the disc main body fitting dented portion in a tray of a disc player. An outer peripheral edge of the lower portion of the disc main body has at least two positioning points to be disposed in the proximity of an inner peripheral edge of the disc main body fitting dented portion to thereby position the disc main body in the disc main body fitting dented portion when the lower portion of the disc main body is fitted in the disc main body fitting dented portion.

Abstract: A digital optical information disk contains content and/or non-content information on both sides of a single substrate produced by a process that embosses the surfaces of both sides substantially simultaneously. Simultaneous molding substantially eliminates the need for lamination when two or more data layers are to be provided. Preferably, the disk is relatively small, such as less than 50 mm in diameter and can replicate marks or features with a z-dimension magnitude of about 80 nm or more. The disk remains within a specified opto-mechanical range of an optical transducer and has little, if any, non-planarity (warp) or other distortion. The disk can be used for reading pre-written or mastered content, e.g., in a user's device, and/or can include information or features that permits or supports utility functions, allowing the user to record data thereon such as tracking, sector, location, timing, synchronization features or combinations thereof.

Abstract: Methods and apparatus are provided for making an optically readable storage media in which the reading beam passes through a bonding layer configured with a reactive material that transforms from an optically transparent state to an optically opaque state after exposure to a predefined stimulus, thereby inhibiting access to the data encoded on the optically readable storage media. The method includes steps of synthesizing a blocked dye combining the blocked dye with a carrier material curing the resultant combination deblocking the dye to produce a reduced dye in the resultant bonding layer exposing the optically readable storage media with the reactive material in its bonding layer to a predetermined stimulus. In a further aspect of the present invention methods and apparatus are provided for making an optically readable storage media wherein the reading light passes through the bonding layer and the data encoded information is encoded on the L1 substrate.

Abstract: A method of transmitting digital data by radio signals in orthogonal frequency division multiplex (OFDM). Digital data is divided into error protection classes and the power level of the digital data is altered according to the particular error protection class. In addition to the data thus altered, error protection class data is transmitted in a separate logic channel. By using this error protection class data, a reception device is able to reverse this change in power level and perform a correct demodulation. The error protection class data is generated on the basis of the number, length and transmission reliability of the error protection classes and on the basis of transmission parameters. The digital data, divided into frames, is first assigned to services, and then these services are assigned to a corresponding error protection class.

Abstract: A method of scaling at a receiver representations of training signals received from a transmitter. The method includes producing a frequency domain representation of at least one long training symbol received at the receiver and a frequency domain representation of a data symbol, and scaling the frequency domain representation of the at least one long symbol based on a largest coefficient in the frequency domain representation to produce a scaled frequency domain representation of the at least one long symbol.

Abstract: A wireless transmitter (TX1). The transmitter comprises circuitry for providing a plurality of control bits (CONTROL) and circuitry for providing a plurality of user bits (USER). The transmitter further comprises circuitry (16) for modulating the plurality of control bits and the plurality of user bits into a stream of complex symbols and circuitry (18) for converting the stream of complex symbols into a parallel plurality of complex symbol streams. The transmitter further comprises circuitry (20) for performing an inverse fast Fourier transform on the parallel plurality of complex symbol streams to form a parallel plurality of OFDM symbols and circuitry (22) for converting the parallel plurality of OFDM symbols into a serial stream of OFDM symbols. The serial stream consists of an integer N+1 OFDM symbols. Each OFDM symbol in the serial stream of OFDM symbols comprises a plurality of data points. Finally, selected OFDM symbols (SF1.

Abstract: A wireless transmitter (TX1). The transmitter comprises circuitry for providing a plurality of control (CONTROL) bits and circuitry for providing a plurality of user (USER) bits. The transmitter also comprises circuitry for modulating (16) the plurality of control bits and the plurality of user bits into a stream of complex symbols and circuitry (18) for converting the stream of complex symbols into a parallel plurality of complex symbol streams. The transmitter also comprises circuitry (20) for performing an inverse fast Fourier transform on the parallel plurality of complex symbol streams to form a parallel plurality of OFDM symbols and circuitry (22) for converting the parallel plurality of OFDM symbols into a serial stream of OFDM symbols. Each OFDM symbol in the serial stream of OFDM symbols comprises a plurality of data points, and selected (SF2.x) OFDM symbols in the serial stream of OFDM symbols carry modulation information (AMOD).

Abstract: A method for sharing a backup path in a MultiProtocol Label Switching (MPLS) network, a label switching router (LSR) for setting a backup path in an MPLS network, a system for setting a backup path in an MPLS network, and a recording medium therefor are provided. The method includes the steps of acquiring link configuration information of links included in a working path when the working path is set between a source node and a destination node, and allocating bands for a backup path using the link configuration information when the backup path is set between the source node and the destination node. In the method, an optimal band is allocated to each of links included in a backup path by calculating a band using information, which is obtained during setting of a working path, about at least one other working path sharing links with the working path when the backup path is set, thereby efficiently managing network resources without wasting them.

Abstract: A computer network processes data packets in the event of a network link failure. The network includes a plurality of routers that deliver data packets to the network via a plurality of links. At least one router includes a protection cycle manager. The protection cycle manager has a protection cycle packet identifier and a protection cycle packet processor. The protection cycle packet identifier identifies, as protection cycle packets, data packets having a specific protection cycle format. The protection cycle packet processor processes protection cycle packets to determine whether the packet destination corresponds to the routing node, and if the packet destination corresponds to the routing node, the protection cycle packet is treated by the routing node as a data packet received from the packet source via the failed link. Otherwise, if the packet destination does not correspond to the routing node, the protection cycle packet is sent to a protection cycle node for the routing node.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method of negotiating an active or a passive role assignment to a first and a second control means of a network element. The control means are redundant and operate dependent on their respective active or passive role. The invention furthermore relates to a control means therefor, a program module for a control means therefor and a network element therefor.

Abstract: Two transmission devices connected to a link in which a failure occurs turn back a ring. Other transmission device changes a transmission ring of an NNI packet which is a UNI packet whose transmission source is its own transmission device and which had been transmitted through the link before the failure occurs to have a reverse direction. In addition, each transmission device, upon receiving an NNI packet whose transmission destination NNI address is one or any one of a plurality of NNI addresses applied to its own transmission device, outputs the packet to a self-owned tributary port irrespectively of whether it is sent through an inner ring or an outer ring.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for managing Quality of Service (QoS) in a packet network (10). The method comprises feeding a predetermined information flow into the packet network. (10) for measurement purposes and measuring the characteristics of said information flow by means of a continual measurement for producing QoS information. Said Qos information is used to control communications traffic in the packet network (10) in order to manage the Quality of Service (QoS) of the packet network (10). The invention further relates to a system for managing Quality of Service (QoS) in the packet network (10).

Abstract: Control for admitting microflows to a data network consisting of allocating logic priority levels to these microflows making it possible to implement a microflow preemption order based on this logic priority. If the service quality required for a new microflow A cannot be ensured by the internal resources of the network, it is thus possible to free the internal resources of said network by preempting a lower logic priority microflow B.

Abstract: A method and system for performing delayed connection release in a connection-oriented data link layer communications protocol, including a second node that establishes a return data link connection with a first node prior to an initial transmission of data from the first node to the second node and delays a release of the return data link connection after a last transmission of data from the first node to the second node. The second node also establishes a forward data link with the first node prior to an initial transmission of data from the second node to the first node and delays a release of the forward data link connection after a last transmission of data from the second node to the first node. The first node may be configured as a terminal and the second node may be configured as a base station over a wireless data link and the first node may be configured as a client and the second node may be configured as a server over a wired data link.

Abstract: When employing HARQ in soft handover (SHO) in a mobile communication system, a mobile station in communication with multiple base stations is signaled by each of the base stations when a packet sent by the mobile station is correctly received. However, while one or more base stations may have received the transmission correctly, others may not have, and retransmission may be called for. To address the possibility of having to resend such a packet, the mobile station of the invention retransmits only if a selected number of the base stations received the transmission correctly and does not if at least one base station received the original transmission correctly. The mobile transmits at a rate selected according to a rule from data rate information or signaling received from one or more of the base stations. The network is then able to retrieve the packet from one or more of the base stations which have received it correctly and to supply it to another or others which have not.

Abstract: This invention provides a video information transmission apparatus for efficiently transmitting a digital video such as MPEG video at real time while controlling congestion on a QoS non-guaranteed IP network and suppressing degradation of a video quality. A transmission control section 13 on a sender side outputs bit rate feedback information in accordance with congestion information on the network to a real-time encoder 12, and controls a transmission bit rate to change the transmission bit rate in accordance with congestion information on the network. The bit rate feedback information is obtained based on the congestion information on the network on the sender side, or obtained on a receiver side and fed back.

Abstract: The invention provides a method of determining the effectiveness of radio communication over an area covered by a wireless LAN. A value of a signal parameter, such as stability or throughput, is detected at each of a plurality of sample points spaced over the area. The variation in the parameter over the area is shown in colour on a display.

Abstract: A peer-to-peer (P2P) probing/network quality of service (QoS) analysis system utilizes a UDP-based probing tool for determining latency, bandwidth, and packet loss ratio between peers in a network. The probing tool enables network QoS probing between peers that connect through a network address translator. The list of peers to probe is provided by a connection server based on prior probe results and an estimate of the network condition. The list includes those peers which are predicted to have the best QoS with the requesting peer. Once the list is obtained, the requesting peer probes the actual QoS to each peer on the list, and returns these results to the connection server. P2P probing in parallel using a modified packet-pair scheme is utilized. If anomalous results are obtained, a hop-by-hop probing scheme is utilized to determine the QoS of each link. In such a scheme, differential destination measurement is utilized.

Abstract: Usage of network resources on a communications network is controlled by creating one or more packet rules for analyzing packets received at one or more devices of the communications network, each rule including a condition and action to be taken if a packet received at a device satisfies the condition, and creating one or more service abstractions, each service abstraction representing a named set of one or more of the packet rules. Further, one or more role abstractions may be created, each role abstraction representing a role of a user with respect to the communications network, and each role abstraction including a set of one more packet rules, and possibly one or more service abstractions. These role abstractions and service abstractions may be stored and distributed to network devices on the communications network.

Abstract: A method, system and apparatus for improving data transfer rate over a network are provided. When a piece of data is to be transmitted to a target system, it is divided into a number of packets and a determination is made as to whether the number of packets exceeds a threshold number. If so, the packets are transferred in parallel over a plurality of network connections. The ideal network connections are TCP/IP connections. Thus, each packet has an IP header, which contains an IP identification field. An indicium is placed into the IP identification field for proper reconstruction of the data by the target system.

Abstract: The invention provides a method of determining the stability of a signal parameter (such as throughput) in data transmitted in a wireless LAN. A plurality of values of the parameter are detected over a predetermined time and an average value calculated. The difference between the average value and each of the plurality of values is then determined. The modulus values of the differences are summed and divided by the number in the plurality to obtain a figure representative of stability.

Abstract: A router facilitate a network setup including a Port No., and a network system employs the router. The router receives a transmission packet containing a MAC address broadcast from a terminal in a network. The router then relates the IP address and Port No. to the MAC address and store them as network information. The IP address and Port No. are different from those of a terminal already setup. This network information is sent by designating the MAC address. When a transmission packet designating Port No. of the terminal is received from an external network, the router forwards the transmission packet to the terminal whose Port No. stored matches the designated Port No.

Abstract: In a packet communications network, e.g. a third generation wireless network, combined billing of a user is provided for the delivery of communications services to that user and for the on-line purchase of goods and services by the user via the communications network. A set of rules is provided and a respective billing tariff and account is determined from the rules and each packet address. Credit transfers are made between user accounts and the accounts of goods/services supplies held in a common database.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for terminating a member from a group call in a group communication network provides for receiving an indication from a user who wishes to terminate participation in a group call and sending a request to a server to terminate the user from the group call. The method and apparatus further provides for the server to receive the request for terminating a user from a group call, terminate the user from the group call, and send a response indicating that the user is terminated from the group call.