Abstract: Described is a method for communicating information signals via respective channels, each having at least one subchannel, of a multichannel communications link between a transmitting node and a receiving node of a data communications network The method comprises the steps of: at the receiving node, determining for each subchannel of each channel, in dependence on the signal to noise ratio of the channel and a target transmission rate for the information signal over that channel, a gain factor to be applied at the subchannel signal at the transmitting node to effect transmission of the information signal to the receiving node with minimum transmission power; communicating the gain factors for each subchannel signal from the receiving node to the transmitting node; applying the gain factors to the corresponding subchannel signals at the transmitting node; and, at the receiving node, for each subchannel of each channel, partitioning the subchannels of the other channels into high crosstalk subchannels and low cr

Abstract: A method and device to equalize a signal received by a receiver after having traveled through a transmission channel, said signal comprising at least one data block and several probes located on either side of the data block. The method comprises at least one step in which the impulse response of the channel is estimated before and after a data block n in taking account of the probes (Probe n−1 and Probe n) located on either side of the data block n and also of the probes that precede and follow the Probes n−1 and Probe n, said probes being weighted and combined with one another.

Abstract: A method and device for the equalization of data in a receiver, the data having traveled through a transmission channel, the received signal comprising one or more frames. The method determines at least one fictitious probe in the data block by using at least one part of the probes available in the frames before and after the frame considered. It also comprises a step for determining the intermediate impulse response associated with the fictitious probe or probes and the combination of said intermediate impulse responses.

Abstract: A method and system for equalizing a signal transmitted via a channel of a communications system stores an input signal received via the channel in a main buffer. A training signal portion of the received input signal is stored in a circular buffer as a circulating training signal. A mean square error of the training signal is minimized while estimating the transmitted signal, until the mean square error is less than a predetermine threshold. In this case, the input signal received via the channel is equalized directly to make decisions on symbols of the signal transmitted via the channel. During an initial stage of training, the mean square error is determined directly from the training signal, during subsequent stages of training the circulating training signal is used.

Abstract: FIG. 1 shows a light airplane with the installed invention comprising: an Electronic Rear-view Mirror Component (100) in the cockpit usable by the pilot or co-pilot from the adjustment of twin mechanical arms, a Video Local Area Network (V-LAN) Component (3000), several Bug-Eye Sensor Components (2000) for the front-video camera (2004), rear video camera (2008), right video camera (2012), and left video camera (2016), and a Crash Prevention Recorder (CPR) Component (4000).

Abstract: Techniques and tools for processing reference frames in a motion estimation/compensation loop or motion compensation loop are described. For example, a video encoder or decoder filters reference frames to reduce discontinuities at block boundaries, improving the efficiency of motion estimation and compensation.

Abstract: The disclosed method provides a new resolution of the aperture problem, which is one of the basic problems present in motion estimation technology. The method constitutes a resolution of this problem by means of adaptive transfer to smaller blocks. The approach consists of adaptive partitioning of the picture with the use of quadratic trees. If an aperture problem is detected in the block, then the block partitions with the help of quadratic trees into smaller blocks. The partitioning continues until either the aperture problem is resolved or the smallest size block is reached. Through the use of this method, the aperture problem is successfully resolved without substantial loss in the degree of compression.

Abstract: A system and a method for manipulating video data received over a media channels is disclosed herein. The method includes using an index table to reference stored video data, including motion vectors, so that they can be efficiently accessed by encoder and decoder portions of a transcoder, where the decoder generates source pixel images, and the encoder generates estimated motion vectors based on the motion vector data stored.

Abstract: Methods and devices for encoding and decoding video data are provided, wherein an image data structure can be represented as a group of macroblocks and each macroblock contains a plurality of blocks. One aspect of the invention includes a method of decoding image data comprises decoding a current block of data, comprising retrieving a related reference block, decoding texture information of the current block, and reconstructing the current block, prior to the decoding of another block of data.

Abstract: The pixel values of a current macroblock are summed, and the pixel values of a reference macroblock are summed. The initial minimum sum of absolute differences between the current and reference macroblocks is determined. When the minimum sum of absolute differences is greater than the absolute difference between the summed pixel values in the current macroblock and the reference macroblock, the sum of absolute differences between the current macroblock and the reference macroblock is calculated. When the sum of absolute differences is smaller than the minimum sum of absolute differences, the value of the sum of absolute differences is set as the minimum sum of absolute differences. If all blocks of a search area have not been searched, the pixel values of a new reference macroblock are summed. When all blocks of the search area have been searched, the block type is determined and the motion vector is output.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a bit rate control method for real-time video communication, which was developed in macroblock (i.e. MB) layer by utilizing a dynamic rate table. This table is designed offline with a training procedure by considering the MB complexity (i.e. SAD), quantization parameter (i.e. QP) and estimated coding bit counts. For each input MB, the rate control method utilizes its SAD value and the allocated number of bits to search the table to find the optimal QP value and encode the input MB by the optimal QP, and then utilizes the resulting coding bit count of the MB to update the rate table. Since the table will be automatically updated on a MB-by-MB basis every time after each macroblock being processed, it can rapidly track the local statistics of image blocks and control the bit rate accurately. In addition, the method only requires fixed-point computation, thus it significantly lowers down the cost in hardware implementation.

Abstract: A communication system (10) receives a communication signal comprising first and second data with different compression levels, such as highly compressed and weakly compressed levels. A mode detector (15) detects the level of compression. One or more signal decoders (20, 22) decode the highly compressed data. An analyzer (30) determines the type of enhancement required. One or more processors (48, 50, 80) enhance the data as required. An encoder (60) reencodes the enhanced decoded data. Metrics (90) may aid the operation of the analyzer (30).

Abstract: A probe is positioned in the vicinity of a conductor. By electromagnetic coupling, a coupled signal is derived from a signal carried on the conductor. Based on the coupled signal, an evaluation is performed of the signal, the conductor, or a circuit associated with the signal or the conductor.

Abstract: This document discusses high speed data communication systems and methods, such as for communicating symbols using pulse-amplitude-modulated (PAM) or other multilevel (i.e., more than two) signal levels (e.g., PAM5 symbols using five signal levels). One example encodes and/or decodes between n-bit blocks of binary data (e.g., n=12) and m-symbol code words (e.g., m=6 PAM5 symbols). In this example, the code words are selected to limit the runlength of consecutive symbols transmitted without a symmetric-about-baseline transition between signal levels. In another example, the code words bound a word disparity representing a cumulative deviation from baseline of the values of the symbols of the code words. In a further example, the code words bound an intraword disparity representing a symbol-by-symbol cumulative deviation from baseline, within the code word.

Abstract: Discrete multitone transmission assigns bits to tones for transmission. The bits are assigned using permutations of bits and tones that cycle through a sequence of permutations in successive frames.

Abstract: A Multicarrier receiver suitable to receive a sequence of cyclically extended multicarrier symbols comprises the coupling of a window, adapted to window said multicarrier symbols, a Fourier transformer, coupled to said window, and adapted to perform one windowed Fourier transform for all carriers in said windowed multicarrier symbol, a per-carrier frequency domain equalizer, coupled to said windowed Fourier transformer and comprising a tapped delay line per carrier in said multicarrier symbol, and means for performing the equivalent to a sliding windowed Fourier transform, including a sliding Fourier transform. Thus windowing and equalization in the frequency domain can be combined without unduly increasing computational complexity.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method to synchronise a multi-carrier transmission system wherein a time misalignment between a transmitter and a receiver is determined through an average of at least two pilot tones phase errors (Øi) weighted in accordance with the noise affecting each pilot tone transmission. Such method is characterised in that, when the noise affecting a pilot tone (38, 40) reaches a predetermined level, the pilot tone function is reallocated from this pilot tone (38, 40) to another carrier (42, 44) and/or this pilot tone weight is reduced.

Abstract: A method of asymmetrical forward error correction for a communication link having two communication directions, comprising a first type of forward error correction method in a first direction of the communication link and a second type of forward error correction method in a second direction of the communication link, where the first and second types of forward error correction methods are different.

Abstract: The communication system carries out signal processing adapted for transmission-channel characteristics. In the communication system, a right transmitter detects a transmission-signal-characteristics-correcting coefficient sent from a left receiver and corrects, according to the transmission-signal-characteristics-correcting coefficient, at least one of a transfer function and a spatial frequency characteristic of a transmission signal. The left receiver computes the transmission-signal-characteristics-correcting coefficient and a reception-signal-characteristics-correcting coefficient through the processes of detecting correlation of a reception signal, and carrying out eigenvalue decomposition on a product matrix obtained by multiplying a correlation matrix having the detected correlation as elements and a transported matrix of the correlation matrix together.

Abstract: A dual link transmitter constructed according to the present invention employs a single Phase Locked Loop (PLL) to service both a primary link and a secondary link during dual link mode operations. The structure of the dual link transmitter includes both a primary link PLL and a secondary link PLL. The primary link PLL produces a primary link clock and the secondary link PLL produces a secondary link clock. During dual single link operations, the primary link clock is used to service the primary link while the secondary link clock is used to service the secondary link. However, during dual link operations, the primary link clock is used to service both the primary link and the secondary link.

Abstract: A Digital-to-Analog-Converter (DAC) includes an interpolation filter, a modulator, and a time dither clock reduction circuit. The interpolation filter receives the digital data and interpolates and filters the digital data to produce an interpolated and filtered digital signal. The modulator receives the interpolated and filtered digital signal and a feedback signal. The modulator modulates the interpolated and filtered digital signal based upon the feedback signal to produce a modulated signal at a modulator clock rate. The time dither clock reduction circuit receives the modulated signal and applies both clock reduction and time dithering to the modulated signal to produce a time dithered/clock reduced modulated signal. The time dithered/clock reduced modulated signal serves as the analog signal and also serves as the feedback signal.

Abstract: A computer capable of performing communications processing using a protocol at high speed in simple and low cost configuration is provided. After an SD-RAM controller stores AV data inputted via an AV interface in an AV buffer circuit, a packet processing unit, for example, generates jumbo packet data of 32 KB. A PCI bus interface outputs data required for transmitting processing of the jumbo packet data to a CPU, and the CPU generates header data. A packet processing unit, according to the header data, splits the jumbo packet data and generates Ethernet packet data of a maximum of 1518 byte. The SD-RAM controller transmits the applicable data from a MAC circuit.

Abstract: A programmable multi-stage amplifier includes a 1st programmable amplifier, a 2nd programmable amplifier, and a control module. The 1st and 2nd programmable amplifiers are coupled in series to amplify an input signal. Each of the 1st and 2nd programmable amplifiers is operably coupled to receive independent gain control signals from the control module. The control module generates the gain control signals by determining the overall gain desired for the programmable multi-stage amplifier and a corresponding gain for each of the 1st and 2nd programmable amplifiers. The factors in which the control module makes this determination are based on an optimization of at least one of the power level of the programmable multi-stage amplifier, the noise factor for the programmable multi-stage amplifier, and/or linearity of the programmable multi-stage amplifier.

Abstract: A transformation engine includes an address generator; a butterfly unit coupled to the address generator; a twiddle LUT coupled to the address generator; and a multiplexer having a first input coupled to the butterfly unit and a second input coupled to the twiddle LUT.

Abstract: The present invention relates to data processing apparatuses which improve the quality of decoded data, such as an image and sound, more. A decoding section 21 decodes, for example, encoded data obtained by JPEG-encoding an image, and an encoding section 22 encodes first decoded data obtained as a result to output re-encoded data. Further, a decoding section 23 decodes the re-encoded data to obtain second decoded data. A class-classification adaptive processing circuit 24 generates a prediction tap used for a predetermined prediction calculation with tap coefficients obtained by learning, from the first decoded data and the second decoded data, and performs the predetermined prediction calculation by using the prediction tap and the tap coefficients to obtain a prediction value corresponding to master data used as a master in the learning. The present invention can be applied to transfer systems for encoding images and sound to transfer them.

Abstract: Methods and circuits utilizing a two stage adaptation algorithm to determine the optimal code for an equalizer to compensate a received signal is disclosed. In the first stage, a coarse tuning algorithm is used to choose a range of codes based on the amplitude of the received signal. The chosen codes will be used as reference points in the second stage. In the second stage, a fine tuning algorithm is used to select a code in the range of reference codes determined in stage one. The fine tuning algorithm looks to the status of the data lock signal generated by the clock recovery circuit. If the data lock signal does not indicate a lock, the fine tuning algorithm cycles through the range of reference codes. If the data lock signal indicates a lock, then that particular code is continued to be used for the equalizer.

Abstract: The present invention is directed to an improved telecommunication receiver for receiving wireless multi-path communication signals. A novel RAKE receiver and a time diverse integration system for the calculation of the relative power of received signal samples are provided. Preferably, the receiver is embodied in a UE or base station of a CDMA wireless telecommunication system, such as a 3GPP system.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for the detection of a symbol from a received signal wherein the symbol is a selected symbol out of a predetermined set of symbols, wherein each symbol of the predetermined set is a CCK symbol comprising a sequence of chips wherein each of the chips is PSK-modulated according to a selected modulation code wherein each of the selected modulation codes comprises a first sub-modulation code which is a selection from a plurality of first sets of predetermined phase modulating elements and a second sub-modulation code which is a selection from one second set of predetermined phase modulating elements wherein at least one of said predetermined phase modulating elements of said second set is a complex value such as defined in the high speed IEEE 802.11b standard, wherein a modulation code is selected from said modulation codes which correlates according to a correlation method with the received signal.

Abstract: A received information signal is decoded to obtain the received information and to produce at least one feature of the received information signal. The received information signal is preliminarily classified as containing a normal burst or a truncated burst based upon the at least one feature, to obtain a preliminary classification. Cyclic redundancy checking of the received information that is decoded is performed. The received information signal is then further classified as containing a normal burst or a truncated burst based upon the preliminary classification and whether the cyclic redundancy checking is valid, to obtain a further classification. The received information signal may be still further classified as containing a normal burst or a truncated burst based upon the further classification and at least one transition rule for normal bursts and truncated bursts between the received information signal and a previously received information signal.

Abstract: Channel estimation and/or equalization using repeated adaptation. Repeated adaptation approach is performed within the system identification mode and/or the channel equalization mode. In one embodiment, the repeated adaptation generates a very accurate estimate of the communication channel, and then direct tap computation is performed to compute the optimal equalizer tap coefficients corresponding to the channel estimate. In another embodiment, the repeated adaptation is used to converge the equalizer tap coefficients directly without obtaining an estimate of the channel first. The repeated adaptation operates on the same training sequence for multiple cycles. The resulting conditions, in either the channel equalization mode or the channel estimation/system identification mode, may then be used as the initial condition for the next cycle.

Abstract: A method for initializing a VITERBI mechanism is provided. The general environment in which such a method is implicated is a state matrix which includes a plurality of stages, each of the stages including a plurality of potential states, having a VITERBI mechanism for analyzing a received signal, wherein the received signal defines a trail of states. The trail of states includes a single state at each of the stages and the signal includes a predetermined initial state. The VITERBI mechanism detects the trail.

Abstract: The present invention provides a synchronous demodulation apparatus of a base transceiver station in an Interim Standard-2000 (IS-2000) system, including a first synchronous demodulation unit, a received signal delay unit, an interference signal regeneration unit and a second synchronous demodulation unit. In comparison with an asynchronous demodulation apparatus used in an Interim Standard-95 (IS-95), it is possible for the inventive apparatus to improve a reception function approximately 3 dB and ultimately increase the number of subscribers.

Abstract: A diversity receiver is coupled to a composite antenna having first and second antennas physically configured to provide one or more forms of diversity reception. The multiple channel diversity receiver includes first and second RF channels with joint signal processing. First and second RF signals are processed jointly in the multiple channel diversity receiver with respect to tuning, automatic gain control (AGC), baud clock recovery, RF carrier recovery and forward equalization. The multiple channels of the diversity receiver are linked or cross coupled to each other through respective joint processing circuitry. In particular, first and second RF tuners share a common local oscillator and a common AGC feedback loop. First and second front ends share a common baud timing loop and a common pilot carrier recovery loop. Finally, first and second diversity receiver channels share a common sparse equalization filter.

Abstract: Techniques for efficient allocation of channelization codes are disclosed. In one aspect, a dedicated data channel is partitioned into a primary channel and a secondary channel. The rate of the primary channel is a relatively low fixed rate. The rate of the secondary channel varies over time in accordance with the rate of the dedicated channel data. In another aspect, a channelization code indicator is transmitted in the primary channel to identify the secondary channel. In yet another aspect, more than one secondary channel may be deployed. Various other aspects are also presented. These aspects have the benefit of efficient code resource allocation, resulting in increased support for users/and or channels, as well as increased system capacity.

Abstract: A post-processor (10) is added to a PRML read channel in a mass data storage device for improving the error rate performance. The post-processor (10) includes dominant error pattern detection filters, which include a noise-whitening filter (32) and an error pattern matched filter (34). The post-processor improves performance by whitening the colored noise which bring the noise correlation loss, and by generating an error signal when one of the dominant error patterns is detected to enable the data output to be properly corrected.

Abstract: A method and system for performing joint equalization and decoding of Complementary Code Key (CCK) encoded symbols. The system comprises: a decision feedback equalizer (DFE) structure for simulating an inverse communications channel response and providing an output comprising an estimation of the received symbols, the DFE structure including a forward equalizer path and a feedback equalizer path including a feedback filter; and, a CCK decoder embedded in the feedback path and operating in conjunction with a feedback filter therein for decoding the chips based on intermediate DFE outputs including those chips corresponding to past decoded CCK symbols. Decisions on a symbol chip at a particular time are not made until an entire CCK codeword that the chip belongs to is decoded, thereby reducing errors propagated when decoding the symbols. Advantageously, the trellis decoding method is implemented as a computationally efficient 64-state trellis.

Abstract: A method and system of compensating for reference frequency drift utilizes time stamps from a networked reference clock to adjust a local crystal oscillator of a communications device. In an example embodiment, a microprocessor arrangement of the communications device obtains a synchronization time stamp from a networked clock arrangement and synchronizes the local oscillator clock and a clock circuit of the microprocessor with the time stamp. After a predetermined time duration has transpired, a calibration time stamp is obtained from the network clock and the difference between the calibration time stamp and the current time of the clock circuit is extracted. The clock circuit and the networked clock arrangement are then synchronized and the local crystal oscillator is adjusted for crystal aging as a function of the difference between the calibration time stamp and the current time of the clock circuit.

Abstract: A mobile communication system 1 according to the present invention comprises base station 30 and mobile station 10. The base station 30 sends a pilot symbol sequence known to the mobile station 10, to the mobile station 10, using a plurality of carriers for downward channels, and performs communication with the mobile station 10 while multiplying the channels by frequencywise same scrambling codes every symbol period. The mobile station 10 is provided with a peak detector 17 for calculating cross correlation allowing for a phase difference of the scrambling codes, between frequencywise pilot symbol sequences received from the base station 30, thereby detecting a radio frame boundary.

Abstract: A method and system is provided to synchronize a communication signal. Phase and timing offsets are first estimated in order to calculate a frequency offset. Specifically, a system and method for synchronizing a communication signal is provided, comprising a satellite adapted to transmit a signal. The signal includes data information and synchronization information. A receiver adapted to process the signal received from the satellite and determine offset information from the received signal is also provided. The receiver includes a phase estimator adapted to estimate a phase offset of the received signal, a timing estimator adapted to estimate a timing offset of the received signal, and/or a frequency estimator adapted to derive a frequency offset from the phase and timing offset comprising removing the modulation from the received signal. The received signal is sampled for information carrying data.

Abstract: For controlling the sampling timing of a digital data receiver (2) with the aid of a timing control loop (3-6), it is proposed that the timing control criterion (Trk) for the timing control loop is obtained by combining a first portion (Trk1) with a second portion (Trk2). The first portion (Trk1) of the timing control criterion is obtained by evaluating the input and output signals of the decision element (8) of the digital receiver (2), while the second portion (Trk) is obtained by evaluating at least one coefficient (C−1) of the adaptive equaliser (7) of the digital receiver (2). In this way, favourable jitter characteristics and also a stable control response are achieved.

Abstract: A delay locked loop circuit (200) in which multiple outputs are produced. A single delay line (24) is shared among multiple tap selection circuits (256A, 265B, 265C). Fixed phase shifts (412) can be introduced between multiple outputs. A modulating signal can be used in the tap selection processing to produce digital amplitude, frequency and/or phase modulation.

Abstract: An integrated circuit device for use in forming a communication interface for an enterprise server including a system controller, at least one CPU, a system bus communicatively interconnecting the controller and the CPU, a system memory, a first optical interface for facilitating data transport between the device and SONET based networks, and a second optical interface for facilitating data transport between the device and ethernet/Fibre Channel based networks.

Abstract: This Patent Application is a 10-year culmination of my efforts to create an interstellar transport vehicle engine, and have finally arrived at providing a new means of transportation for distances outside our known solar system. This vehicle creates matter on its own providing a foothold in space by ejecting antimatter for propulsion. However, I have gone farther than that by creating an engine that annihilates the antimatter with another generated matter for the safety of our human environment and to maximize matter-antimatter particle reactions for greater propulsion in space. With the Catalasan Nuclear Fusion Reactor coupled with two Electro-Nucleo Genesoids, this engine can travel to the far reaches of interstellar space.

Abstract: A reactor and method is disclosed that creates a stabilized, heated plasma and generates a large amount of thermal energy. The initial plasma may be created by heating, either through combustion reactions and/or external heating mechanism, a fuel which is a source of hydrogen ions and air (or oxygen) inside the reactor chamber, and then locally ionizing the hot matter with an external source of radiation, such as a laser and/or an electrical discharge and/or microwave discharge. A gas vortex around the plasma mass may be maintained to control the plasma mass, shape, and location.

Abstract: Generations of Physicists have attempted to build Thermonuclear Fusion Reactors in hope of harnessing the power of the ubiquities Hydrogen and Hydrogen to Helium Reaction. The failure, I believe, involves overcomplicated design structures such as plasma, needing total electromagnetic confinement! Being an educated physicist myself from the University of California at Riverside and with all due respect to scientists, as Einstein once said, “Keep it simple stupid,” is a guiding phenomenon in all of physics. Thus, I have chosen my design as a very practical Rotating Centrifugal-Laser Nuclear Fusion Reactor, a design without plasma and involve using a high-speed centrifugal-laser Hydrogen containment fusion reactor.

Abstract: Described herein are integrated systems for generating neutrons to perform a variety of tasks including: on-line analysis of bulk material and industrial process control (as shown in FIG. 1), security interrogation (as shown in FIG. 2), soil and environmental analysis, and medical diagnostic treatment. These systems are based on novel gas-target neutron generation which embodies the beneficial characteristics of replenishable fusible gas targets for very long lifetime, stability and continuous operation, combined with the advantageous features common to conventional accelerator neutron tubes including: on/off operation, hermetically sealed operation, and safe storage and transport. Innovative electron management techniques provide gas-target neutron production efficiencies that are comparable or surpass existing sources.

Abstract: This device comprises a spallation target (63) that produces neutrons by interaction with a hollow particle beam (88) propagating within a chamber (86), another chamber (84) containing the target and a leak tight partition (92) separating the chambers. The invention is particularly applicable to basic physics, medicine and transmutation.

Abstract: Methods and systems for automatic generation of an at-speed binary counter are described. The binary counter includes a slow counter that increments when a fast counter overflows to keep up with a fast clock.

Abstract: A system and method of diagnostic imaging with reduced x-ray exposure to the scan subject during scanning includes acquiring a set of cardiac signals or other motion (cardiac mechanical motion or respiratory motion) related signals and determining and imaging profile therefrom. Pursuant to the imaging profile, voltage applied to an x-ray source is modulated to provide an energizing voltage during primary data acquisition stages and a reduced voltage during secondary or non-data acquisition stages. Voltage modulation repeats until sufficient data for image reconstruction has been acquired.

Abstract: In an exposing method reflecting synchrotron radiation, having a critical wavelength of 8.46 Å, emitted from a radiation generator (SR device) having a deflecting magnetic field of 4.5 T and electron acceleration energy of 0.7 GeV twice through rhodium mirrors having an oblique-incidence angle of 1°, transmitting the light through a beryllium window of 20 &mgr;m and through an X-ray mask prepared by forming an X-ray absorber pattern on a diamond mask substrate of 2 &mgr;m in thickness and thereafter irradiating a resist surface provided on a substrate with the light, the resist has a main absorption waveband in the wave range of at least 3 Å and not more than 13 Å and contains an element generating Auger electrons having energy in the range of at least about 0.51 KeV and not more than 2.6 KeV upon exposure.