Abstract: Techniques allow network devices to set up multiple multicast distribution structures for a given multicast group and source. According to the techniques, a multicast protocol is extended to include an instance number in the control messages, where the instance number corresponds to one of a plurality of instances for the multicast group and source. The network device sends a join request for each of the N instances for the multicast group to a plurality of upstream routers. Each of the join requests specifies a different instance of the multicast group to be joined. The source device for the multicast group selects one of the N instances, for example using a unicast Equal Cost Multipath (ECMP) hashing algorithm, and sends multicast content for the multicast group to via the multicast distribution structure corresponding to the selected one of the N instances.

Abstract: A header information parsing and extracting method for a DTV decoding system is provided. A transport stream comprising a plurality of PES packets is received. At least one field of PES headers or headers within ES is selectively extracted from the transport stream to a programmable table. The access units are extracted from the PES packets to an elementary stream buffer. The fields in the programmable table are read to control an elementary stream decoding. The access units in the elementary stream buffer are read for the elementary stream decoding. The field to extract is selected by control signals, and the programmable table is accordingly established when the field is selected.

Abstract: A system for, and method of, generating a minimum quantity of route target attributes is described. According to a method embodiment, a minimal set of unique permutations of data flows between sites of one or more Virtual Private Network (VPNs) is computed by comparing permutations of data flows to and from each site of a customer (i.e., variations of connectivity between sites) and identifying which permutation of data flows are unique while ignoring any duplicate permutations of data flows. Unique route target attributes are then generated, each route target attribute corresponding to a particular one of the unique permutations of data flows. Typically, the quantity of unique route target numbers generated is equal to the minimum quantity of unique permutations of data flows.

Abstract: The Ethernet connection-based forwarding process is a system and method of establishing a pre-determined transmission path before communicating frames of data over an Ethernet connection. The present invention supports reserving resources on each of the Ethernet switches which may be on a desired communications path while setting up the connection based forwarding tables. The present invention can differentiate two connections having the same destination MAC address but different source MAC addresses so that streams of frame data from the different sources can be merged and separated en-route to the destination, thus making it possible to reserve proper resources on the switches for a connection thereby satisfying QoS requirements for the connection. A provisioned connection also eliminates the requirement of a loop free active topology. The present invention also eliminates the requirement of spanning tree protocols so that all bridge ports may be accessed for forwarding of Ethernet frame data.

Abstract: A communication conditions determination method, a communication conditions determination system, and a determination apparatus are provided in which the conditions of communication which is performed through a plurality of communication networks are determined without setting up a special apparatus on all the communication networks and without increasing the existing traffic. In a first communication network 100 and a second communication network 200 which are connected by a first connection apparatus 1 such as a router, a determination is made as to whether the source of a packet passed through the second communication network 200 is the first connection apparatus 1 or an apparatus other than the first connection apparatus 1. Packets whose respective sources are the first connection apparatus 1 and packets whose respective sources are an apparatus other than the first connection apparatus 1 are individually summarized. By comparing summarized results, the communication conditions are determined.

Abstract: A packet forwarding apparatus 200 transmits an inputted packet A to a first output port that is one of a plurality of output ports and transmits a dummy packet A storing the packet length of packet A to the other output port. A shaping unit 100-1 corresponding to the first output port uses the packet length of the packet A and a shaping unit 100-2 corresponding to the port other than the first output port uses a packet length in the dummy packet A so as to control the bandwidth of the packet A to be transmitted, thus controlling the total bandwidth of the packet A.

Abstract: Flow information of excessive traffic detected by a traffic monitor of a packet forwarding apparatus is entirely delivered to a manager server. By combining input/output port information of the flow and topology information, the manager server calculates from where the flow is inputted and to where the flow is outputted. By further combining results of judgment of traffic contents, the manager server controls the traffic at an optimal position according to the traffic contents. The problems of inefficiency can be avoided by managing the flow information by the manager server in a concentrated way. Adding the flow information to the network topology drawing for each flow, it is possible for the network administrator to more easily understand the statuses of flows on the network.

Abstract: In a cell assembling method and device for packets received from a plurality of input ports, packets received from e.g. four input ports are respectively stored in packet buffers. By sequentially and cyclically providing a read request to the packet buffers at regular intervals, the packets per fixed length data are sequentially and cyclically read. Then, by capsulating the fixed length data read (any one of fixed length data), the data is converted into e.g. an ATM cell. Alternatively, based on cell assembling information (any one of cell assembling information synchronized with fixed length data), e.g. an ATM header is generated to be used for a conversion into the ATM cell.

Abstract: A method, a server and a system for managing a session in walkie-talkie (“push-to-talk”) mode between terminals each of which has respective capacities for encoding and decoding voice and/or image signals. The terminals are logged onto the session via a server and a first wireless telecommunications network to which the terminals are connected and a second network to which the server is connected. The server comprises a data encoder/decoder. When a session is established at the request of a terminal, a sender terminal sends data encoded according to an initial type of coding to one or more receiver terminals that are connected via the server.

Abstract: An apparatus in one example has: a plurality of networks operatively coupled to one another, and having respective end points; and a single SIP (Session Initiation Protocol) profile useable by each network of the plurality of networks; wherein two end points, via signaling mechanisms within SIP, negotiate a level of support for ISUP (Integrated Services Digital Network User Part) services that are usable between the two end points.

Abstract: The invention reduces the initial setting cost, the management cost, and reconfiguration cost of QoS guarantee for network devices. A management device has a control unit and the storage unit. The control unit obtains the number of terminals contained in the network system and connection relations of the network system at the time of initial setting for QoS guarantee. A control unit stores an operation policy which an administrator inputs. The control unit creates QoS control configuration for each connection path between adjacent two network devices using the number of terminals in the network system, the connection relations, and the operation policy. And QoS control configuration is the information for controlling the QoS guarantee of network devices. And the control unit sets the QoS control configuration in the network devices.

Abstract: The present invention provides a method for utilizing a backup timing source in digital communication systems when GPS becomes nonfunctional. When a base station fails to receive an expected signal from a GPS satellite, a GPS failure timer is started. If the base station does not receive a signal from the GPS satellite prior to the expiration of the timer, the wireless communication system switches to a backup timing system, such as NTP (Network Time Protocol).

Abstract: A method of providing an interactive multimedia game to a multimedia terminal in a telecommunication network includes receiving, at a multimedia exchange server, a request to establish a communication link between the multimedia terminal and the multimedia exchange server and establishing the communication link between the multimedia terminal and the multimedia exchange server. The method also includes providing, at the multimedia exchange server, a first media stream to the multimedia terminal. The first media stream is associated with the interactive multimedia game. The method further includes receiving, at the multimedia exchange server, one or more user inputs from the multimedia terminal. The one or more user inputs either control the interactive multimedia game or define a participation in the interactive multimedia game.

Abstract: A method for protecting SIP (Session Initiation Protocol)-based applications wherein SIP messages are analyzed and malicious SIP messages that potentially constitute a security risk for the SIP-based application are identified is discloses. Regarding a realization of a particularly high security [level] with means that are easy to implement—a pre-definable number N of pre-configurable parameters—identities—is extracted from the SIP messages and that for each SIP message a comparison of the identities with the identities extracted from previous SIP message is performed, on the base of which a maliciousness level ML is assessed for every SIP message.

Abstract: A method for data segmentation and concatenation, including the steps of: first deciding whether the type of Service Data Unit (SDU) information to be encapsulated in a Protocol Data Unit (PDU) is identical consistent with the type of SDU information already encapsulated in the PDU, if consistent, encapsulating the SDU information to be encapsulated in the PDU for transmission; if not consistent, encapsulating the SDU information to be encapsulated in a second PDU for transmission. A method for data reassembly and a transmitter are disclosed as well. By the method for data segmentation and concatenation, the method for data reassembly, and the transmitter, it is possible to avoid unnecessary duplicated reassembly, preventing the receiver from reassembling the data that may lead to errors and improving the reliability of information transmission.

Abstract: The solution to the shortest path between a source node and multiple destination nodes is accelerated using a grouping of nodes, where the nodes are grouped based on distance from the source node, and a corresponding set of memory locations that indicate when a group includes one or more nodes. The memory locations can be quickly searched to determine the group that represents the shortest distance from the source node and that includes one or more nodes. Nodes may be grouped into additional groupings that do not correspond to the set of memory locations, when the distance from the source node to the nodes exceeds the range of memory locations. Advantageously, the disclosed system and method provide the ability to reach asymptotically optimal performance.

Abstract: A system for preventing quality of service policy abuse comprising a media connection and a local area network prioritizing quality of service in which quality of service to a to a video receiver or similar device may be maintained by prioritizing its signal relative to other signals competing for network bandwidth.

Abstract: An audio application program is isolated from an Internet application program in a cell phone system having a processor. An operating system program, a partition manager process and the audio and Internet application programs are stored in a computer readable memory of the cell phone. The method includes executing the partition manager process, the audio application program and the Internet application program by the cell phone system processor. Executing the partition manager process includes the partition manager process controlling the audio application program executing to be associated with a first executing instance of the cell phone operating system and the Internet application program executing to be associated with a second executing instance of the cell phone operating system, so that the audio application program is isolated from the Internet application program.

Abstract: A network apparatus is disclosed. The network apparatus includes the following items so that a network address required for identifying the network apparatus in a network is generated, the network apparatus including an input unit for inputting a keyword for automatic generation of a network address, and an address generating unit for automatically generating the network address based on the input keyword.

Abstract: In embodiments of the present invention improved capabilities are described for using a primary controller in a mesh network to instruct a static update controller to enable node information server functionality to form a static update controller information server. Capabilities are described for using the static update controller information server to enable other controllers in the mesh network to command other nodes in the mesh network on behalf of the static update controller information server, to distribute an installation process to a plurality of controllers in a mesh network, and the like.

Abstract: A method of initializing, provisioning, and managing a cable modem and a customer premise equipment device includes sending a customized configuration file to the cable modem. The configuration file contains service provisioning information and further includes information indicative of a device-to-device communication configuration. A message is passed from the cable modem to the customer premise equipment device indicative of the device-to-device communication configuration. The customer premise equipment device is initialized for device-to-device communication with any other customer premise equipment devices in accordance with the device-to-device communication configuration indicated in the message, which relates to physical layer and data link layer communications among customer premise equipment devices. In this way, the customer premise equipment device knows how to communicate with other customer premise equipment devices, for example, at the same subscriber location.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are techniques for protecting VoIP networks by defending against malicious traffic and malicious access to the systems and networks used for the transmission, storage and management of VoIP data, including defense against weaknesses inherent in VoIP, Local Area Network (LAN), Wide Area Network (WAN) and Internet networks used to carry VoIP traffic.

Abstract: A multimedia exchange server adapted to communicate multimedia information includes a multimedia gateway adapted to receive a first media from a first network and transmit a second media to a second network. The multimedia exchange server also includes a processor coupled to the multimedia gateway and adapted to provide the second media. The multimedia exchange server further includes a memory coupled to the processor and adapted to store the first media. The first media is stored in the memory for a predetermined period of time, which is greater than a buffering period.

Abstract: An apparatus and method for efficiently processing a dormant state in a packet service between communication networks providing the packet service using different mobile communication technologies is disclosed. This method includes disconnecting, by a multi-mode terminal, a current packet call and changing to a new serviceable mode, if a multi-mode terminal moves to a poor communication area in a dormant or preservation state occurring during a packet service. In this state, by immediately returning to a packet call reconnection state if a user performs a subsequent operation, an area in which the packet service cannot be provided can be minimized, and a communication mode in which a best communication service can be provided can be established.

Abstract: To provide a media gateway device that can eliminate partition loss of internal resources of an MGW and effectively utilize the internal resources of the MGW. When starting or restarting service of an MGW, a call control management part of the MGW sends a service registration request signal to MGCs. The MGCs that receive the service registration request signal send back a service registration request response signal as a response. The call control management part registers an MGC from which a response was normally received as an object for implementation of call processing. Upon reception of a service registration request response signal from at least one MGC, the call control management part enters an in-service state. The call control management part periodically performs resending of service registration request signals only to MGCs from which a response can not be normally received.

Abstract: A variety of techniques and devices for acquiring user status information at a transmitting device to a receiving device, or vice versa, are provided.

Abstract: The present invention prevents a receiving buffer from becoming empty by: storing received packets in the receiving buffer; detecting the largest arrival delay jitter of the packets and the buffer level of the receiving buffer by a state detecting part; obtaining an optimum buffer level for the largest delay jitter using a predetermined table by a control part; determining, based on the detected buffer level and the optimum buffer level, the level of urgency about the need to adjust the buffer level; expanding or reducing the waveform of a decoded audio data stream of the current frame decoded from a packet read out of the receiving buffer by a consumption adjusting part to adjust the consumption of reproduction frames on the basis of the urgency level, the detected buffer level, and the optimum buffer level.

Abstract: A control system for packet transmission. A forward control unit receives a packet providing a port count through an input port and implements a lookup operation. A queue control unit determines whether the port count is greater than a first predetermined value, and, if not, outputs the packet through a first port, and, if so, sends a first message. A multicast forward control unit receives the first message, adds one to a first packet count, determines whether the first packet count is greater than a threshold value, and, if so, sends a stop forward message to the forward control unit but does not send a grant message. The forward control unit receives the stop forward message and does not transmit subsequent packets to the first port but to a second port directly.

Abstract: A routing system and a method for managing forwarding information therein includes a table for storing the index of the output interface table which contains the output interface information for transmitting the packets respectively received at the routing controller and the forwarder to the next hop and the index of the MAC table which contains the MAC information necessary to transmit the received packets to the next hop is provided, thereby preventing the packet from being lost during the backup of the forwarding information which is performed by the rebooting of the routing controller. Accordingly, there is no need for a memory for respectively storing the forwarding information before and after the rebooting of the routing controller.

Abstract: An integrated network adapter is operable to establish a network interface with a plurality of media types, including at least a power line network and a telephone line network, based on pre-configuration, upon initialization and dynamically during operation. The adapter further is operable to establish network interfaces simultaneously or separately with a plurality of media types and provide that a communications event can occur simultaneously or separately over a plurality of media types.

Abstract: A method for testing a bidirectional communication interface comprising a transmitter (8) and a receiver (7) connected to a some transmission line (4) comprises the steps of a) repeatedly emitting (S3, S7, S14) a test signal in a first frequency range by the transmitter (8), each of said emitted test signals being associated to a reference time mark, b) receiving response signals (S4, S8) in a second frequency range associated to said test signals at the receiver (7) such that the reference time marks of their associated test signals are synchronized, yielding a superimposed response signal, c) based on the superimposed response signal, judging (S11, S18) the interface to be in order or not in order.

Abstract: The invention provides a packet communication system, a packet communication method, a transmission apparatus, and a storage medium having stored therein a computer program used in the transmission apparatus. The transmission apparatus generates a random number, sets a packet transmission interval based on the generated random number, and transmits a packet in the packet transmission interval. In addition, the transmission apparatus transmits a load density detection packet for detecting traffic load density, receives from a reception apparatus transmission quality information about the delay and/or loss rate of the load density detection packet, and calculates, based on the received transmission quality information, a time at which delay is smallest in a packet transmission interval and/or a time at which a loss rate is lowest in the packet transmission interval. The transmission apparatus sets the calculated time as a packet transmission start time and starts packet transmission.

Abstract: One embodiment of the present invention includes a method for adaptively estimating available upstream bandwidth in a network. The method comprises monitoring data indicative of a number of lost packets at a near-end communication device. The data indicative of a number of lost packets can be periodically transmitted from a far-end communication device. The method also comprises increasing an amount of upstream bandwidth transmission until the monitored data exceeds a threshold. The method also comprises calculating an estimated available upstream bandwidth based on a portion of a maximum amount of the upstream bandwidth transmission.

Abstract: Disclosed are processors for implementing the Media-access control layer of a network device.

Abstract: The communication device has three useful data transmission states, where the communication device in the first and in the second state has associated first communication resources and in the third state has associated second communication resources, with the second communication resources being fewer than the first communication resources. Provision is made for there to be state changes from the first state to the second state, from the second state to the third state, from the third state to the first state and from the second state to the first state.

Abstract: This invention relates generally to a method of associating an IP address with a link layer address in a wireless communication network. The method comprises the steps of assigning an IP address to a plurality of link layer addresses; establishing a link layer connection with a first wireless network interface on the IP address; and establishing a link layer connection with a second wireless network interface on the IP address. The method of the present invention enables the increased downloading of data to a client device by aggregating data links associated with an IP address. The method also enables the bi-casting of data to a client device from an IP address associated with a plurality of link layer addresses of wireless communication device. Finally, the invention enables failure recovery by enabling downloading to a second link layer address if a communication link to a first link layer address deteriorates.

Abstract: A method includes receiving at least one transport block and determining from the at least one transport block a first data unit, wherein a portion but not all of the first, data unit includes a second data unit; determining information corresponding to acknowledgement status of the first data unit; determining, based at least on the information, whether a request should be performed requesting retransmission of the second data unit; and performing the request in response to a determination the request should be performed. Another method includes determining information corresponding to acknowledgement status of a previously transmitted data unit, wherein a portion but not all of the previously transmitted data unit includes a second data unit; determining, based at least on the information, whether retransmission of the second data unit should occur; and performing the retransmission of the second data unit in response to a determination the retransmission should be performed.

Abstract: A method for multiplexing communication resources to multiple users in a communication system having no network resource planning. The method includes the steps of: generating a generic time-frequency (T-F) mapping pattern (TFPgeneric), generating a set of orthogonal T-F mapping patterns from said generic T-F mapping pattern (TFPgeneric), performing a random variable cyclic offsetting of said set of orthogonal T-F mapping patterns in each transmission time interval (TTI), and allocating the orthogonal T-F mapping patterns to the one or more users and/or traffic channels in each TTI. A transmitter for executing said multiplexing method, and a system including such transmitters, are also disclosed.

Abstract: A device and a method for providing programs to multiple end user devices. The method includes: providing to multiple end user devices, via an edge device, at least one type of media stream out of unicast media stream and a multicast media stream; wherein the at least one type of media stream convey a group of programs; receiving a request from a first end user device to view a first program that belongs to the group of programs; and selectively switching, in response to bandwidth constraints imposed on a communication path coupled to the edge device, a type of a media stream that conveys the first program to a second end user device.

Abstract: A voice speed adjusting system of VoIP phone and the method therefor are provided. When the parameter for adjusting the voice playing speed of IP phone is set to a setting module at a receiving end, an adjusting module is used to adjust the voice data stored in a cache accordingly. The adjusted voice data are processed and encoded/decoded by a CPU. An output module is used for outputting the adjusted voice data according to the speed parameter. A prompting module at the sending end displays that the receiving end is adjusting the voice speed. That is, a conversation can be conducted at an appropriate speed and the sending end can also receive a message of voice speed adjustment at the receiving end.

Abstract: Various embodiments of the present invention are directed to methods and systems for circumventing, and altering transmission-channel users of, transmission-channel disruptions. In one embodiment of the present invention, a source encodes information in a first signal and transmits the first signal in a source channel to a multiplexer. The multiplexer distributes the first signal over N transmission channels. A demultiplexer combines the signals distributed over the N transmission channels into a second signal encoding of the information. The distribution system also includes a detector that receives the second signal output from the demultiplexer, and one or more detectors that receive one or more additional signals output from the demultiplexer. The additional signals are produced by the demultiplexer when a disruption occurs in one or more of the transmission channels and are used to alert transmission-channel users of the disruption.

Abstract: A transmitting apparatus connects a first network that includes a plurality of channels each of which having a preset priority and a predetermined bandwidth speed and a second network. A bandwidth-speed adjusting unit retrieves, when a channel speed of the second network changes, the changed channel speed, adjusts the bandwidth speed in such a manner that a sum of the bandwidth speeds of the channels of the first network does is below the changed channel speed and a bandwidth speed of a high-priority channel is not decreased from an inherent bandwidth speed, and resets the adjusted bandwidth speed on each of the channels of the first network.

Abstract: A retransmission apparatus is provided that uses a packet method for a DMB service and includes: a DMB receiver for receiving DMB data from a medium; a DMB transmission mode release unit that outputs an MPEG-2 TS by releasing a DMB transmission mode in the DMB data received from the DMB receiver; a channel information extractor that extracts channel information contained in a Fast Information Channel (FIC) of the DMB data in the DMB transmission mode release process of the DMB transmission mode release unit; a data information extractor that receives the MPEG-2 TS from the DMB transmission mode release unit and extracts data information indicating a location of an elementary stream from the received MPEG-2 TS; a channel information database (DB) that stores the channel information extracted by the channel information extractor and the data information extracted by the data information extractor as channel data; a first IP streamer that IP-streams the MPEG-2 TS output from the data information extractor; and a

Abstract: In order to reduce the sizes of a tunable optical filter and an external-resonator-type tunable semiconductor laser device, the filter includes: a silicon substrate; a glass substrate which is disposed opposed to the face of the silicon substrate and is equipped with a transparent electrode layer provided over the face thereof disposed to the substrate; an optical diffracting-and-reflecting layer disposed over the face of the silicon substrate; and a liquid crystal layer disposed between the optical diffracting-and-reflecting layer and the transparent electrode layer; and the filter is characterized in that in the filter where the refractive index of the liquid crystal layer is controlled by the voltage applied between the silicon substrate and the transparent electrode layer, a silicon-substrate-side electrode terminal for applying the voltage thereto is provided on the backside of the silicon substrate, this filter being assembled in the external-resonator-type tunable semiconductor laser device.

Abstract: A laser-resonator includes a praseodymium-doped crystal gain-medium optically pumped by plane-polarized blue light delivered by a frequency-doubled, external cavity, surface-emitting semiconductor laser. The laser-resonator generates fundamental radiation at one of several possible wavelengths between about 500 nm and 750 nm. The fundamental wavelength generated is determined by a wavelength-selective element located in the laser-resonator and the polarization-orientation of the blue light relative to the c-axis of the crystal gain medium. An optically nonlinear crystal located in the laser-resonator frequency doubles the fundamental radiation to provide ultraviolet radiation.

Abstract: A fifth harmonic wave is formed from a fundamental wave of p-polarized light via a second harmonic wave forming optical element 3, a third harmonic wave forming optical element 4, and a fifth harmonic wave forming optical element 6 and a second harmonic wave of p-polarized light is formed from a fundamental wave of s-polarized light by a second harmonic wave forming optical element 9. The fifth harmonic wave of p-polarized light that is subjected to beam shaping by cylindrical lenses 7 and 8, the fundamental wave of s-polarized light, and the second harmonic wave of p-polarized light are combined by a dichroic mirror 10, and are incident on a seventh harmonic wave forming optical element 11.

Abstract: A fiber Chirped Pulse Amplification (CPA) laser system includes a fiber mode-locking oscillator for generating a laser and stretching into a few hundreds ps-10 ns pulse by a fiber stretcher for projecting into an acoustic-optic (AO) functioning as a pulse picker for generated a modulated laser with a reduced repetition rate for projecting to a multiple stage amplifier. The multiple stage amplifier further includes a first high-energy amplifier implemented with a large mode area (LMA) fiber for amplifying the modulated laser up to a uJ level laser and a second amplifier implemented with a PCF based Yb doped fiber to further amplify the uJ level laser to a mJ level laser.

Abstract: A fiber laser cavity that includes a laser gain medium for receiving an optical input projection from a laser pump, wherein the laser cavity further includes a normal dispersion fiber segment with a ??>0 where ?? representing a fiber dispersion, and an anomalous dispersion fiber segment with the ??<0 for generating a net anomalous dispersion for balancing a self-phase modulation (SPM) and a dispersion induced pulse broadening/compression in the fiber laser cavity for generating an output laser with a transform-limited pulse shape wherein the segment with the anomalous dispersion further includes a Photonic Crystal (PC), a Photonic Bandgap (PBG) or a higher order mode (HOM) fiber.

Abstract: A fiber laser cavity that includes a fiber laser cavity that includes a laser gain medium for receiving an optical input projection from a laser pump. The fiber laser cavity further includes a positive dispersion fiber segment and a negative dispersion fiber segment for generating a net negative dispersion for balancing a self-phase modulation (SPM) and a dispersion induced pulse broadening-compression in the fiber laser cavity for generating an output laser with a transform-limited pulse shape wherein the laser gain medium further amplifying and compacting a laser pulse. The fiber laser cavity further includes a gain-flattening filter for flattening a gain over a range of wavelengths whereby the laser cavity is enabled to amplify a laser with improved pulse shape over the range of wavelengths.

Abstract: This invention discloses a fiber Chirped Pulse Amplification (CPA) laser system. The system includes a fiber mode-locking oscillator for generating a seed laser. The laser system further includes a stretching stage for stretching the seed laser for projecting to an Yb doped amplifier. The Yb doped amplifier is implemented for taking advantage of a self phase modulation (SPM) to broaden a spectrum whereby an amplification of the laser pulse is without narrowing down the spectrum. The amplifier has a gain spectrum corresponding to a broaden spectrum by taking advantage of the SPM in the amplifier. The amplifier is further connected to an output fiber having a predefined length with a predefined level of SPM for broadening a spectrum.