Abstract: A method and arrangement for the advantageous assembly of blocking capacitors for an integrated circuit. An integrated circuit includes a BGA housing having a plurality of preferably ball-shaped connector pins. A printed circuit board is also provided, having conductor paths to which the housing of the integrated circuit is electrically and mechanically contacted by means of the connector pins. At least one blocking capacitor is spatially arranged between two connector pins of the housing and also between the printed circuit board and housing of the integrated circuit.

Abstract: Methods and systems of providing power to a central processing unit (CPU) provide for enhanced surge protection and increased battery life. In one approach, an integrated circuit as a power output stage with an output node, and a voltage regulator coupled to the power output stage. The voltage regulator selectively switches the power output stage into a current ramp down mode based on detection of a voltage surge at the output node. The power output stage has an associated current ramp down rate. The CPU is coupled to the output node and a surge notification input of the power output stage, where the power output stage accelerates the current ramp down based on a notification signal from the CPU.

Abstract: A reverse current protection device for a fuel cell of a power circuit protects the fuel cell from damage caused by reverse current into the fuel cell caused by a faulty diode. The reverse current protection device includes a contactor for opening the power circuit to prevent current from flowing therethrough and for closing the power circuit to allow current to flow therethrough, means for measuring the voltage across the diode to determine if the diode is in a good condition or a fault condition, means for causing the contactor to be closed if the diode is in a good condition and open if the diode is in a fault condition so that current does not flow through the contactor, protecting the fuel cell from damage caused by reverse current through the diode and into the fuel cell.

Abstract: Located within a GFCI is a movable contact bearing arm which cooperates with at least one fixed contact. When the movable arm is moved up to allow the at least one contact on the arm to close with at least one fixed contact, the GFCI is in a conducting state and current flows from a source of electricity through the closed contacts to a load and to the contacts of a receptacle. When the movable arm is moved down to open the contacts, the GFCI is in a non-conducting state and current cannot flow from the source of electricity to either the load or the receptacle contacts. In this invention, the up and down movement of the movable contact bearing arm is harnessed to move a blocking member located within the housing of the GFCI to a first position to block at least one opening of the receptacle as the movable arm is moved down or to a second position to allow the prongs of a plug to enter the openings of the receptacle as the movable arm is moved up.

Abstract: Apparatus and methods for protecting devices such as micro-switches (100) and micro-relays from adverse effects of electrostatic discharge (ESD). A protection device is provided that includes a two terminal switch (102, 104) that can be actuated by an ESD event to protect an EDS-sensitive micro-switch or micro-relay from potential malfunction and/or damage. The two terminal switch is configured to close in less time than the micro-switch or micro-relay it is protecting, thereby disipating the energy associated with the ESD event without causing damage to the micro-relays which are provided with increased immunity to the adverse effects of ESD events. The micro-switch includes respective drain/gate terminal pairs at respective ends of the device. The micro-relay includes at least two drain terminals (106) and a gate terminal (102) at respective ends of the device.

Abstract: An electrostatic discharge protective circuit may comprise a low-pass filter and a high-pass filter to receive and filter signals of a supply line. Control logic may receive output signals of the low-pass and high-pass filters and may operate a gateable channel to shunt current of the supply line dependent on the output signals from the filters.

Abstract: A portable storage device. The portable storage device includes a main body and a battery dock. The main body has a connector, a protective element and at least one first power connection portion. The connector and first power connection portion are disposed on the main body. The connector is electrically connected to the data transfer port of an electronic device. The protective element is connected to the main body to protect the connector. The battery dock is connected to the main body and has at least one second power connection portion corresponding to the first power connection portion. The second power connection portion is connected to the first power connection portion when the battery dock is connected to the main body.

Abstract: A method for driving a neutral point clamped three-level inverter is provided. In one exemplary embodiment, DC current is received at a neutral point-clamped three-level inverter. The inverter has a plurality of nodes including first, second and third output nodes. The inverter also has a plurality of switches. Faults are checked for in the inverter and predetermined switches are automatically activated responsive to a detected fault such that three-phase electrical power is provided at the output nodes.

Abstract: A switching circuit is disclosed for switching high voltages and high currents, if necessary, without causing snapback or breakdown. The disclosed high voltage, high current switching circuit comprises a first set of series-connected transistors that includes a plurality of transistors to switch a high voltage without inducing snapback or breakdown; and a second set of series-connected transistors that includes one or more transistors to switch a high current. The first and second sets of series-connected transistors are connected in parallel. The gates of the second set of series-connected transistors are enabled to cause conduction through the second set of series-connected transistors. In addition, a voltage detector is connected to an output of the first and second sets of series-connected transistors. The output of the voltage detector is coupled to the enabling means.

Abstract: A cooling device (10) for heat dissipation for a heat-generating component includes a heat sink (14) and a heat pipe (13). The heat sink attached to the component includes a base (11) and a plurality of fins (12) extending from the base. A bottom portion of the heat pipe formed between the base and the fins, the remainder of the heat pipe formed through the fins. An apparatus for making the cooling device includes a mold (20) and a core (30) accommodated in the mold. The mold includes a base part (21) and a pair of symmetrical forming parts (22) slidably engaged on the base part. The forming parts defines a plurality of slots (222), a cavity (224), and a recess (225) respectively corresponding to the fins of the heat sink, the base of the heat sink, and the heat pipe.

Abstract: A distributive capacitor 205 and impedance matching network 201 and transmitter 101 that use the capacitor and are suitable for high density integration applications include a printed circuit substrate 303 comprising one of a printed circuit board and a silicon based substrate, a first conductive layer 305 disposed on the printed circuit substrate, a layer of dielectric material 307 disposed on the first conductive layer and having a thickness, the dielectric material having a dielectric constant more than five times greater than the dielectric constant of the printed circuit substrate; and a second conductive layer 309 disposed on the layer of dielectric material and having a second length 311 and a second width 603 that are selected so that the distributive capacitor operates as a transmission line.

Abstract: A battery for electrical appliances that consume low voltage battery has a body containing a fluid material that is composed of active carbon and water therein, two conductive rods functioning as the opposite electrodes of the battery and extending into the body, and a water receptacle attached to the body. Water stored in the receptacle is able to be drawn into the body via a water absorbent bar to react with the two conductive rods. With such an arrangement, a chemical reaction of the two electrodes and water generates electricity to provide to an electrical appliance.

Abstract: Active transient suppression apparatus coupleable in series with an electrical pathway into a potentially explosive environment for limiting current, voltage and energy thereto comprises: an impedance element coupleable in series with the electrical pathway; a protection circuit comprising: at least one semiconductor element including a current conduction channel in series with the impedance element in the electrical pathway; and a driver circuit operative in response to a drive signal to switch the at least one semiconductor element to a non-conducting state; and a sense circuit coupled to the impedance element for sensing current conducted therethrough and generating a signal proportionally representative of the sensed current, the generated signal becoming the drive signal as it reaches a threshold level. The active transient suppression apparatus may be embodied in a system for determining a quantity of fuel in a container.

Abstract: In a power module in which a chip such as a power semiconductor is packaged, it is difficult to provide noise reducing means to a plurality of electrodes (leads) in the module from a viewpoint of a providing space. Therefore, in the power module of the present invention, a plurality of electrodes (8) which connect a chip and connecting terminals are collectively surrounded by a single ferrite core (15), and the ferrite core is embedded in a gel-type silicon (14) for protecting the chip.

Abstract: A surge absorber includes a laminated compact of a first ceramic green sheet having a first internal electrode film extending to both sides thereof, a second ceramic green sheet having an second internal electrode film extending to both end surfaces thereof, and a third ceramic green sheet having a discharge hole. Ground external electrode layers are provided on both sides of the laminate so as to be connected with both ends of the first internal electrode film, and signal external electrode layers are further provided on both end surfaces of the laminated compact so as to be connected with both ends of the second internal electrode film. The laminated compact may also include a resistance element.

Abstract: Methods and systems of providing power to a central processing unit (CPU) provide for enhanced surge protection during CPU current consumption going from high current to low current consumption. In one approach, a circuit as a power output stage with an output node, and a controller circuit coupled to the power output stage. The controller circuit selectively switches the power output stage into a current ramp down mode based on detection of a voltage surge at the output node. The power output stage has an associated current ramp down rate. The CPU is coupled to the output node and a surge notification input of the power output stage, where the power output stage accelerates the current ramp down based on a notification signal from the CPU for a duration proportional to the change in CPU current consumption from high to low current consumption.

Abstract: A digital protective relay for power systems includes a memory location for storing information entered by an operator concerning the operation of the relay. Conventional reports of the relay will include a reference to such operator-entered information. This information will include particular actions taken by the operator relative to the relay, as well as notes made by the operator on particular actions and/or entry of and changes to the relay settings. The entered information can be conveniently retrieved by the operator.

Abstract: An electrostatic discharge (ESD) protection device is composed of Zener diode. The ESD protection device has a Zener diode positioned in a substrate of a semiconductor wafer, a dielectric layer positioned on the substrate, a pad metal positioned on a surface of the dielectric layer above the Zener diode, at least a first contact plug positioned in the dielectric layer and electrically connecting the pad metal and the Zener diode, a passivation layer covering a surface of the semiconductor wafer and exposing a portion of a surface of the pad metal, at least a doped region positioned in the substrate and beyond the Zener diode, at least a power line positioned on the dielectric layer of the semiconductor wafer, and at least a second contact plug electrically connecting the doped region and the power line.

Abstract: An igniter transformer includes a secondary coil and a primary coil which are closely coupled. A plurality of round single-core wires disposed substantially parallel to one another in a common plane are bonded side by side to form a flat multicore wire that is substantially rectangular in cross-section. The secondary coil includes the flat multicore wire which is edgewise wound such that the larger surfaces of the flat multicore wire face each other in the turns while standing upright. The primary coil includes a wide thin metal sheet wound substantially perpendicularly to an axis of the secondary coil.

Abstract: A method and apparatus is provided that pertains to a low inductance capacitor. The capacitor has a first surface electrically interconnected to a plurality of conductive electrodes and one or more second surfaces electrically interconnected to a plurality of electrodes interposed between the electrodes electrically interconnected to the first conductive surface. A dielectric layer separates the layered plurality of electrodes. The one or more second conductive surfaces are positioned within the body of the layered electrodes, such that the distance between the terminations of the first conductive surface and the one or more second conductive surfaces is shortened to lower inductance.

Abstract: A charge-dissipation structure is formed within the dielectric of an electrostatically driven device, such as a micro-electro-mechanical systems (“MEMS”) device, by ion implantation. Electrical and other properties of the charge-dissipation structure may be controlled by selection of the species, energy, and dose of implanted ions. With appropriate properties, such a charge-dissipation structure can reduce the effect on device operation of mobile charges in or on the dielectric.

Abstract: An object of the present invention is to provide a niobium sintered body free of reduction in the CV value, a niobium powder for use in the manufacture of the niobium sintered body, and a capacitor using the niobium sintered body. A niobium powder of the present invention has niobium and tantalum, where the tantalum is present in an amount at most of about 700 ppm by mass. A sintered body and a capacitor each is manufactured using the niobium powder.

Abstract: A capacitor having improved size for enhanced capacitance and a method of forming the same are disclosed. In one embodiment, the capacitor is a stacked container capacitor used in a dynamic random access memory circuit. The capacitor provides a capacitor that has high storage capacitance which provides an increased efficiency for a cell without an increase in the size of the cell.

Abstract: A multi-layer capacitor including a capacitor body including dielectric layers, and first and second internal electrode layers which are alternately laminated by mediation of the dielectric layers. The laminate of the first and second internal electrode layers and the dielectric layers are co-fired. The capacitor body further includes first and second electrode terminals formed on one main surface of the capacitor body. At least a single first via electrode extends through the capacitor body in the lamination direction of the capacitor body so as to connect the first electrode terminal and the first internal electrode layers, and at least a single second via electrode extends through the capacitor body in the lamination direction of the capacitor body so as to connect the second electrode terminal and the second internal electrode layers. The via electrodes have an aspect ratio of 4 to 30 as measured after firing.

Abstract: A capacitor including a plurality of layers each including a plurality of conductive plates is described. A gap separates conductive plates on a same layer. The conductive plates on a single layer assures that the total capacitance of each layer is not lost if all connections to one plate are defective. Each of the conductive plates includes a plurality of connection points or tabs to provide a redundancy of connections to each plate. The greater the number of connection points in the capacitor the lower the inductance and resistance. The gaps extend in a first direction for a first pair of layers and extend in a second direction for a second pair of layers. Systems connecting the capacitor to a die are also described. The length of the conductive material connecting the capacitor to the die is short, and the inductance and resistance of the conductive material is low.

Abstract: The present invention provides a capacitor having a dual oxygen diffusion barrier layer. The capacitor includes an electrode, a dual oxygen diffusion barrier layer containing an aluminum layer on the electrode, a dielectric layer on the oxygen diffusion barrier layer and a top electrode on the dielectric layer.

Abstract: The invention provides a process for fabricating a solid electrolytic capacitor of the chip type which process includes the steps of plating a fabrication frame comprising an anode terminal member and a cathode terminal member projecting from a pair of side frame members respectively so as to be opposed to each other, the anode terminal member being stepped so as to provide a lower portion toward the cathode terminal member, a hole extending vertically and being formed in each of the anode terminal member and a higher portion of the cathode terminal member, joining an anode lead of a capacitor element to an upper surface of the cathode terminal member and a bottom surface of the capacitor element to an upper surface of the lower portion of the cathode terminal member, forming a packaging resin portion around the capacitor element without permitting resin to ingress into the holes, and cutting the anode and cathode terminal members along vertical planes extending through the respective holes.

Abstract: A miniature solid electrolytic capacitor is provided, which is suitable for being disposed within an electrically insulating layer, and is connected to other component using an electrically conductive adhesive with a connection resistance at an anode low and with connection reliability improved. Specifically, the electrolytic capacitor includes a valve metal element for an anode 10 having a capacitor forming part 10A and an electrode lead part 10B, a dielectric oxide film 11 formed on the valve element, a solid electrolyte layer 12 formed on the dielectric oxide film 11 and a charge collecting element for a cathode 13 formed on the solid electrolyte layer 12, wherein at least one through hole 15 is formed in the electrode lead part 10B so as to expose a core 10C of the valve metal element, and an exposed portion 10D of the core is used for connecting portion.

Abstract: The solid electrolyte, wherein the solid electrolyte is formed by making a thin film containing at least one of a polysilane which is soluble in organic solvent and a silicone compound, to contain a metal salt compound such as LiBF4, wherein the silicone compound is represented by the following general formula (1) 1

Abstract: A door handle device includes a frame fixed to the inside of an outer panel of a vehicle door and a grip provided on the frame from the outside of a vehicle and including an electrical component. The frame is integrally provided with a circuit electrically connected to the electrical component. The door handle device further includes a chassis integrally formed with the frame, and the circuit is provided within the chassis.

Abstract: An anti-rotation device for preventing the pivotal rotation of a circuit breaker required for removal of that circuit breaker from electrical distribution equipment in which it is installed is disclosed.

Abstract: A multi-mode modulation and display device of heat dissipating fans of a computer power supply is disclosed. A modulation and display device is installed within a computer power supply. The modes of the modulation and display device are changeable. Thereby, in standby, the noise of the power supply is reduced and as operation in higher temperature, the heat dissipating fan can be driven to be operated with a higher speed. The modulation and display device includes a switching and display module having lamps for displaying the operation condition of fans. Thereby, the condition of the fans can be viewed by and alerted to the uses. Speeds of the fans are adjustable by using a sensor to sense the temperature variation of the environment and using a control unit to actuate the switching and display module so as to change the rotation speed of the heat dissipating fans.

Abstract: A hand-held electronic device includes a main body, a first lid and a second lid. The main boy has ends engaging pivotally with the first lid and the second lid, which also has a keyboard located thereon. The first lid and the second lid are turnable selectively to cover a usage surface that contains button keys and a screen to protect the usage surface from being damaged by impact. Only the screen is exposed to the usage surface of the main body to prevent accidental key punching while operating the main body. The second lid provides keyboard data entry to make data entry more convenient.

Abstract: A laptop computer display module (28) for use in a clamshell type laptop computer includes a telescoping rail assembly (100) that enables the display module (28) to be extended upwardly from a keyboard module (24) of the laptop computer when the display module is rotated to an open position. A computer display panel (28) is rotatably mounted to a display support member (120) of the display module adjacent a top margin of the display panel (70) so that the display panel (70) can be manually swung away from the display support member (120) and toward a user of the laptop computer (20). The invention enables the display panel (70) to be positioned at a comfortable viewing angle without blocking access to the keyboard module (24) for typing and is particularly useful in depth-constrained workspaces such as airplane passenger seats, where the display support member (120) must be positioned at an acute angle relative to the keyboard module (24).

Abstract: An expansion card mounting apparatus includes a rear panel (20) defining an opening (21), a retaining bracket (10) slidably attached to the panel and including a main body (12) and a pressing body (16), and a fastening member (30) fixed to the retaining bracket. A support plate (22) extends rearwardly from the panel adjacent the opening. A through opening (120) is defined in the main body. Cutouts (162) are defined in the pressing body. The fastening member includes a plurality of pressing clips (35) extending through the cutouts to abut end portions (52) of slot covers (50), and an operation lever (33) extending through the through opening of the retaining bracket to resiliently engage with the panel at the opening. Thus the end portions of the slot covers are securely sandwiched between the pressing body and the support plate.

Abstract: The invention reduces the resistance of a feed line in a display device (electro-optical device), and reduces the loss in the current supply to a light-emitting element, etc. In an electro-optical device including an electro-optical element and a driver circuit to drive the electro-optical element, a wiring board used for the electro-optical device includes a feed line film to supply the driver circuit with current to put the electro-optical element into operation; a signal line film to supply the driver circuit with a level signal to determine intensity of the current to be supplied to the electro-optical element; and an operation line film to supply the driver circuit with an operation instruction signal to instruct whether to put the electro-optical element into operation, and the feed line film constitutes an upper layer among the feed line film, the signal line film, and the operation line film.

Abstract: A hinge device opening and closing a display unit of an electrical or electronic apparatus, including a display coupler having a display bracket coupled to one side of the display unit, and a rotational shaft extending from the display bracket; a slider supporting the rotational shaft; a body coupler having a body bracket coupled to the main body, and a guide rail extending from the body bracket and supporting the slider between a locked position and an unlocked position; and a rotation controller having a stopper formed on the rotational shaft and a boss formed on the guide rail, the stopper allowing rotation of the rotational shaft relative to the slider when the slider is in the unlocked position, and the stopper engaging the boss and restraining the rotation of the rotational shaft when the slider is in the locked position to maintain the display unit at a desired angle.

Abstract: A wireless network adapter for establishing wireless communication links between electronic devices. In one embodiment, the wireless network adapter comprises wireless communication circuitry encased in a shell in the form of a detachable molding element of an electronic device. The wireless network adapter further comprises a bus connector adapted to couple the wireless communication circuitry to an expansion bus when the shell is attached to an outer surface of an electronic device. The wireless network adapter is a fully integrated solution further comprising an RF antenna for communication with a wireless network and a radio modem comprising a radio, a receiver, and modulation circuitry. The RF antenna in the wireless network adapter may take one of several forms. The antenna may be a dedicated unit housed within the shell of the wireless network adapter. Alternatively, the antenna may form a part of the outer shell of the adapter or it may form a part of a company logo located on the shell the adapter.

Abstract: A technique that facilitates the removal of a battery module from a variety of electronic devices, such as portable computers. The technique utilizes a latch having a lifting mechanism that forces the battery module to a lifted position. Upon reaching the lifted position, retention features on the lift mechanism and the battery module engage to hold the battery module in the lifted position. At this lifted position, the battery module is readily gripped and removed.

Abstract: A data storage device mounting apparatus includes a retaining bracket (20) fixedly mounted to a computer chassis (10), two slide rails (40) attached to opposite sides of a data storage device (50), and a resilient operation body (30). The retaining bracket includes two opposite side plates (21, 22) each defining a long slot (24). Each slide rail includes protrusions (42) slidably engaging in a corresponding slot. One side plate includes a detent tab (28). One slide rail includes a blocking tab (46). The operation body is fixed to one side plate, and includes an inward projection (33). When the data storage device is slid into the retaining bracket, the projection snappingly engages with the blocking tab, to prevent accidental withdrawal of the data storage device from the retaining bracket. The detent tab abuts an end of the data storage device, to prevent the data storage device from moving further inwardly.

Abstract: A disk drive mounting assembly includes a chassis (16), a first receiving cage (20), a mounting bracket (50) and a second receiving cage (60). The disk drive (10) comprises two pairs of sliding posts (12). The first cage for receiving the disk drive is generally U-shaped and has two side walls (23, 24). Each side wall defines a pair of slots (26, 32) for accommodating the sliding posts of the disk drive. The mounting bracket (50) pivotably attached to the first cage includes a pressing body (52) and a pair of fixing arms (54) depending from the pressing body. Each fixing arm defines a fixing cutout (56) for restraining the sliding posts. The second cage is attached to the chassis on the mounting bracket to prevent the disk drive from moving in vertical directions.

Abstract: A computer (10) is provided with a casing (12) which includes a component mounting system (18) for mounting a component (16) within the casing (12). The system includes a component support (22) securable to the casing (12); a plurality of posts (44,46) mounted on at least one sprung member (48), which is mounted to the support (22). The posts (44,46) are operable to be engaged in at least one associated recess in the component (16) and are movable between a component engaging position and a component non-engaging position. A slider (28) is slidable relative to the posts (44,46) and is operable to move and retain the posts (44,46) between the component engaging position and said component non-engaging position. A component can be removed and fitted into the computer (10) easily even by an untrained user.

Abstract: Embodiments of the present invention provides an electronic component cooling system and method that diverts a portion of a cooling fan's cooling air from high power electronic components such as processors and directs the cooling air to other electronic components of a system. Active cooling air may be provided at higher velocities and lower temperatures to cool electronic components of a system such as a computer or other electronic device. An attach block may be thermally coupled to a first electronic component. A heat exchanger may be thermally coupled to the attach block. A cooling fan may receive inlet air and may generate cooling air. A plenum duct between the cooling fan and the heat exchanger may direct the generated cooling air from the fan to the heat exchanger. A portion of the generated cooling air from the cooling fan may be diverted towards a second electronic component included in the system.

Abstract: The invention relates to a computer with a case in which at least one cooling device and at least one electrical component to be cooled are arranged. The case has at least one ventilation opening wherein this is arranged on the side of the case opposite to the electrical component. The cooling device is arranged between the ventilation opening and the component such that a substantially rectilinear air flow onto the component is formed inside the case.

Abstract: Disclosed is an electronic device comprising an electronic element which generates heat during operation and another electronic element to be used under an ambient temperature lower than a temperature caused by heat irradiated from the heat generating element, wherein the electronic device comprises a support means to support a housing of the electronic device, and a heat conducting means being arranged between the support means and the heat generating element to conduct heat irradiated from the heat generating element.

Abstract: According to some embodiments, a cooling system that may be installed in a computer chassis has a fluid-containing space that is sealed and pressurized by an inert gas. The fluid-containing space may be formed from a cold plate that may serve as a heat sink for an integrated circuit, a heat exchanger, tubing, and a pump volume. A coolant may be contained in the fluid-containing space.

Abstract: A system and a method for using parallel heat exchangers to disperse heat from a mobile computing system are disclosed. In one possible embodiment, multiple heat exchangers are thermally coupled to a thermal attach platform. Multiple remote heat exchangers may be thermally coupled to the thermal attach platform using a heat pipe for each remote heat exchanger or a single heat pipe for all the remote heat exchangers. In one embodiment, the thermal attach platform may be a copper block or a heat pipe chamber. An air circulation unit may be coupled adjacent to each remote heat exchanger. Direct attachment heat exchangers may be directly attached to the thermal attach platform. An air circulation unit, such as a fan, may be coupled adjacent to the direct attachment heat exchanger, either vertically or horizontally.

Abstract: Numerous embodiments of a coating for a heat dissipation device and a method of fabrication are disclosed.

Abstract: A protective layer and an encapsulant for a thermal interface are disclosed. In one embodiment, an apparatus has a heat generating device, a heat dissipating device, a thermal interface between the heat generating and heat dissipating devices, and an encapsulant covering the thermal interface. In another embodiment, layers of grease are applied between the thermal interface and at least one of the heat generating and heat dissipating devices. In a further embodiment, a method comprises encapsulating a thermal interface in an encapsulant to protect the thermal interface. In another embodiment, a method comprises applying a first layer of grease between a heat generating device and a thermal interface and a second layer of grease between a heat dissipating device and the thermal interface.

Abstract: A thermal interface material (40) includes a polymer matrix and a number of carbon nanocapsules incorporated in the polymer matrix. The thermal interface material is sandwiched between a heat source (30) having a high density and a heat sink (50). The thermal interface material can provide a maximum surface contact area and can increase thermal conductivity between the heat source and the heat sink.