Abstract: A multilayered substrate for a semiconductor device, which has a multilayered substrate body formed of a plurality sets of a conductor layer and an insulation layer, and having a face for mounting a semiconductor element thereon and another face for external connection terminals, the face for mounting a semiconductor device being provided with pads through which the substrate is connected to a semiconductor element to be mounted thereon, and the face for external connection terminals being provided with pads through which the substrate is connected to an external electrical circuit, wherein a reinforcing sheet is respectively joined to the face for mounting a semiconductor element thereon and the face for external connection terminals of the multilayered substrate body.

Abstract: A microelectromechanical device package and a low-stress inducing method for packaging a microelectromechanical device are disclosed in this invention. The microelectromechanical device is accommodated within a cavity comprised by a first package substrate and a second substrate, wherein a third substrate is disposed between and bonded to both the microelectromechanical device lower semiconductor substrate and the package bottom substrate. The first and second package substrates are then bonded so as to package the microelectromechanical device inside.

Abstract: Power transistor devices and techniques for reducing bowing in such devices are provided. In one aspect, a power transistor device is provided. The power transistor device comprises a substrate, a device film formed on the substrate and an adhesion layer formed on a side of the substrate opposite the device film, wherein at least a portion of the adhesion layer is at least partially segmented. The power transistor device thereby exhibits a reduced amount of bowing relative to an amount of bowing expected without the segmenting of the adhesion layer. The power transistor device may be part of an integrated circuit.

Abstract: A power semiconductor module with a scalable construction, having a base plate or intended for direct mounting on a heat sink. The module has a framelike housing, a cover, terminal elements, extending to the outside of the housing for load contacts and auxiliary contacts. The module having at least two electrically insulating substrates disposed inside the housing, which in turn each comprise one insulating body and a plurality of metal conducting tracks, located on the first main face of the insulating body, which first main face is remote from the base plate or the heat sink. The metal connecting tracks are electrically insulated from one another, and power semiconductor components are located on and electrically connected to these connecting tracks. The substrates (50) are identical, and electrically connected to one another, and have the same type and number of power semiconductor components disposed thereon.

Abstract: A quad flat flip chip package and a leadframe therefor are provided. A bump connection part is defined by bending or etching the leads of the leadframe. Thus, the bump formed after a reflow process is limited within the bump connection part, and the collapse of the bump can be prevented. Moreover, and the manufacturing costs of the package can be decreased and the process thereof can be simplified.

Abstract: A composite film comprised of three layers is formed by ALD on a substrate with a substrate interface surface. A first layer is coupled to the substrate interface surface. The first layer provides adhesion to the substrate interface surface and initiation of layer by layer ALD growth. A second layer is positioned between the first and third layers and provides a conducting diffusion barrier between the substrate and subsequent overlaying film. A third layer has a surface that is configured to provide adhesion and a texture template in preparation for a subsequent overlaying film. The composite engineered barrier structures are applied to interconnect, capacitor and transistor applications.

Abstract: An integrated circuit device structure which avoids misalignment when a contact hole is formed to expose a contact pad and a method of fabricating the same, are provided. The integrated circuit device includes a semiconductor substrate having a conductive region and an insulating region, a contact pad on the conductive region of the semiconductor substrate, an auxiliary pad adjacent to the contact pad, and an interlevel insulating layer on the semiconductor substrate and having a contact hole for exposing both the contact pad and the auxiliary pad.

Abstract: A semiconductor carrier film includes (i) a base film having insulating property, (ii) a barrier layer provided on the base film, the barrier layer including nickel-chrome alloy as a main component, and (iii) a wire layer provided on the barrier layer, the wire layer being made of conductive material including copper, and a ratio of chrome in the barrier layer is 15% to 50% by weight. A semiconductor device is formed by bonding a semiconductor element to the wire layer. The semiconductor carrier film and the semiconductor device are suitable for attaining finer pitches and higher outputs, because insulating resistance between adjacent terminals is less likely to deteriorate then in conventional art even in the environment of high temperature and moisture.

Abstract: The invention relates to a microelectronic device and a structure therein that includes a diffusion barrier layer having a first thickness and a first dielectric constant. An etch stop layer is disposed above and on the diffusion barrier layer. The etch stop layer has a second thickness and a second dielectric constant.

Abstract: A wiring structure for semiconductor device has a wiring layer that includes copper as main component and a crystal grain promotion layer that promotes enlargement in a crystal grain of the wiring layer.

Abstract: There is provided a semiconductor device in which the junction strength of land portions and external terminals is increased, the disconnection of the external terminal is surely prevented, and the connection reliability is ensured over an extended period of time. An insulating resin layer which insulates metal wires from one another is formed on a semiconductor element, an end portion of the metal wire is connected to an electrode on the semiconductor element, the other end portion of the metal wire is connected to an external terminal to form a land, the entire surface of the semiconductor element except the connecting portions of the lands is covered with a surface-layer resin layer, and a projection is provided on the top surface of a land portion of at least one of the lands. Because of this, after their soldering, the external terminal holds the perimeter of the projection on the land portion, so that the external terminal can be surely connected to the land portion.

Abstract: Methods of positioning and orienting nanostructures, and particularly nanowires, on surfaces for subsequent use or integration. The methods utilize mask based processes alone or in combination with flow based alignment of the nanostructures to provide oriented and positioned nanostructures on surfaces. Also provided are populations of positioned and/or oriented nanostructures, devices that include populations of positioned and/or oriented nanostructures, systems for positioning and/or orienting nanostructures, and related devices, systems and methods.

Abstract: A semiconductor package with a heat sink and a method for fabricating the same are proposed. The heat sink is provided with a rigid and thermally resistant detach member on a top surface thereof, and is attached via its bottom surface to a chip mounted on a chip carrier. The detach member is sized larger than the heat sink and can be easily removed from the top surface of the heat sink. Subsequently, a molding process is performed to form an encapsulant for completely encapsulating the chip, the heat sink and the detach member. Then, a singulation process is performed to cut along predetermined cutting lines located between sides of the heat sink and corresponding sides of the detach member. Finally, the detach member and a portion of the encapsulant formed on the detach member are removed from the heat sink. The above fabrication method reduces the packaging cost.

Abstract: A system and method whereby power pods having multiple permanent magnets or coils of wire with a very low voltage charge create a multiple magnetic fields within frequently traveled roadways and other surfaces so that voltage is created when vehicles carrying ferrous metal pass over it. The most efficient areas for electrical generation are the downhill sides of bridges, hills, and mountain grades, although the power pods may be used on substantially flat surfaces if not too closely spaced together to drain inertia from passing vehicles. An added benefit on inclined surfaces, the magnetic field would have a speed-reducing effect on the vehicles. Enhancement of electrical generation via the present invention system could be achieved by installing a permanent magnet on vehicular and railroad traffic. Applications may include, but are not limited to, highways and railroads.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a wave-power unit having a floating body (3) which is connected by a connection means (4) to the rotor (7) of an electric linear generator (5). The stator (6) is anchored in the sea bed (1). In accordance with the invention the rotor (7) is permanently magnetic and the stator (6) comprises winding forming a plurality of poles distributed in the direction of movement of the rotor. The invention also relates to a wave-power plant composed of a number of wave-power units in accordance with the invention. The invention also relates to the use of the claimed wave-power unit, a method of generating electric energy, a system of components for the manufacture of a linear generator for a wave-power unit in accordance with the invention, and to a method of manufacturing such a linear generator.

Abstract: For registering or updating the information of second identification codes stored in a theft prevention apparatus when the theft prevention apparatus is replaced, a third identification code sent from a third apparatus which is mounted in a motor vehicle is checked against a third identification code stored in the theft prevention apparatus, and must be identical thereto. Even if a third party prepares and installs an ignition key and a theft prevention apparatus of its own on the motor vehicle, the third identification code is not verified, and hence the information of second identification codes cannot be equalized.

Abstract: A programmable uninterruptible power supply for coupling battery powered systems associated with a mobile site, such as a vehicle, to the primary electrical system of the mobile site operates to selectively couple the battery powered systems to the electrical system of the mobile site and to a secondary, or back-up battery separate from the primary battery associated with the electrical system of the mobile site. Various system control functions are performed, including reverse battery protection, over voltage and under voltage protection, battery drain protection, battery charging detection, reverse current detection and uninterruptible power switching. For detected adverse operating conditions, the load is disconnected from the electrical system of the mobile site and the back-up battery is used to operate the battery powered systems which are to be protected from such adverse operating conditions.

Abstract: A motor includes a rotor shaft 7 which is fixed in the inside diameter portion of a magnet 6, a first coil 2 which is arranged adjacently to the magnet in the axial direction of the rotor shaft, a first outside magnetic pole portion 1a which is excited by the first coil, is inserted on the inner periphery side of the first coil, and is arranged so as to be opposed to a predetermined angle range of the outer peripheral surface of the magnet with a predetermined gap being provided between the first outside magnetic pole portion and the outer peripheral surface of the magnet, a second coil 4 which is arranged on almost the same plane as the first coil so as to be adjacent to the magnet in the axial direction of the rotor shaft, and a second outside magnetic pole portion 1b which is excited by the second coil, is inserted on the inner periphery side of the second coil, and is arranged so as to be opposed to a predetermined angle range of the outer peripheral surface of the magnet with a predetermined gap being pr

Abstract: A motor includes a stator section with a two-phase structure having first and second stator assemblies disposed in an axial direction, and a plurality of pole teeth arranged at an electrical angle of 90 degrees along inner circumferences of the first and second stator assemblies, and a rotor section including a rotation shaft, and first and second permanent magnets that are disposed opposite to and spaced a predetermined gap from the pole teeth and affixed to the rotation shaft with a gap provided between the first and second permanent magnets in the axial direction. Each of the first and second permanent magnets has an effective section at an outer circumference thereof that has multiple poles alternately magnetized with N poles and S poles, and has a protruded section that has a diameter smaller than an outer diameter of the effective section and protrudes in the axial direction.

Abstract: An electric motor lead frame for connecting motor coils of the same phase is formed integrally by a linear conductor. The linear conductor includes at least a single conducting wire and has terminal portions formed by bending for connection with winding ends of motor coils.

Abstract: An electric motor includes a housing and a circular stator. The housing has an inner circumferential surface. The housing also has a first predetermined thermal expansion coefficient. The housing further has an elastic part. The stator core is pressed to an inside of the housing by tight fit. The stator core has an outer circumferential surface. The stator core also has a second predetermined thermal expansion coefficient that is different from the first predetermined thermal expansion coefficient. A void is defined between the inner circumferential surface and the outer circumferential surface so as to prevent the inner and the outer circumferential surfaces from contacting each other in a circular region. When the housing and the stator core expand or shrink so as to tightly fit each other due to a differential between the first and second predetermined thermal expansion coefficients, the elastic part corresponding to the void is elastically deformed.

Abstract: An electromechanical converter, in particular an electric variable transmission, is provided with a primary shaft (5) having a rotor (8) mounted thereon, a secondary shaft (7) having an interrotor (15) mounted thereon, and a stator (10), fixedly mounted to the housing (3) of the electromechanical converter. Viewed from the primary shaft (5) in radial direction, the rotor (8), the interrotor (15) and the stator (10) are arranged concentrically relative to each other. The rotor (8) and the stator (10) are designed with one or more mono- or polyphase, electrically accessible windings. The interrotor (15) forms one whole both mechanically and electromagnetically, and is arranged as a conductor for the magnetic flux in an at least tangential direction.

Abstract: An electrical machine, such as a transverse flux motor, incorporates a stator core assembly 1. The stator core assembly 1 comprises a stator frame 4 upon which stator cores 2,3 are located with spacer elements 7 therebetween. A number of stator pole members 10,11 are located such that channels 13 in these members 10,11 accommodate limbs 5,6 of the cores 2,3. The stator pole members 10,11 straddle more than two limbs 5,6 in order to provide greater structural stability for the assembly 1 despite magnetic flux cycling and other distortion effects. By such greater structural stability more accurate control of a gap between the stator core assembly 1 and a rotor in the machine can be maintained.

Abstract: A piezoelectric/electrostrictive (P/E) device includes at least one actuator section secured to thin plate sections with an adhesive. The actuator section includes a multilayered member including at least three actuator films, each of which include a P/E layer and electrode films. One or more holes or recesses are formed in portions of the thin plate sections on which the P/E elements are formed. The electrode films contact upper and lower surfaces of respective P/E layers and alternatively extend to opposite surfaces thereof. End surface electrodes electrically connect an electrode film that contacts one of the P/E layers and an electrode film that contacts another one of the P/E layers. The end surface electrodes are electrically connected to terminals which are provided on a surface of an outermost layer of the P/E layers, and which are separated from one another by a predetermined distance.

Abstract: The specification discloses embodiments of an apparatus comprising a film bulk acoustic resonator (FBAR) filter comprising a piezoelectric membrane having a portion thereof sandwiched between a first electrode and a second electrode, the piezoelectric membrane being suspended from at least two edges thereof, and a heat transfer layer placed on the piezoelectric membrane surrounding, but not in contact with, the first electrode. Also disclosed are embodiments of a process comprising sandwiching a portion of the piezoelectric membrane between a first electrode and a second electrode, suspending a piezoelectric membrane from at least two edges thereof, and placing a heat transfer layer on the piezoelectric membrane surrounding, but not in contact with, the first electrode. Other embodiments are disclosed and claimed.

Abstract: A multi-tube fluorescent discharge lamp, which is constructed of multiple glass tubes of different caliber in coaxial structure, the both sides of the inner most tube are connected to a cathode respectively, by isolating, perforating and blocking the discharge path, forming a successive discharge path, and coating phosphor on surface of the discharge tubes. The Invention can then have more fluorescent area than a conventional fluorescent lamp of the similar size and higher lumen as well as power transfer factor. Compared with the power consumption of a conventional fluorescent discharge lamp, the Invention therefore has higher luminous flux.

Abstract: A display device includes a backlight having a discharge tube and a reflector. A heat conduction member is attached to the reflector in contact with the discharge tube, so that a part of the discharge tube is locally cooled by the heat conduction member. Liquid mercury is collected at a first position in the discharge tube, and the backlight is assembled so that the heat conduction member or other cooling device is located at the first position. Also, the display device includes an optical sheet having a diffusion portion having projections containing scattering material particles.

Abstract: A spark plug including an insulator having an axial hole in an axial direction; and a center electrode disposed in a tip end side of the axial hole of the insulator so as to project a tip end of the center electrode from the tip end side of the insulator. The center electrode includes an electrode base member made of pure Ni or an Ni alloy containing 85 wt % or more of Ni; and a noble metal chip fixed to a tip end of the electrode base. The spark plug further includes a metal shell surrounding the insulator; and a ground electrode in which one end is joined to the metal shell, and another end portion opposes the noble metal chip to form a spark discharge gap between the ground electrode and noble metal chip, wherein M, D1, and D2 as defined herein satisfy M?10.1 mm, 0.5 mm?D2<1.4 mm, and D1/D2?3.5.

Abstract: A high-pressure discharge lamp having a support structure for supporting a light emission tube so as to restrict its displacement in a direction perpendicular to the axis line thereof. A pair of thermal-stress generation members generates thermal stresses due to a temperature change at a time of switching the high-pressure discharge lamp from an on status to an off status. The thermal stresses acts as forces directed downward in a vertical direction and outward with respect to the light emission tube on side tube portions of the light emission tube arranged in a posture where the axis line extends in a horizontal direction.

Abstract: An efficiency enhancing anode-magnetic structure of a Hall effect thruster produces a radially directed magnetic field between inner and outer poles at the exit portion of a gas distribution channel. The field-shaping structure includes magnetic material extending alongside the channel with an associated secondary flux-generating component to create an axially directed magnetic field in the area between the anode of the thruster and the exit portion of the gas distribution channel.

Abstract: There is provided a display panel capable of reducing the reflection of light, which is incident from the exterior, from a display, to enhance visibility out of doors. The display panel, which includes on a substrate a plurality of light-emitting layers, which form pixels, is characterized in that the display panel includes low-reflection layers formed between the substrate and the light-emitting layer and between the light-emitting layers, the low-reflection layer includes a first low-reflection layer made of titanium and a second low-reflection layer made of an indium tin oxide. In addition, the low-reflection layer may be provided to a sealant in a region between the light-emitting layers.

Abstract: An organic light-emitting display is provided. The organic light-emitting display has a power line divided into multiple sets with a voltage terminal attached to the center of each power line set. Furthermore, all the voltage terminals are coupled to a power supply through a low resistance conductive material medium. With this setup, brightness imbalance between neighboring pixels is minimized.

Abstract: A dual panel-type organic electroluminescent device includes first and second substrates spaced apart from each other, a gate line, a data line, and a power line formed over the first substrate, a switching thin film transistor connected to the gate and data lines, a driving thin film transistor connected to the power line and the switching thin film transistor, the driving thin film transistor including a driving semiconductor layer, a driving source, a driving drain, a first driving gate underneath the driving semiconductor layer, and a second driving gate above the driving semiconductor, an electrical connector over the first substrate, the electrical connector including a connection electrode layer connected to the driving thin film transistor, first and second thin film transistor connectors connecting the switching thin film transistor to the driving thin film transistor, and an organic electroluminescent diode on the second substrate, the organic electroluminescent diode connected to the electrical con

Abstract: A plasma display panel includes a red phosphor layer, a green phosphor layer, and a blue phosphor layer. The thickness of the phosphor layer is satisfied by the following condition: when D is (S?2L)/S, D?0.64, S being a distance between barrier ribs at half the height of the barrier ribs, and L being a side thickness of the phosphor layer coated on the barrier ribs at half the height thereof.

Abstract: An arc discharge metal halide lamp having a discharge chamber with visible light permeable walls bounding a discharge region through which walls a pair of electrode assemblies are supported with interior ends thereof positioned in the discharge region spaced apart from one another. These electrode assemblies each also extend through a corresponding capillary tube affixed to the walls to have exterior ends thereof positioned outside the arc discharge chamber. At least one of these electrode assemblies comprises an electrode discharge structure with a discharge region shaft extending into the capillary tube corresponding thereto. A discharge region shaft extends outwardly in that corresponding capillary tube to be in direct contact with an interconnection shaft extending outside of that corresponding capillary tube to provide an exterior end of this electrode assembly, and which is in direct contact with a sealing cap over the end of the tube.

Abstract: An automotive lamp has a sealed envelope of barium silica glass that is essentially free of cadmium and in which a light emitting element is contained. Lead-in wires extend through the envelope and are coupled to the light emitting element. The glass envelope and lead-in wires have respective coefficients of thermal expansion over a temperature range form ambient to 520° C. which closely match one another to minimize stress and cracking of the envelope at the interface.

Abstract: A high-power microwave generator employing a plurality of inexpensive commercial magnetron tubes cross-coupled by means of a secondary coupling path between each magnetron output pair, whereby a portion of the output energy from a first magnetron tube is injected into a second magnetron tube and a portion of the output energy from the second magnetron tube is similarly injected into the first magnetron tube. The resulting cross-injection of microwave energies brings the respective magnetron tube pair into a phase-lock sufficiently stable to permit coherent combination of their outputs for many high-power microwave applications, such as directed energy weapon systems. The magnetron phase-locking system requires no external components other than the secondary coupling paths of this invention.

Abstract: A vehicular lamp, including: a plurality of semiconductor light emitting devices connected in parallel; a plurality of current limiting units provided corresponding to the plurality of semiconductor light emitting devices, wherein the plurality of current limiting units connect with the corresponding semiconductor light emitting devices respectively in series, and limit electric current flowing through the corresponding semiconductor light emitting devices respectively; and a current control unit for changing electric current to be supplied to at least one of the plurality of semiconductor light emitting devices.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for generating and controlling a plasma (130) formed in a capacitively coupled plasma system (100) having a plasma electrode (140) and a bias electrode in the form of a workpiece support member (170), wherein the plasma electrode is unitary and has multiple regions (Ri) defined by a plurality of RF power feed lines (156) and the RF power delivered thereto. The electrode regions may also be defined as electrode segments (420) separated by insulators (426). A set of process parameters A={n, ?i, ?i, Pi, S; Li} is defined; wherein n is the number of RF feed lines connected to the electrode upper surface at locations Li, ?i is the on-time of the RF power for the ith RF feed line, ?i is the phase of the ith RF feed line relative to a select one of the other RF feed lines, Pi is the RF power delivered to the electrode through the ith RF feed line at location Li, and S is the sequencing of RF power to the electrode through the RF feed lines.

Abstract: A DC-AC converter in a half bridge configuration is used for operation with high pressure discharge lamps as well as low pressure discharge lamps. The converter consists in two switches (T1-T2) serially connected through a first series of diodes (D1, D2) and a second series of diodes (D3,D4) to which at their middle points (N1, N2) a first and a second lamp loads (L1,L2,LA1,LA2) are connected. Furthermore, the second terminals of the lamp loads are connected to the middle point of a series of capacitors (C3,C4) which are also connected to the terminals (Ki,K2) of the supply voltage source. The converter includes also four diodes (D5,D6,D7,D8) which shunt the switches (T1,T2) and their respective series of diodes (D1,D2,D3,D4). The switches (T1,T2) are controlled by a controller (CC) which renders alternatively conductive at low frequency the two switches (Ti,T2).

Abstract: An energy savings device for an inductive, a resistive or a capacitive load, such as a fluorescent light fixture having a magnetic ballast or an electronic ballast, which is powered by an AC voltage waveform. The energy savings device includes a setting unit for setting a desired power operating level for the load. The energy savings device also includes a processor configured to receive a signal from the setting unit indicative of the desired power operating level for the load, to determine a phase delay to be provided to an output AC voltage waveform that is to be provided to the load, and to output a control signal as a result thereof. The energy savings device further includes an active element provided between a line that provides the input AC voltage waveform and the load, the active element receiving the control signal and turning off and on at predetermined times in accordance with the control signal, so as to create the output AC voltage waveform from the AC voltage waveform.

Abstract: A discharge lamp ballast circuit is provided which can prolong the life of a discharge lamp, and reduce the size and cost of the ballast circuit. It generates from an AC voltage boosted by a DC-AC inverter circuit a DC voltage higher than the breakdown voltage of an HID lamp, or a superimposed voltage in which a pulsating component is superimposed on the DC voltage, and starts the discharge by applying the DC voltage or the superimposed voltage to the HID lamp. It can make the life of the HID lamp longer than that of the case where a high voltage short pulse is applied to the HID lamp.

Abstract: A technique for driving one or more EEFLs, having first and second ends, in a bank of EEFLs involves driving the EEFLs at both the first and second ends. In a non-limiting embodiment a device constructed according to the technique includes a bank of EEFLs connected in parallel. The device further includes a first transformer, wherein a secondary winding of the first transformer is coupled to the first end of the bank of EEFLs. The device further includes a second transformer, wherein a secondary winding of the second transformer is coupled to the second end of the bank of EEFLs.

Abstract: A method for driving a gas discharge lamp (1) is described, wherein electric first DC power is provided at a relatively high voltage and a relatively low current. Said first power is converted down to second DC power at a relatively low voltage and a relatively high current. Said second power is fed to a gas discharge lamp, preferably via a commutator. The conversion of said first power to said second power is performed in at least two steps, a first one of such steps including the step of converting down said first power to an intermediate DC power at an intermediate DC voltage lower (VM) than said first DC voltage but higher than said second DC voltage. A downconverter device (30) for use in a driving apparatus (10) for a gas discharge lamp (1) is described. The downconverter device comprises at least two downconverter units (31, 32) connected in series, for converting down said intermediate DC power to said second power.

Abstract: A variable speed drive is provided having a converter to convert an AC voltage to a DC voltage, a DC link to filter and store energy from the converter, and a plurality of inverters, wherein each inverter is configured to convert a DC voltage to an AC voltage to power a corresponding load connected to the inverter The converter is electrically connected to an AC power source, the DC link is electrically connected to the converter, and the plurality of inverters are electrically connected in parallel to the DC link. Each inverter of the plurality of inverters is configured to operate substantially independently of other inverters of the plurality of inverters.

Abstract: A system and method for establishing a plurality of operating parameters of a multiphase motor. The plurality of electrical parameters may be established from stator resistance data and electrical input data. The system and method may be used to decompose the electrical input data into a positive sequence and a negative sequence. The positive sequence may be used to establish a plurality of electrical parameters of the motor. The plurality of electrical parameters may be used with the positive sequence and negative sequence to establish the output power of the motor.

Abstract: An electric motor controller controls the currents flowing through the phase windings of an electric motor. The electric motor controller includes driving stages for driving respective phase windings of the motor and a memory for storing samples of reference signals. The driving stages force currents corresponding to the reference signals through a respective phase winding of the motor. The electric motor controller includes circuitry to determine subdivision degree intervals of an electric rotation and circuitry for comparing one of the currents flowing through the respective phase windings of the motor with at least one of the samples of the respective reference signal in at least one portion of each one of the degree intervals.

Abstract: A brushless motor drive device has a signal synthesizing circuit for converting a plurality of sensing signals into a plurality of drive signals so as to determine an amplitude of each of the drive signals in accordance with a current error signal. The sensing signals are generated by a sensing circuit in response to variations in a magnetic field of a brushless multi-phase motor. The current error signal is representative of a difference between a current command signal and a motor drive current. The signal synthesizing circuit is characterized by including a calibrating circuit for adjusting the current error signal in accordance with an amplitude of any of the sensing signals. The calibrating circuit includes a differential amplifying circuit, a rectifying circuit, a filtering circuit, and a dividing circuit.

Abstract: A movable barrier operator having an electrical motor responsive to control signals for moving the barrier, a controller to control the barrier movements, and two command apparatuses for generating command inputs, which command apparatuses are located remotely from each other. The first command apparatus is mounted in a location remote from the controller and easily accessible by the users, and the second command apparatus is located close proximity to the controller to be easily accessible by an installer at the time of service.

Abstract: A motor torque control apparatus for an automotive vehicle includes a transmission which has either one of a fixed speed ratio and a variable speed ratio; at least one motor/generator coupled with the transmission as a propelling power source of the vehicle, a power of the power source being transmitted to a road wheel for propulsion of the vehicle through the transmission; and a controller configured to be electrically connected to the motor/generator for motor torque control. Moreover, this controller includes a disturbance observer that estimates a driving force, and a motor torque control section that controls the driving force estimated by the disturbance observer, to bring the estimated driving force closer to a target driving force by way of servo control.