Abstract: Data signals transmitted over transmission media suffer from attenuation caused by the transmission media. Equalization circuitry may be provided to compensate for attenuation caused by the transmission media. Equalization circuitry may include multiple stages arranged in series to allow the frequency responses of the stages to aggregate together. Each stage may be programmable to insert a zero, which causes the frequency response of the stage to increase in magnitude by 20 dB/decade. The frequency location of the zero may also be programmable to allow each stage to contribute a certain amount of gain for a specific frequency. Each stage may also be programmable to determine the location of poles for reduction of high frequency noise and cross-talk cancellation.

Abstract: A method to design low complexity pipelined Tomlinson-Harashima precoders and its associated circuit architectures have been described. The low complexity pipelined TH precoder design relies on the proposed low complexity precomputation based FIR filters. In the low complexity precomputation method for FIR filters, each multiplier is replaced with a multiplexer.

Abstract: A method of encoding and decoding a scalable video data stream comprising a base layer and at least one enhancement layer. A scalable data stream is encoded, wherein the data stream includes at least one non-required picture in a temporal location of a layer wherein decoding of pictures in an upper layer at and succeeding the said temporal location in decoding order does not require said non-required picture, and wherein information of the at least one non-required picture is signalled in the scalable video data stream. In the decoding phase, the signalled information is decoded and pictures in a layer above the non-required picture at and succeeding the said temporal location in decoding order are decoded without decoding said non-required picture.

Abstract: A stereoscopic imaging system incorporates a plurality of imaging devices or cameras to generate a high resolution, wide field of view image database from which images can be combined in real time to provide wide field of view or panoramic or omni-directional still or video images.

Abstract: An adaptively formed reference block is used for coding a block in a current frame in the enhancement layer. In particular, the reference block is formed from a reference block in base layer reconstructed frame and a reference block in the enhancement layer reference frame together with a base layer reconstructed prediction residual block. Furthermore, the reference block for coding is adjusted depending on the transform coefficients of the base layer reconstructed residual layer. Moreover, the actual reference signal used for coding is a weighted average of a reference signal from the reconstructed frame in the base layer and a reference signal from the enhancement layer reference frame together with a base layer reconstruction prediction residual.

Abstract: Methods, devices, and computer code products for encoding and decoding a video signal including conditional encoding and decoding of a residual prediction flag for an enhancement layer only of all base layers are discrete layers. If some base layers are not discrete, the residual prediction flag is always encoded and decoded. Encoding and decoding the residual prediction flag can include using contexts which depend on whether the reconstructed prediction residual of the discrete base layers is zero or not.

Abstract: A method and an apparatus for discrete cosine transform coefficient prediction are disclosed. The method comprises the steps as follows: providing a discrete cosine transformed block; performing an AC prediction mode variable length coding and a non-AC prediction mode variable length coding simultaneously; providing a first memory block and a second memory block for storing the bit strings of two coding; and using another coding as long as one of first and second memory blocks reaches its capacity limit.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for encoding and decoding a fine granularity scalable (FGS) layer using reconstructed data of a lower layer. The method includes encoding the FGS layer in a multilayer video signal includes reconstructing original data of the lower layer that corresponds to a low-pass frame represented by the FGS layer, obtaining a residual between original data of the enhancement layer and the reconstructed original data of the lower layer, and generating an FGS layer bitstream through the processes of quantizing the residual and performing an entropy coding of the quantized residual.

Abstract: A rate control method comprises determining a target buffer fullness for each frame of a plurality of frames, obtaining a real buffer fullness for a previous frame of the plurality of frames; determining a target allocation for a current frame based on the real buffer fullness and target buffer fullness for the previous frame, wherein at least two frames of the plurality of frames have different target buffer fullness.

Abstract: A method (1600) and apparatus (220) for encoding a sequence of images for transmission over a communication network is disclosed. Initially (1602) an object-based first image is rendered from a computer graphics application (240). The rendered first image is then (1604) encoded (226) according to a predetermined encoding scheme and transmitted (1606) for remote display (116). A test (1608) is then performed to determine if any more images are to be rendered. If so, the next (further) image is rendered (1612) from the computer graphics application (240). Changes between the first image and the further image are then determined (1614) from a change indicating output (244,246) of the computer graphics application (240). The identified changes are then used (1616) to determine a manner in which the further image is to be encoded according to the predetermined format. The further image is then encoded (1618) based upon the changes. and transmitted (1620) for remote display.

Abstract: A segmenting section divides an input image into a plurality of segments. A hierarchizing section determines classes of the respective segments according to a predetermined criterion, and produces a class identification signal indicating the classes of the respective segments. A coding section encodes the segmented image signal into code data while changing the value of a coding control parameter for each of the segments in accordance with the class identification signal. Examples of the coding control parameter are a coding time interval and precision of quantization.

Abstract: The present invention realizes a video coding apparatus that is simple in configuration and can avoid video display quality deterioration due to an overrun of video coding processing.

Abstract: A method of reducing mismatch between an encoder and a decoder in a motion compensated temporal filtering process and a video coding method and apparatus using the same. The video coding method includes the steps of dividing input frames into one final low-pass frame and at least one high-pass frame through a motion compensated temporal filtering, coding the final low-pass frame and then decoding the coded final low-pass frame, re-estimating the high-pass frame by using the decoded final low-pass frame, and coding the re-estimation high-pass frame.

Abstract: In one embodiment, the method includes determining a motion vector of a current image block equal to a motion vector of an image block based on a reference picture index indicating a reference picture for the image block. For example, the motion vector of the current image block may be equal to the motion vector of the image block if the reference picture index indicates a long-term reference picture for the image block.

Abstract: Several improvements for use with Bidirectionally Predictive (B) pictures within a video sequence are provided. In certain improvements Direct Mode encoding and/or Motion Vector Prediction are enhanced using spatial prediction techniques. In other improvements Motion Vector prediction includes temporal distance and subblock information, for example, for more accurate prediction. Such improvements and other presented herein significantly improve the performance of any applicable video coding system/logic.

Abstract: Temporal concealment of missing/lost macro blocks relies on the direction mode derivation process typically standardized in video decoders. Upon detecting an error in the form of a picture (FIG. 1) a co-located macro block is found previously transmitted picture. The motion vector for that co-local macro block is determined (FIG. 2). The identified macro block is predicted by motion compensating data from a second previously transmitted picture in accordance with the motion vector determined for the co-located macro block (FIG. 3).

Abstract: Disclosed herein is a system and method for reconstruction video information lost as a result of transmission errors. The system and method have four aspects, including: (1) changing the bit and/or packet rate; (2) inserting redundant information into the video bitstream; (3) providing automatic refresh of certain regions of the video on a periodic basis; and (4) interleaving coded macroblocks into diversity groups for transmission to spatially spread the effect of lost packets. The image reconstruction may then take advantage of these three aspects to provide an enhanced result in the presence of transmission losses.

Abstract: A method for temporal decomposition and reconstruction of an input video signal is disclosed. The method uses a prediction process and an update process in the framework of motion compensated temporal filtering (MCTF), the motion information used for the update process being derived from the motion information used for the prediction process, and the method employing a block based video codec composed of an encoder and a decoder, the decoder having a residual buffer. A residual picture signal is received, and in response to the signal being decoded in the decoder, the residual picture signal is clipped such that the residual picture signal is reduced in precision prior to storing it in the residual buffer, thereby allowing the codec to use a conventional picture buffer that stores a reconstructed picture.

Abstract: A method for temporal decomposition and reconstruction of an input video signal is disclosed. The method uses a prediction process and an update process in the framework of motion compensated temporal filtering (MCTF), the motion information used for the update process being derived from the motion information used for the prediction process, and the method employing a block based video codec composed of an encoder and a decoder. In response to the update and prediction processes on a picture being based on N reference pictures where N is greater than one, the update process is split into N update processes using a single picture as a reference. Each one of the split update processes is executed each time a picture that is needed as a reference by the process is received.

Abstract: A method for selecting a compression setting to use during a communications session to compress streaming video data includes the steps of determining processor performance data for at least one processor, determining a video data acquisition rate, and using the processor performance data and the acquisition rate to identify a compression setting for the data communications session.

Abstract: A video coding method and apparatus that can allocate bits more efficiently when encoding or transcoding a moving frame is disclosed. The video coding method includes determining a frame to be dropped among a plurality of frames, generating a composite frame by obtaining a weighted sum of a frame adjacent to the frame to be dropped and the frame to be dropped, and generating a bitstream by encoding the generated composite frame.

Abstract: Described herein is a method and system for estimating motion in a video sequence. When motion is present in the video sequence, this system and method may require the identification of motion data that include reference blocks and motion vectors. The motion data may be utilized by a motion compensated temporal filter (MCTF) for the reduction of noise. A video encoder may also utilize the motion data for encoding and removing temporal redundancy.

Abstract: A video picture is encoded by adaptively switching between the operation of using a plurality of decoded video signals as reference frames and generating a predictive macroblock picture from a plurality of reference frames for each macroblock, the operation of extracting reference macroblocks from a plurality of reference frames and using the average value of the macroblocks as a predictive macroblock picture, and the operation of extracting reference macroblocks from a plurality of reference frames and generating a predictive macroblock picture by linear extrapolation or linear interpolation in accordance with the inter-frame distances between the reference frames and a to-be-encoded frame.

Abstract: An architecture capable of carrying out variable length decoding for multiple video compression formats (e.g., MPEG1/2/4, H.263, H.264, Microsoft WMV9, and Sony Digital Video), is disclosed. In one embodiment, the VLD process is divided into two parts: flow control and table lookup. The flow control part can be performed by a low-cost microcontroller or other suitable processor, and the table lookup part is performed by hardware logic. With different firmware, the microcontroller handles flow control of all the existing video formats and can be adapted to accommodate new formats without any hardware change. Each piece of lookup table logic is connected to the microcontroller as extended instructions. In operation, during the decoding process, the flow control firmware executes one of these extended instructions whenever a table lookup operation is required. The architecture can be implemented, for example, as a system-on-chip decoder for use in HDTV applications and the like.

Abstract: Described herein is a method and system for the reduction of noise in a video sequence. When motion is present in the video sequence, this system and method identifies motion data. With the motion data, a Motion Compensated Temporal Filter (MCTF) can apply motion compensation prior to filtering in the time domain. Temporal filtering can be performed to reduce visible noise and other detrimental artifacts.

Abstract: An ultra-wideband communications network and methods for communication are provided. In one embodiment, an ultra-wideband transceiver transmits digital video data that is in a lossy or lossless compression format. The lossy or lossless format may be a wavelet-based format. The transmitted ultra-wideband signal may be transmitted in a single or in multiple frequency bands. The network may further include a second ultra-wideband transceiver and a video display device. This Abstract is provided for the sole purpose of complying with the Abstract requirement rules that allow a reader to quickly ascertain the subject matter of the disclosure contained herein. This Abstract is submitted with the explicit understanding that it will not be used to interpret or to limit the scope or the meaning of the claims.

Abstract: A SYNC bit inserting section 14 adds a sync signal to a train of codes, after adding a minimum run, said sync signal having a pattern that breaks a maximum run. It is thereby possible to provide a reliable sync signal pattern.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for detection of load impedance modulation as a result of communication of data from the secondary to the primary side of a transformer are presented. The load impedance on the secondary of the transformer barrier is modulated differentially using data to be communicated across the barrier. A detection circuit on the primary side isolates the load current from the magnetizing current in the primary. The load current is subsequently integrated over two consecutive Manchester periods and the integrated value from the first Manchester period is compared against that of the second period thereby recovering the receive data.

Abstract: Encoding of a dual mode digital signal for transfer using a dual mode super source follower circuit to drive the signal across a pulse transformer is presented. The dual mode signal comprises data in one mode and power/control in the other mode. In the power/control mode the magnitude of the signal pulses are greater than the magnitude of the data pulses. Thus, the current sinking deficiencies of the super source follower may introduce waveform irregularities when transitioning from the high of the power pulse to the high of the data pulse. An encoding method described herein uses a return to zero scheme to avoid such waveform irregularities during power to data transitions.

Abstract: A feedback method and apparatus for cancellation of magnetizing inductance current are presented. A voltage driver applies a voltage signal to a primary of a transformer. Feedback apparatus detect changes in the voltage driver output current that are attributable to magnetizing inductance current. Changes in output current are used to obtain a current error, which is integrated to control a current ramp generator. The output of the current ramp generator is applied to the transformer primary as a compensating current for canceling the magnetizing inductance current.

Abstract: Active rectification with load impedance switching for communication across a pulse transformer is presented. Load impedance switching is used for communicating data from the secondary side of the transformer to the primary side during data frames. During power frames, the load impedance is switched to a capacitor for the storage of charge from received power pulses, which may then be converted into a power source. The active rectifier circuit is configurable to accommodate different power requirements and transformer characteristics, and may be implemented with half-wave or full-wave configurations. In active mode, switches are enabled to short out diodes such that diode voltage losses are overcome in the recovered power supply voltage.

Abstract: A modem unit inputs a combination, of control signal and data signal, which is to use a plurality of subcarriers. Among a plurality of combinations inputted, the modem unit performs interleaving with a size defined by the first number of subcarriers on a control signal and performs interleaving with the size defined by the second number of subcarriers on a data signal. The modem unit appends additional signals to control signals contained in the second and the subsequent combinations in a plurality of combinations interleaved. The modem unit appends additional signals whose number of subcarriers is equal to the difference between the first number of subcarriers and the second number of subcarriers.

Abstract: The present invention is related to a method and system for optimization of channel estimation and synchronization in an Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) wireless communication system. In accordance with the present invention, all of the training sequences are simply constructed based on a basic code by cyclically shifting the basic code. The training sequences are transmitted from different antennas in parallel without performing inverse fast Fourier transform. As a result, there is no peak-to-average ratio problem. Channel estimation is performed in each receiver based on the samples before fast Fourier transform and the maximum-likelihood estimate of channel response in time domain is then mapped into the frequency domain. The channel estimation is not only very simple in implementation, but also very efficient in computation.

Abstract: Pilot data and data-bearer data are formed to be mutually orthogonal and in each other's null-space. Data to be transmitted is first modulated with the data-bearer matrix and then pilot data is added thereto. The pilot data may be added to each modulated symbol, thereby increasing significantly the density of pilot information available at the receiver for channel state estimation. When pilot data is added across an entire transmitted block of data, data detection performance is improved for even fast fading Rayleigh fading channels.

Abstract: A method to efficiently deal with FEXT crosstalk in wireline communication system via MIMO equalization is presented. A MIMO-DFE based receiver architecture is developed to demonstrate the advantage over the traditional receiver design. A MIMO structure for systems with TH precoding is also developed for 10GBASE-T application. The proposed architecture overcomes the limitation of the traditional schemes and achieves a better SNR performance and lower receiver complexity. The proposed method relies on the fact that FEXT inherently contains information about the symbols transmitted from the three far end transmitters and it can be viewed as a signal rather than noise. Therefore, MIMO techniques are applied to turn FEXT into a benefit for the receiver design.

Abstract: A digital broadcast transmitter/receiver, and a signal processing method thereof, includes a randomizer randomizing a dual transport stream which includes a normal data packet and a robust data packet and into which stuff bytes are inserted, a stuff-byte exchanger replacing the stuff bytes of the randomized data with known data, a first RS encoder performing RS-encoding of data output from the stuff-byte exchanger, a packet formatter performing an interleaving of the robust packet of the data output from the first RS encoder and reformatting the packet, an interleaver interleaving data output from the packet formatter, a trellis encoder performing a trellis encoding of interleaved data, a second RS encoder changing a parity by performing an RS encoding of the robust data of the trellis-encoded data, and a modulator modulating data output from the trellis encoder and RF up-converting the modulated data.

Abstract: A method to design parallel TH precoders and a circuit architecture to implement parallel TH precoders have been presented. The parallel design relies on the fact that a TH precoder can be viewed as an IIR filter with an input equal to the sum of the original input to the TH precoder and a compensation signal. The parallel design also relies on the fact that the compensation signal has finite levels. Therefore, precomputation techniques can be applied to calculate intermediate signal values for all possible values of the compensation signal.

Abstract: A closed loop power control system for a radio frequency (RF) transmitter comprises a first variable gain element located in a power control loop and configured to receive a power level signal and an inverse representation of a power control signal, a second variable gain element located in the power control loop and configured to receive an error signal and the power control signal, and a third variable gain element configured to receive an amplitude modulated (AM) signal and the power control signal, the third variable gain element having a gain characteristic configured to operate to reduce the gain applied to the AM signal when the power control signal falls below a minimum predetermined value, and to provide the AM signal as a reference signal.

Abstract: A transmission device and method are shown, wherein an amplification is implemented which can be changed between a switched operation mode and linear operation mode as desired, depending on which mode of operation best meets the needs of the radio system in use. This opens the possibility of using the same hardware for different systems.

Abstract: An antenna system for receiving radio waves and for operation in conjunction with a remote controller that transmits control data including gain state data. The antenna system includes an antenna that receives the radio waves and outputs a radio frequency signal and a radio frequency amplifier coupled to receive and amplify the radio frequency signal to a gain level controlled through a gain control input. A remote control receiver receives the control data and a controller is coupled to the gain control input and the remote control receiver. The controller couples the gain state data to the gain control input, thereby remotely controlling the gain level of the radio frequency amplifier. A remotely controlled antenna rotor is also taught.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a multiple differential demodulator using a weighting value. The multiple differential demodulator according to the present invention includes a weighting value generator for integrating a real part and an imaginary part of a value acquired by multiplying one of a plurality of differentiated reception signals by a conjugated value of a differentiated PN code signal corresponding to a preset symbol, and determining the greater of the integrated real and integrated imaginary parts to apply a predetermined weighting value to the greater value, where the PN code signal is differentiated in the same fashion as the differentiated reception signals.

Abstract: An evaluating device including: a Viterbi detector to perform bit detection by Viterbi detection from a reproduced signal in which bit information is reproduced; a metric difference calculator to calculate a metric difference between values of path metrics for a second path and a maximum likelihood path when at least an error pattern between the maximum likelihood path as a path surviving as a result of path selection by the Viterbi detector and the second path compared finally with the maximum likelihood path corresponds to one of a predetermined plural error patterns; and an evaluation value calculator to compare each of values of metric differences calculated by the metric difference calculator for each error pattern, with an individual threshold value obtained by dividing a Euclidean distance between the maximum likelihood path and the second path in each error pattern by a common value, and calculate a total number of values of the metric differences less than the threshold value as an evaluation value.

Abstract: A diversity receiving apparatus receives first and second reception signals and is constituted by including one or more phase shifters that generate one or more third signals having phases different from the second reception signal based on the second reception signal, a correlation calculator that obtains a correlation between the first reception signal and each of the second reception signal and the third reception signals, a correlation comparator that selects the reception signal having the highest correlation with the first reception signal from the second reception signal and the third reception signals, a selector that selects and outputs the second reception signal or the third reception signal selected by the correlation comparator; and a combining device that outputs a signal formed by combining the first reception signal and the reception signal output from the selector.

Abstract: Disclosed is a method and a device to increase the bit rate in a communications system comprising N transmitters (2N) and M receivers (3M), with M greater than or equal to N. The method comprises the following steps. a) simultaneously sending different messages on several of the N (2N) transmitters, b) simultaneously receiving the superimposition of the messages sent during the step a) on several of the M (3M) receivers or reception sensors, c) estimating the characteristics of the transmission channel for each pair constituted by a transmission sensor and a receiver sensor, d) jointly estimating all or at least the majority of the messages received in taking account of the signals as well as the characteristics of the transmission channel. Application to GSM signals and to systems of unicast transmission and multicast transmission, namely multipoint-to-point and multipoint-to-multipoint transmission.

Abstract: A transmit clock generator includes a first local clock generator and a second local clock generator, each receiving an external PLL clock signal and respectively generating first and second divided clock signals. A synchronization signal is applied to the first local clock generator and second local clock generator during a clock training period to enforce a phase relationship between the first and second divided clock signals. The synchronization signal includes at least one synchronization pulse that is applied to the first local clock generator and second local clock generator during the clock training period.

Abstract: The A/D converter changes sampling timing of a received signal in a synchronization acquisition mode and a synchronization tracking mode. The A/D converter generates an internal clock of a sampling frequency eight times a symbol rate under the control of the clock control unit in the synchronization acquisition mode. On the other hand, in the synchronization tracking mode, the A/D converter generates an internal clock with a symbol point and one each point before and after the symbol point as sampling timing under the control of the clock control unit. The A/D converter further corrects the sampling timing of the symbol point based on the squares of the maximum value of a correlation value between the received signal and a reference signal and the absolute values of correlation values before and after the maximum value.

Abstract: A shift register includes a control unit, a signal switching unit and a buffer unit. The control unit determines whether to transfer an input signal from a first input terminal to a first output terminal according to a first control signal, and determines whether to conduct a first pre-defined voltage to a second output terminal according to a second control signal. The signal switching unit uses the signal output from the first output terminal as one of the considerations for determining whether to conduct a second pre-defined voltage to a third output terminal, and uses the second control signal as one of the considerations for determining whether to conduct the second pre-defined voltage to the first output terminal. The buffer unit outputs signal according to the signals from the first/third output terminals. Further, at least once, the second control signal is enabled after the first control signal has been enabled.

Abstract: A radiation system includes a radiation source having an accelerator, the radiation source having a magnetic field associated therewith that is resulted from an operation of the accelerator, and a magnetic field source configured to provide a compensating magnetic field to at least partially counteract against the magnetic field that is resulted from the operation of the accelerator. A radiation system includes a radiation device having a radiation source, a patient support, and a protective guard located between the radiation source and the patient support, wherein the protective guard is moveably coupled to the radiation device or the patient support. A radiation system includes a particle generator for generating a particle, an accelerator for accelerating the particle, and a magnetic source for changing a trajectory of the particle, wherein the magnetic source comprises a permanent magnet.

Abstract: A method of generating energetic electromagnetic radiation comprises, during each of a plurality of separated radiation intervals, injecting laser radiation of a given wavelength into an optical cavity that is characterized by a round-trip transit time (RTTT) for radiation of that given wavelength. At least some radiation intervals are defined by one or more optical macropulses, at least one optical macropulse gives rise to an associated circulating optical micropulse that is coherently reinforced by subsequent optical micropulses in the optical macropulse and the electric field amplitude of the circulating optical micropulse at any given position in the cavity reaches a maximum value during the radiation interval.

Abstract: The length and attenuation of a signal line between a transmitter and a customer premises equipment is to be estimated. A frequency dependent line input impedance (Zin(f)) as seen from the transmitter, is measured and an absolute impedance value (œ Zin(f) œ) is generated. The latter is shown as a curve (A1) in the diagram with the frequency (f) on the abscissa and the impedance (œ Zin(f) œ) on the ordinate. Extreme values (Max.1, Max2, Max3; Min1, Min2, Min3) arc denoted and a frequency distance (FD1-FD4) between two consecutive of the extreme values is generated. The line length (L) is generated as L=½·vop/FD1, in which vop is the velocity of propagation of a signal on the line. The attenuation is estimated by multiplying the line length with an average attenuation value for the actual line type. The advantages are that the line length can be estimated with good accuracy in a simple manner for short lines and that the line attenuation is estimated in a simple manner.