Abstract: A clip on welder includes two pairs of opposed grippers defined by pivotally attached upper and lower frames for latching the welder to heat weldable material, such as a length of tubing, upon actuation of a start button by an operator; thereafter, the welder operates unattended. At least a jaw of a pair of jaws disposed intermediate the two pairs of grippers heats the material compressed and lodged therebetween to form a weld in or across the material. A source of gas, such as air, under pressure selectively connected to a bellows provides the power to pivot the upper and lower frames into gripping engagement with the material. A source of electrical signals provides the power to heat the material intermediate the pair of jaws. One or more thermocouples senses the heat of the jaws and generates signals used to control the application of power and to control cooling. After completion of the weld, cooling air is directed to the jaws until the thermocouple(s) signal(s) indicates a sufficiently low temperature.

Abstract: A confocal microscope apparatus has a confocal scanner for scanning a sample with shifting a focal position of a light beam in a direction perpendicular to an optical axis, a moving mechanism for moving the focal position of the light beam in an optical axis direction, a camera for picking up an image of the sample with the light beam, and a movement control unit for controlling the moving mechanism to move the focal position of the light beam by a predetermined distance in the optical axis direction for every vertical synchronizing signal of the camera in synchronization with the vertical synchronizing signal. A high-speed three-dimensional image can be displayed in such that while measuring the sample, two or more slice images in such an arrangement on a common screen that their positions relative to the sample enables to be grasped.

Abstract: A night vision device comprising a first detector, a beam splitter, a user optical output and a camera. The first detector is configured to detect and transmit a scene image in a first spectral band along a first optical path. The beam splitter is configured to receive the first optical path image; to output, along a second optical path, a first portion of the first optical path image, and to output, along a third optical path, a second portion of the first optical path image. The user optical output is configured to receive and output images traveling along the second optical path. The camera is configured to receive and store images traveling along the third optical path.

Abstract: The pixel includes a reset element (350) used in relation to charging a light sensitive element (390). Further, the pixel includes a charge evacuation element (380) for dissipating charge build up about the reset element. Dissipation of the charge results in a reduction of noise at the output of the pixel.

Abstract: The present invention provides a light-receiving circuit that applies the avalanche photodiode (APD) and reduces the power consumption at a large optical input. The bias controlling circuit of the present invention provides a voltage source, a current detector, a voltage divided, and a controller. The current detector detects the photo current generated by the APD and output the current or voltage signal corresponding to the photo current. The voltage divider divides the output of the voltage source and the current or voltage signal from the current detector thereof may affect the dividing ratio. The controller operates to maintain the output of the divider constant by adjusting the output of the voltage source. Accordingly, the output of the voltage source decreases at the high optical input, thereby reducing the power consumption of the circuit.

Abstract: A light receiver apparatus for a vehicle comprises a photo diode for receiving an incident light form a surrounding environment, a FET connected in series with the photo diode and a filter for extracting an a.c. signal from a received light signal developed at a junction with the photo diode when a reverse-bias voltage is applied to the photo diode. The a.c. signal is produced by removing from the received light signal a signal corresponding to a background light in the incident light. The FET varies a resistance thereof in accordance with the received light signal so that a d.c. signal in the received light signal is regulated to a fixed level irrespective of the intensity of the background light in the received light.

Abstract: All-optical output precision measuring gauges that sense the displacement of an internal scale grating are disclosed. Each type of gauge includes a compact, miniature, or ultra-miniature optical readhead that includes a light source for transmitting light to the scale grating, and optical-fiber detector channels for receiving light from the scale grating and outputting optical measuring signals from the gauge. In various embodiments, the optical-fiber detector channels have respective phase grating masks for receiving a periodic light pattern that moves in correspondence to the scale grating, and the channels are arranged in balanced pairs. In various embodiments, the optical readhead is an interferometric-type optical readhead that provides a measuring resolution as fine as 10–50 nanometers or less. In various embodiments, the gauge is provided in an unprecedented miniature size. In various embodiments, the gauge is motorized to provide a precision actuator.

Abstract: A sheet includes an optical fiber extending across at least a portion of its surface to detect nuclear radiation. The sheet can line at least a portion of a shipping container or box. Radiation within or outside the container or box reduces optical transmissibility of the fiber. The fiber integrates the radiation over time and/or over the length of the fiber, making the fiber sensitive to even low-level radiation. Dopants, use of particular wavelengths of light or temperatures or other mechanisms can increase the sensitivity of the optical fiber to radiation. The optical fiber is monitored for a change in its transmissibility. A reduction in the transmissibility, such as to below a threshold, can trigger an alarm, such as an annunciator, or send a message that includes information about the time or the container's contents or location when the radiation is detected to a central location, such as a ship's control room or port notification system.

Abstract: A photo-detection device comprising a base plate made of an insulation material and having a plurality of through holes formed in the base plate at a substantially equal distance, a plurality of optical fibers each having one end including a light receiving section from an object to be detected inserted and fixed to the respective through holes and another end provided with a light output section, and a light detection section connected to the light output section.

Abstract: A scanning apparatus including a cylindrical member and an optical system. The cylindrical member rotates about a rotational axis and has an outer surface to support a storage phosphor sample thereon. The optical system moves in translation parallel to the rotational axis to scan the sample. The optical system comprises an opening, an excitation beam, an integrating member, and a single detector. The excitation beam is directed through the opening to impinge on a sample and cause light to be emitted from the sample. The integrating member reflects the emitted light using an interior three-dimensional polynomial surface providing diffuse reflection. The single detector is disposed adjacent the integrating member for collecting the reflected emitted light.

Abstract: An encoder having a code strip, a light emitter, a photodetector, and a spacing member is disclosed. The code strip includes an encoding region having a plurality of reflective and absorptive regions on a carrier having an encoding surface. The light emitter generates a light signal that is reflected from one of the reflective regions. The reflected light is measured by the photodetector. The spacing member maintains a fixed distance between the encoding surface and the photodetector when the code strip moves relative to the photodetector in a travel direction. The spacing member is attached to the photodetector and moves relative to the code strip when the code strip moves relative to the photodetector. A mechanism for allowing one of the photodetector and the code strip to move in a direction perpendicular to the travel direction to accommodate alignment errors can also be included.

Abstract: This invention relates to a process for moving a particle using a device comprising a substrate (4), a wave guide (2) and a grating (6) formed on the wave guide, in which: light with wavelength ? is injected into the wave guide, the light transmitted through the guide is diffracted to a medium (14) with an index nsup in which the particle is located.

Abstract: A mass filter apparatus for filtering a beam of ions is described. The apparatus comprises an ion beam source and first and second mass filter stages in series to receive the ion beam. A vacuum system maintains the first and second filter stages at substantially the same operating pressure, below 10?3 torr. The first mass filter stage transmits only ions having a sub-range of mass-to-charge ratios including a selected mass-to-charge ratio. The second filter transmits only ions of the selected mass-to-charge ratio. The second mass filter can achieve high accuracy detection without being subjected to problems such as build-up of material on quadrupole rods, resulting in a distorted electric field close to the rods. The first mass filter acts as a coarse filter, typically transmitting 1% of ions received from the ion source. Thus, the detection accuracy and lifetime of mass spectrometers embodying this invention are greatly improved.

Abstract: A system manipulates molecules using a set of proximal probes such as those used in atomic force microscopes. An electrostatic pattern is placed on a set of proximal probes such that each proximal probe may exert an electrostatic force. A molecule is captured using those electrostatic forces, after which the molecule can be manipulated while the molecule remains captured by the proximal probes. The electrostatic pattern can be modified such that the molecule moves and/or rotates over the set of proximal probes while the molecule remains captured by the set of proximal probes. The electrostatic pattern can be used to bend or split the molecule while the molecule remains captured by the set of proximal probes, thereby allowing the system to engage the molecule in chemical reactions, e.g., to act as a synthetic catalyst or a synthetic enzyme.

Abstract: The invention intends to determine a presence ratio between mixed compounds which are difficult to separate from each other by a separation unit and cannot be discriminated by MS. In a mass spectrometer with an MSn analysis function for ionizing a sample eluted from a separation unit for separating the sample into individual components, fragmenting an ion of a desired mass number, and performing a mass analysis of fragment ions, the mass spectrometer includes a database storing correlation information between an isomer presence ratio and a particular ion intensity ratio in a mass spectrum per isomer. An isomer ratio can be clarified even for a mixed sample of isomers, such as enantiomers, which are difficult to separate from each other by the separation unit and cannot be discriminated by MS.

Abstract: Method and apparatus for chromatographic high field asymmetric waveform ion mobility spectrometry, including a gas chromatographic analyzer section intimately coupled with an ionization section, an ion filter section, and an ion detection section, in which the sample compounds are at least somewhat separated prior to ionization, and ion filtering proceeds in a planar chamber under influence of high field asymmetric periodic signals, with detection integrated into the flow path, for producing accurate, real-time, orthogonal data for identification of a broad range of chemical compounds.

Abstract: In the mass spectrometer of the present invention, a flight space is provided before the mass analyzer, and the flight space includes a loop orbit on which ions fly repeatedly. While ions fly on the loop orbit repeatedly, ion selecting electrodes placed on the loop orbit selects object ions having a specific mass to charge ratio in such a manner that, for a limited time period when the object ions are flying through the ion selecting electrodes, an appropriate voltage is applied to the ion selecting electrodes to make them continue to fly on the loop orbit, but otherwise to make or let other ions deflect from the loop orbit. If ions having various mass to charge ratios are introduced in the loop orbit almost at the same time, the object ions having the same mass to charge ratio continue to fly on the loop orbit in a band, but ions having mass to charge ratios different from that are separated from the object ions while flying on the loop orbit repeatedly.

Abstract: Mass spectrometry system for analyzing components of a gas. In accordance with one embodiment, the system includes a mass spectrometer adapted to analyze components of the gas, and an inlet capillary fluidically connected to the mass spectrometer to convey a sample of the gas to the mass spectrometer. The inlet capillary includes an inner bore with a bore wall having a catalytic coating thereon for reacting with at least one component of the sampled gas to convert the at least one component to another gas species as the sampled gas is conveyed through the inlet capillary. The mass spectrometer is adapted to analyze the converted gas species and derive information, such as quantity, of the component of sample gas that has been converted. A method of analyzing a gas is also provided.

Abstract: An improved FT-ICR Mass Spectrometer has an ion source 10 which generates ions that are transmitted through a series of multipoles 20 to an ion trap 30. Ions are ejected from the trap 30, through a series of lens and multipolar ion guide stages 40–90, and into a measurement cell 100 via an exit/gate lens 110. The measurement cell is mounted in a vacuum chamber 240 and this assembly is slideably moveable into a bore of a superconducting magnet 400 which provides the magnetic filed to cause cyclotron motion of the generated ions in the cell 100. By minimising the distance between the source 10 and cell 100, and by careful alignment of the ion optics, the ions can travel at high energies right up to the front of the measurement cell 100. The cell 100 extends in the longitudinal direction of the magnet bore and is coaxial with that. The ratio of the sectional area of the magnet bore to the sectional area of the cell volume is small (less than 3).

Abstract: A method for fabricating assembled structures. The method includes providing a tip structure, which has a first end, a second end, and a length defined between the first end and the second end. The second end is a free end. The method includes attaching a nano-sized structure along a portion of the length of the tip structure to extend a total length of the tip structure to include the length of the tip structure and a first length associated with the nano-sized structure. The method includes shortening the nano-sized structure from the first length to a second length. The method also includes pushing the nano-sized structure in a direction parallel to the second length to reduce the second length to a third length of the nano-sized structure along the direction parallel to the second length to cause the nano-sized structure to move along a portion of the length of the tip structure.

Abstract: A substrate inspection apparatus includes: an electron beam irradiation device which emits an electron beam and causes the electron beam to irradiate a substrate to be inspected as a primary beam; an electron beam detector which detects at least one of a secondary electron, a reflected electron and a backscattered electron that are generated from the substrate that has been irradiated by the electron beam, and which outputs a signal that forms a one-dimensional or two-dimensional image of a surface of the substrate; a mapping projection optical system which causes imaging of at least one of the secondary electron, the reflected electron and the backscattered electron on the electron beam detector as a secondary beam; and an electromagnetic wave irradiation device which generates an electromagnetic wave and causes the electromagnetic wave to irradiate a location on the surface of the substrate at which the secondary beam is generated.

Abstract: The present invention provides an inspection technique using a charged particle beam by which a method of setting a condition for optimally charging an object to be inspected without relying on an operator's experience is established and a voltage contrast image with higher efficiency of defect detection than ever before can be obtained. The inspection method comprises the steps of scanning an area on a surface of a substrate having a specific pattern formed thereon with a primary charged particle beam, detecting signals of secondary electrons emitted from the area, forming an image of the area from detected signals, and generating a histogram from the image. All these steps are performed each time a condition of irradiation with the charged particle beam is changed. When two or more separate peaks appear in the histogram, the histogram is determined as an optimal condition for inspection, and inspection is performed based on the image obtained under that condition.

Abstract: A sensor mounting mechanism that includes a base member adapted to be mounted to a structure and a base neck having a first end and a second end where the first end is adapted to be coupled to a sensor with a ball-socket coupling and the second end is coupled to the base member with a rotating coupling. The mounting mechanism provides fine and coarse adjustment means for adjusting the scanning area of the sensor such as an PIR occupancy sensor without the use of a tool. The sensor includes a detachable lens holder for easy replacement of the lens.

Abstract: A method and system for calibrating a Time of Flight Positron Emission Tomography (TOF PET) system are provided. The method includes storing acquired scan data from detector pairs. The acquired scan data includes image data and timing information. The method further includes reconstructing images using scan data. The method also includes determining a timing correction for each detector based on intensity distribution histograms of emission sources. The system includes a controller, which is configured to perform the above-mentioned method steps.

Abstract: Method and system are provided for calibrating a nuclear medical imaging apparatus for DC shift caused by gamma event afterglow pulses. Detector responses to weak and to high count rate radiation sources are compared with each other, and a zero correction value is incremented until the detector response is the same for the weak source and the high count rate source. The zero correction value is then stored as a static zero correction value, which multiplies a dynamic zero correction value obtained just prior to the occurrence of a gamma event, in order to remove the effects of DC shifts from the output energy signal Esum.

Abstract: A radiation detector comprises a plurality of detector units and x-ray absorption members placed between the respective detector units. An individual detector unit includes a sensor element and read-out circuitry. The x-ray absorption members have a wider portion and a narrower portion and the read-out circuitry is accommodated at the narrower portion of the x-ray absorption member. Hence, the read-out circuitry is shielded from incident x-rays by the wider portion.

Abstract: A wireless, independent digital imaging sensor utilizes an external charge balance capacitor to establish a sense voltage at a common node between the charge capacitor and the pixel intrinsic capacitors in the sensor panel. A variable width pulse train responds to the sense voltage to control injection of charge to the external capacitor to maintain a constant voltage at the common equal to a reference voltage. An increase in pulse width above a threshold level representative of the onset of X-ray exposure is detected to generate an output control signal used to control subsequent image acquisition functions of the imaging sensor.

Abstract: A wireless X-ray detector for a digital radiography system with remote detection of impinging radiation from the system X-ray source onto a sensor panel having amorphous or crystalline silicon photodiodes or metal insulated semiconductor (MIS) sensors. Changes in current in the photodiode bias supply circuit is sensed to generate a signal indicating presence of radiation. Improved detection of X-ray cessation is achieved either by leaving at least one line of sensors connected between the bias supply circuit to a virtual ground during charge accumulation or by using an X-ray presence detector circuit that increases the sensitivity of the detector circuit to bias circuit current changes occurring after onset of the radiation.

Abstract: The present invention provides an aberration corrector functioning under a condition outside the setting optical condition of an incorporated charged particle beam apparatus. An intermediate potential region different from the ground potential of an aberration corrector is provided in the space between the stages of multipole lenses constructing the aberration corrector to adjust a potential. Using this, when selecting an incident (outgoing) condition, an outgoing (incident) condition can be adjusted.

Abstract: An emitter of a Ga liquid metal ion source is constituted to include W12 of a base material and Ga9 of an ion source element covering a surface as construction materials. By making back-sputtered particles become elements (W and Ga) of the Ga liquid metal ion sour source, if back-sputtered particles attach to the Ga liquid metal ion source, contamination which may change physical characteristics of Ga9 does not occur. A W aperture is used as a beam limiting (GUN) aperture to place Ga of approx. 25 mg (of melting point of 30° C.) on a surface of a portion included in a beam emission region (Ga store). When emitting ions to the beam limiting (GUN) aperture, Ga in the emission region melts and diffuses on a surface of the beam emission region of the W aperture.

Abstract: A particle beam apparatus has a cooled anti-contaminator (18) and/or a cooled specimen holder (17). A thermal conductor (19) is provided for providing a connection between the anti-contaminator (18) and/or the specimen holder (17), on the one hand, and the cooler (21) of a cryogen vessel (20) on the other hand. The thermal conductor (19) includes a carbon fiber bundle. With the carbon fiber bundle (19a, 19b), a high thermal conductivity is ensured between the cooler (21) and the surface (17, 18) to be cooled. At the same time, thermal expansions are avoided which lead to a displacement of the anti-contaminator (18) and/or the specimen holder (17).

Abstract: The subject matter of the invention is a readout method performed by stripe scanning planar objects with substances emitting fluorescence radiation, a detector being provided and said fluorescence radiation being imaged onto said detector, said detector comprising at least one row of N-linearly disposed single detector segments, with the scanning direction being rotated by angle ? with respect to the at least one detector row.

Abstract: A dosimeter and method of measuring an absorbed dose of ionizing radiation using the dosimeter comprising at least one first region containing a radiation sensitive material, and a second region containing an identification mark are described, wherein the method includes the steps of: providing a first region including a radiation sensitive material capable of measuring an absorbed dose of ionizing radiation; providing a second region bearing an identification mark; exposing at least the first region to a dose of ionizing radiation; and reading the signal from the first region. The dosimeter can be used to track location and irradiation of an associated good.

Abstract: In a radiographic image conversion panel including a photostimulable phosphor layer on a support, at least one layer of the photostimulable phosphor layer is formed by a deposition method and has a film thickness of 50 ?m to 10 mm, and the support includes a plurality of layers of two or more kind.

Abstract: A method for the protection of an optical element of a lithographic apparatus including the optical element and a source of radiation includes providing a material including one or more elements selected from B, C, Si, Ge and/or Sn, and arranging the material such that the source, in use, causes removal of at least part of the material, thereby providing depositable material, and such that at least part of the depositable material deposits on the optical element.

Abstract: A method for preventing wafer surface from bombardment by micro-dust particles during the ion implantation process is disclosed. The method adjusts, in mobile way, the rotation direction of the rotating disk system in association with the inclined direction of the wafer to make the ion-implanting surface, having deep micro-size circuit structure, of the wafer never face the bombardment by the micro-dust particles during the rotation of the rotating disk system. The method includes: adjusting the rotating direction of the rotating disk into clockwise direction when it comes to performing an implantation at positive inclined angle; and adjusting the rotating direction of the rotating disk into counter-clockwise direction when it comes to performing an implantation at negative inclined angle. In this way, the ion-implanting surface of the wafer will never be bombarded by the micro-dust particles.

Abstract: An entangled photon pair generating apparatus has a first definite polarization photon pair generating apparatus for generating a first definite polarization photon pair beam according to an incident pump beam, a wave plate for rotating by 90 degrees a plane of polarization of the first definite polarization photon pair beam emitted from the first definite polarization photon pair generating apparatus, and a second definite polarization photon pair generating apparatus for generating a second definite polarization photon pair beam according to the incident pump beam. They are adjacently placed in order along an optical axis of the incident pump beam.

Abstract: A portable high-intensity ultraviolet (UV-C) light gun is provided, the gun comprised of a high-intensity UV-C emitting light bulb mounted into a gun assembly. The gun assembly includes means for gathering and directing the high-intensity light emitted from the bulb and focusing the light into a beam that can be directed to a target. The gun assembly includes a light box that includes a bulb mount having electrical terminals for electrically connecting a UV bulb to a power source, and further includes a mirror for gathering and reflecting the emitted light towards an opening provided in the light box. One end of an elongated cylindrical hollow light tube is connected to the opening for channeling and focusing the emitted and reflected light from the light box toward the opposite open end of the tube. The tube can include a nozzle for further focusing and directing of the emitted light. Methods of using the gun to eradicate pathogens and other biological organisms are also provided.

Abstract: A radiation attenuation system suitable for use in radiological examinations includes a first portion comprising a radiation attenuation material and a second portion comprising a relatively non-radiation attenuation buffer region between the radiation attenuation material and an article undergoing the examination. The radiation attenuation system may be positioned over, under, near, or otherwise about the article. According to one embodiment, the radiation attenuation system is intended to be positioned over a target area on the article and coincident with the primary radiation beam.

Abstract: A method of generating masks for printing a pattern including a plurality of features having varying critical dimensions. The method includes the steps of: (1) obtaining data representing the pattern; (2) defining a plurality of distinct zones based on the critical dimensions of the plurality of features; (3) categorizing each of the features into one of the plurality of distinct zones; and (4) modifying the mask pattern for each feature categorized into a predefined distinct zone of the plurality of distinct zones.

Abstract: A method of continuity checking an optical connection. An first optical source transmits an optical signal. A first optical receiver is checked for the optical signal. A second optical source transmits another optical signal. A second optical receiver checks for the other optical signal.

Abstract: An x-ray sensor 60 includes a phosphorescent phosphor 601 susceptible to x-ray irradiation 12 for forming an image in the phosphor, the phosphor having a decay period 71 persistent after an irradiation period 75. A photoelectric sensor array 603 is arranged to receive phosphorescent emission from the phosphorescent phosphor 601 corresponding to the image. The photoelectric sensor array is gated off for a gated period 72 during at least some of, or exceeding, the irradiation period 75 to dump output from the photoelectric sensor array means generated during at least some of the irradiation period to reduce the effect of direct x-ray irradiation of the photoelectric sensor array. A signal is at least primarily output from the sensor from persisting phosphorescence from the phosphor during the decay period.

Abstract: An image signal is read out by use of a stimulable phosphor sheet having a layer of stimulable phosphor which emits stimulated emission in proportion to the stored energy of radiation upon exposure to stimulating light and a solid image sensor having a photoconductive material layer which exhibits electric conductivity upon exposure to the stimulated emission from the stimulable phosphor sheet. Stimulating light is caused to scan a stimulable phosphor sheet which has been exposed to radiation and has stored an image, the photoconductive material layer is caused to be exposed to stimulated emission emitted from the stimulable phosphor sheet upon exposure to the stimulating light. Then electric charges generated in the photoconductive material layer upon exposure to the stimulated emission is detected by applying an electric field to the photoconductive material layer.

Abstract: A phase change material may include a pore formed of a relatively smaller phase change material and a relatively larger resistance heater. As a result, the relatively smaller portion of phase change material may have improved properties.

Abstract: Quantum-well sensors having an array of spatially separated quantum-well columns formed on a substrate. A grating can be formed increase the coupling efficiency.

Abstract: A photonic device includes a silicon semiconductor based superlattice. The superlattice has a plurality of layers that form a plurality of repeating units. At least one of the layers in the repeating unit is an optically active layer with at least one species of rare earth ion.

Abstract: A nitride semiconductor device including a light emitting device comprises a n-type region of one or more nitride semiconductor layers having n-type conductivity, a p-type region of one or more nitride semiconductor layers having p-type conductivity and an active layer between the n-type region and the p-type region. In such devices, there is provided with a super lattice layer comprising first layers and second layers which are nitride semiconductors having a different composition respectively. The super lattice structure makes working current and voltage of the device lowered, resulting in realization of more efficient devices.

Abstract: The present invention relates to organic light emitting devices (OLEDs). The devices of the present invention are efficient white or multicolored phosphorescent OLEDs which have a high color stability over a wide range of luminances. The devices of the present invention comprise an emissive region having at least two emissive layers, with each emissive layer comprising a different host and emissive dopant, wherein at least one of the emissive dopants emits by phosphorescence.

Abstract: The present invention relates to organic semiconductor diodes, in particular, to the diodes with nonlinear current-voltage characteristics, which are used for power switching, rectifying variable signals, and frequency mixing. The organic semiconductor diode with the p-n junction comprises an anode, cathode, a hole transport layer in contact with the anode, and an electron transport layer in contact with the cathode, and two transport layers being in contact with each other. Another aspect of the present invention is a Schottky barrier diode comprising anode, cathode, and an organic semiconductor layer, wherein the semiconductor layer is either hole or electron transport layer. At least one of the transport layers is characterized by a globally ordered crystalline structure with intermolecular spacing of 3.4±0.3 ? in the direction of one crystal axis. One more aspect of the present invention is a method for obtaining an organic semiconductor layer with the electron-hole type of conductivity.

Abstract: In electronic displays or imaging units, the control of pixels is achieved by an array of transistors. These transistors are in a thin film form and arranged in a two-dimensional configuration to form switching circuits, driving circuits or even read-out circuits. In this invention, thin film transistors and circuits with indium oxide-based channel layers are provided. These thin film transistors and circuits may be fabricated at low temperatures on various substrates and with high charge carrier mobilities. In addition to conventional rigid substrates, the present thin film transistors and circuits are particularly suited for the fabrication on flexible and transparent substrates for electronic display and imaging applications. Methods for the fabrication of the thin film transistors with indium oxide-based channels are provided.