Abstract: An optical encoder including a leadframe substrate, an emitter, and a detector is disclosed. The leadframe substrate bent to include a base portion, an emitter portion and a detector portion. The emitter, for emitting light, is mounted on the emitter portion. The detector, for detecting light, is mounted on the detector portion. The emitter portion lies at an emitter angle relative to the base portion such that light emitted by the emitter is generally directed at a desired direction. The detector portion lies at a detector angle relative to the base portion such that reflected light is captured by the detector. Due to the angles at which the emitter and the detector are mounted, lenses are not necessary; however, even if lenses are used, the encoder is more robust towards manufacturing tolerances of the lenses.

Abstract: In a position-measuring device for acquiring the relative position of a scanning unit and a reflection measuring graduation movable relative thereto in at least one measuring direction, the scanning unit includes a light source and a detector arrangement in a detection plane. In a first variant of the scanning unit, at least one optical reflector element is positioned in the scanning beam path which has an optical effect on the scanning beam path to the effect that the distance between a virtual light source and the reflection measuring graduation on one hand, and the distance between the reflection measuring graduation and the detector arrangement/detection plane on the other hand are identical.

Abstract: The present invention teaches a new and unique method and apparatus of resolving the inaccuracy related to high photon counting rate in photon counting-based detectors that comprises a sensor, a discriminator and a counter. According to the method, a circuitry is provided at the output of the discriminator wherein the circuitry is adapted to measure duty cycle of a signal by which an indication of an input rate of photons to the discriminator is established.

Abstract: The present invention relates to, inter alia, methods and apparatuses for electron transfer dissociation (ETD) that vary the internal energy of precursor ions for ETD. The methods and apparatuses are particularly useful in mass spectrometry.

Abstract: In various aspects, the present teachings provide systems and methods for reducing chemical noise in a mass spectrometry instrument that use a neutral chemical reagent and one or more mass filters to reduce interfering chemical background ion signals that are generated by ionization sources of mass spectrometers. In various embodiments, the neutral chemical reagent belongs to the class of organic chemical species containing a disulfide functionality.

Abstract: An electron microscope suitable for observing at least one sample is provided. The sample has at least one testing area, and a material of the sample on the testing area is semiconductive or conductive. The electron microscope includes a stage, an electron gun, and at least one probe. The stage is suitable for carrying the sample and the sample is not electrically grounded. The electron gun is suitable for generating an electron beam and accumulating charges on the sample. When the probe contacts with the testing area, the image contrast of the testing area will change. The current through the probe will also change upon contact. Methods have been provided based on these principles to determine “when” and “where” the probe starts to contact the sample surface inside an electron microscope.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a focussing lens (100) for focussing a charged particle beam (7) onto a specimen (3) at a predetermined landing angle (42; 42?; 42) comprising at least one first electrode (26, 105, 105a) having a first aperture (106) to generate a focussing electric field (110) for focussing the charged particle beam (7) onto the specimen (3); and a correcting electrode having a curved surface (115) to compensate for landing angle dependent distortions of the focussing electric field (110) caused by the specimen (3). With the curved surface (115) of the correcting electrode it is possible to improve the focussing of a charged particle beam at landing angles that differ from the perpendicular landing angle.

Abstract: The present disclosure is related to bolometric infrared sensors having a two-layer structure and methods for manufacturing the same for improving an absorption rate by a spectroscopic design for resonantly absorbing infrared, and preventing the deformation of a sensor caused by stresses due to heat. The infrared sensor including an ROIC substrate and several pixels, comprises: a bottom layer including a reflective metal layer on the ROIC substrate; a cavity for resonantly absorbing infrared ray over the bottom layer; an upper layer of a sandwich shape including an absorption-transmission layer having a cutting area in the middle thereof and a bolometer layer placed both on and under the absorption-transmission layer; and anchors positioned at the edges of the pixel for supporting the upper layer and functioning as electrodes.

Abstract: Embodiments of methods, apparatuses, systems and/or devices for passive biometric spectroscopy are disclosed.

Abstract: A method for determining a location of IR-cut filter film on a substrate, the filter film and the substrate cooperatively functioning as an IR-cut filter, includes the steps of: providing an infrared laser device, an IR-cut filter and an infrared laser sensor; emitting a laser from the IR laser device to a surface of the IR-cut filter in a manner such that the laser beam is obliquely incident on an edge portion of the IR-cut filter; and determining the location of the filter film on the substrate of the IR-cut filter in such a way that, if the intensity of the laser beam received by the infrared sensor is equal to or close to zero, the location of the filter film is on a surface of the substrate facing towards the infrared laser device; if the intensity of the laser beam received by the infrared sensor is the same as or close to an intensity of the laser beam emitted from the infrared laser device, the location of the filter film is on a surface of the substrate facing away from the infrared sensor.

Abstract: A sensor mounting mechanism that includes a base member adapted to be mounted to a structure and a base neck having a first end and a second end where the first end is adapted to be coupled to a sensor with a ball-socket coupling and the second end is coupled to the base member with a rotating coupling. The mounting mechanism provides fine and course adjustment means for adjusting the scanning area of the sensor such as an PIR occupancy sensor without the use of a tool. The sensor includes a detachable lens holder for easy replacement of the lens.

Abstract: The present invention concerns very fast scintillator materials comprising lutetium iodide doped with Cerium (Lu1-xI3:Cex; LuI3:Ce). The LuI3 scintillator material has surprisingly good characteristics including high light output, high gamma ray stopping efficiency, fast response, low cost, good proportionality, and minimal afterglow that the material is useful for gamma ray spectroscopy, medical imaging, nuclear and high energy physics research, diffraction, non-destructive testing, nuclear treaty verification and safeguards, and geological exploration. The timing resolution of the scintillators of the present invention provide compositions capable of resolving the position of an annihilation event within a portion of a human body cross-section.

Abstract: A method for making isolating plates for imaging array of crystal lattices, which comprises steps of: providing a substrate; coating a mirror film on the substrate by evaporation so as to form a mirror substrate; and, forming a comb-like isolating plate by the formation of a plurality of notches on the mirror substrate. By assembling a plurality of the comb-like isolating plates to form an array with a plurality of isolated spaces. After inserting a scintillator segment in each of those isolated spaces, an imaging array of crystal lattices for gamma ray detection in nuclear medicine can be manufactured. The imaging device of the invention is preferred since it is easy to assemble, inexpensive, and exhibits desirable imaging and light condensing effects.

Abstract: Various aspects of the invention provide improved approaches and methods for efficiently: Vaporizing decaborane and other heat-sensitive materials via a novel vaporizer and vapor delivery system; Delivering a controlled, low-pressure drop flow of vapors, e.g.

Abstract: The invention relates to an electron impact gas ion with high brightness and low energy spread. This high brightness is achieved by injecting electrons in a small ionization volume (from less than 1 ?m to several tens of micrometers in size) from one side and extracting ions from the other. The electrons injected are produced by a high brightness electron source, such as a field emitter or a Schottky emitter. In one embodiment of the invention the required high electron density in the ionization volume is realized by placing a field emitter close to the ionization volume (e.g. 30 ?m), without optics between source and ionization volume. In another embodiment of the invention the source is imaged onto a MEMS structure. Two small diaphragms of e.g. 50 nm are spaced e.g. 1 ?m apart. The electrons enter through one of these diaphragms, while the ions leave the ionization volume through the other one. The two diaphragms are manufactured by e.g.

Abstract: A fluorescence microscope 11 includes an objective lens 101, a dichroic mirror 102, a half mirror 105, a mirror 106, a laser light source 111, an ND filter 112, a beam expander 113, a mirror 114, a spatial light modulator 115, a lens 131, a band pass filter 132, a spatial light modulator 133, and a detector, etc. The spatial light modulator 115 can vary its spatial light modulation, and can set the number, positions, and shapes of regions to be irradiated with excitation light in the determined specimen 1 by irradiating the determined specimen 1 with spatially modulated excitation light via the subsequent optical system.

Abstract: This present disclosure provides an optical chip for fluorescence detection. The optical chip has one or more parabolic optical elements that capture and collimate the fluorescent light and direct it onto a detector. The optical chip may be constructed of a polymer and made using injection molding techniques.

Abstract: An x-ray detector has a light sensitive detector that is substantially transparent to x-rays, and has opposite sides that are permeated by incoming x-rays. At each of said opposite sides, a scintillator is arranged on the sensor that converts the incoming x-rays into light at each of said opposite sides.

Abstract: A method and apparatus 300 for better controlling scanning of a workpiece 330 through an ion beam path 306 provide for mounting a workpiece 330 on an elongated member, partially repetitively rotating the elongated member 500 around a point of rotation 368 to make repetitive scans of the workpiece 330 along and arcuate path 504 and bending the elongated member 500 at a joint 322 to move the one and out of the ion beam path 306 to facilitate attachment and removal of individual workpieces 330. A motor 315 used for the rotating may be suspended within a partial vacuum enclosure 304 against gravity for raising and lowering the elongated member and 500 a workpiece 306 for linear vertical scanning.

Abstract: A method for imaging a pattern onto a target portion of a substrate, comprises: providing a projection system configured to project a patterned radiation beam onto a target portion of a substrate,providing a substrate positioned on a substrate table, providing a level sensor arranged to provide level sensor readings being a measure of the topology of the substrate. The method further comprises:providing level sensor readings by scanning the target portion with the level sensor, while synchronously,imaging the pattern onto the target portion by scanning the target portion of the substrate with the patterned radiation beam, while positioning the substrate table with respect to the radiation beam based on the level sensor readings, wherein the level sensor readings are adjusted based on previously determined average level sensor readings.

Abstract: A particle therapy gantry for delivering a particle beam to a patient includes a beam tube having a curvature defining a particle beam path and a plurality of fixed field magnets sequentially arranged along the beam tube for guiding the particle beam along the particle path. In a method for delivering a particle beam to a patient through a gantry, a particle beam is guided by a plurality of fixed field magnets sequentially arranged along a beam tube of the gantry and the beam is alternately focused and defocused with alternately arranged combined function focusing and defocusing fixed field magnets.

Abstract: An insulator usable in high current ion implantation systems includes increased surface due to the configuration of an inner cylinder and an outer cylinder coupled to the inner cylinder at one end. A cylindrical cavity extends between the two cylinders increasing the surface area and making the insulator resistant to being coated by a coating that could produce a leakage path.

Abstract: An ion implantation cluster tool for implanting ions into a workpiece is provided, wherein a plurality of beamline assemblies having a respective plurality of ion beamlines associated therewith are positioned about a common process chamber. Each of the plurality of ion beamline assemblies are selectively isolated from the common process chamber, and the plurality of beamline intersect at a processing region of the process chamber. A scanning apparatus positioned within the common process chamber is operable to selectively translate a workpiece holder in one or more directions through each of the plurality of ion beamlines within the processing region, and a common dosimetry apparatus within the common process chamber is operable to measure one or more properties of each of the plurality of ion beamlines. A load lock chamber is operably coupled to the common process chamber for exchange of workpieces between the common process chamber and an external environment.

Abstract: A semiconductor mask correcting device is provided with an image acquiring unit acquiring a mask image, an extraction unit extracting only a main pattern from the mask data, an inspection unit inspecting a defective portion by comparing the extracted main pattern with a main pattern which is obtained from the mask image after a drawing by matching to each other, and a correction unit correcting the defective portion specified by the inspection unit, wherein the extraction unit includes a recognition section recognizing the main pattern and the assist pattern as a figure, a specification section specifying the assist pattern from figures which is recognized on the basis of a predetermined condition, and a main pattern extracting section extracting as the main pattern a figure other than the assist pattern.

Abstract: A drug counter comprises a body having an upper utensil and a lower utensil; a surface of the upper utensil having a plurality of drug holes; one side of the lower utensil having an opening for receiving the sliding plate; a sliding plate being insertable into the lower utensil from the opening at one side of the body; the sliding plate resisting against a lower side of the drug holes of the upper utensil. In use, the drugs are placed upon a surface of the upper utensil. The surplus drugs are driven to the upper utensil. The sliding plate can be driven to move according to the amount of the drugs so that the drugs in the drug holes fall into the lower utensil. The drugs falling into the lower utensil further fall into the drug bag so as to count the number of the drugs.

Abstract: The present invention therefore provides a method of treating the surface of an item for a radiotherapy apparatus, comprising the steps of machining into a planar reflective surface of the item a stepped profile, each step having a first surface angled to the planar reflective surface such that, in use, the first surface reflects light incident on the planar reflective surface away from the isocentre of the radiotherapy apparatus and a second surface angled with respect to the planar reflective surface and the first surface such that, in use, the second surface is shadowed from light incident on the planar reflective surface by the first surface, the steps having a depth which does not exceed 2.15% of the total depth of the item.

Abstract: Apparatus that invention detects and characterizes hard or metallic materials or objects, worn or carried by persons or concealed on their persons or in bags or luggage, using directed or propagated energy such as ultrasound or microwave, that is reflected or scattered by the materials and objects of interest and that has a wavelength or wavelengths such that the width and/or shape of the reflected beam can be measured at the desired detection distance or range of distances and has a measurable dependence on the size and/or shape of the object, utilizing diffraction methods. Also disclosed are a system and a method utilizing this apparatus.

Abstract: A cassette conveyance apparatus (10) includes: a first conveyance means (20) for conveying a first cassette (40) in a horizontal and vertical direction; and a second conveyance means (30) for conveying a second cassette (50) in a horizontal and vertical direction. In the cassette conveyance apparatus (10), the first and second cassettes are circulated between a predetermined wafer accommodation position (P1), at which a wafer (2) is accommodated in the cassette, and a predetermined cassette replacement position (P0) at which a cassette accommodating a plurality of wafers is replaced with an empty cassette. Due to the foregoing, the wafers are continuously accommodated in the cassette without stopping an operation of a pretreatment step.

Abstract: A diaphragm valve (1) comprising a valve body (2); a diaphragm (12) which is sealed to the valve body (2) to define a flow passage (9) which extends between an inlet port (7) and an outlet port (8), both defined by the valve body (2); and an operating mechanism secured to the valve body (2) for moving the diaphragm (12) into sealing engagement with a seat (11) provided on the valve body (2) in order to close the flow passage (9) to fluid flow. The valve body (2) and diaphragm (12) are formed as a disposable assembly having a relatively less flexible region which forms a valve seat (11) and a relatively more flexible region (12) which forms the diaphragm which may be forced into engagement with the valve seat (11) to close the flow passage (9) to fluid flow, and a housing (3) is provided for mechanically supporting the region of the valve body in which the seat area is defined.

Abstract: The invention relates to controlling the supply of fluid to a series of valves (1), in particular to the supply of air to a series of cuffs applying pressure to a wound. It is desirable to operate the series of valves by a single, small actuator (5) that does not require much power. A linear actuator is described comprising a solenoid operated plunger (15) having an external helical screw thread which co-operates with a drive ring (23). The drive ring (23) co-operates with cam means (8) which operate spring-loaded ball valves (30). A drive transmission (7) between the drive ring (23) and the cam means (8) allows movement of the cam means for one direction of movement of the linear actuator but not the other. A projection (25) on the cam means operate a first valve (1) until a second actuation closes the first valve and opens a second valve.

Abstract: The description relates to a device for the regulation of the amount of a medium in a heating or cooling system, comprising a combined valve, which in one and the same valve housing includes one part for pressure difference regulation (2) and one part for flow limitation (3), the flow being limited in a stepless, adjustable way, i.e. the device obtaining an adjustable Kvs-value. Also, the chosen Kvs-value can be limited by a cone, which always can operate with its complete stroke length.

Abstract: To detect a defect or failure of a compressed air load circuit in a compressed air system for vehicles, pressure is measured in compressed air load circuits and evaluated in an electronic control unit, which briefly shuts off the compressed air load circuits, measures pressure values and/or determines pressure gradients during the shutoff time and compares the pressure values and/or the determined pressure gradients with a respective threshold value, identifies defective circuits and definitively shuts off circuits detected as defective if the results are below the threshold value.

Abstract: There is provided a valve holding member for holding a valve of a pipe coupling. The valve holding member includes a hub part 33 having a guide hole 34 for a valve stem, two arm parts 32 diametrically opposing each other on the peripheral edge of the hub part, and spring holding parts 31 formed at the peripheral edge.

Abstract: A two-part back cap for a plug valve includes a back cap seal body and a back cap retainer nut. The back cap retainer nut secures the back cap seal body within the plug valve and securely supports the back cap seal body. A gap between an outer periphery of the back cap retainer nut and the back cap seal body permits the back cap seal body to flex and expand with a plug valve body of the plug valve. This ensures that the back cap seals are not stressed and a longer service life results.

Abstract: In an open/close control device 40 installed in a diesel engine 1, when a rotational speed N of the diesel engine 1 is equal to or higher than an intermediate rotational speed and a fuel injection amount is equal to or less than an idling injection amount Fi, a control portion 33 of a valve opening and closing controlling means 30 determines that the diesel engine is in such a state that engine brake is to be actuated, and controls to close both a bypass valve 24 and an EGR valve 52. Accordingly, since there is no fear that exhaust gas returns from an inlet line side of an exhaust turbine 22 to an outlet line side of a compressor 21, the engine brake can be effectively actuated during running at high speeds and running on a downward slope.

Abstract: A liquid dispensing valve comprising: a body portion (20) hermetically mounted to a free end (12) of a discharge nozzle (11) of a reservoir (10) and defining a seat (22); a rod (30) carrying a seal (31) and being selectively displaced between a closing position in which the seal (31) is seated on the seat (22), and a maximum opening position in which the seal (31) is spaced from the seat (22); a cap portion (50) hermetically affixed to the body portion (20) downstream the seat (22) and around the rod (30), and defining a discharge chamber (C); and an elongated spout (55) having a discharge end (55a) turned downwards, said cap portion (50) and elongated spout (55) being configured and dimensioned so that, when the seat (22) is closed, the mass of residual liquid contained in the discharge chamber (C) forms, inside the latter, a vacuum which is sufficient to retain said mass of liquid inside the dispensing valve (V).

Abstract: Refrigerant compositions are disclosed which comprise: (a) pentafluoroethane, octafluoropropane, trifluoromethoxydifluoromethane or nexafluoro-cyclopropane, or a mixture of two or more thereof, in an amount of at least about 35% based on the weight of the composition, (b) 1,1,1,2- or 1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethane, 1,1-difluoroethane, trifluoromethoxypentafluoroethane, 1,1,1,2,3,3-heptafluoropropane or a mixture of two or more thereof, in an amount of at least bout 30% by weight based on the weight of the composition and (c) n-butane, in an amount from about 2.3 to about 4% by weight based on the weight of the composition.

Abstract: A coolant capable of enhancing corrosion inhibition includes a potassium formate solution having a first concentration of a polyphosphate salt and a second concentration of dicyandiamide. In one embodiment, such a coolant may provide corrosion inhibition that is especially effective for silicon and aluminum, among other materials. The corrosion protection may be enhanced for certain materials by adding benzotriazole in a third concentration to the potassium formate solution.

Abstract: The present disclosure describes liquid crystal materials comprising a nematic liquid crystal composition and fullerene-containing complex with high-speed electro-optical response. The fullerene-containing complex includes an organic donor and fullerene, where organic donor represents the electro-optical molecule with initial internal donor-acceptor interaction. The present disclosure also includes liquid crystal devices based on the composition mentioned above. The systems and techniques described herein provide a nematic liquid crystal structure sensitized with a fullerene-containing complex. The material provides improved temporal parameters of the NLC electro-optic response under conditions that maintain good contrast of liquid crystal display devices.

Abstract: This is one type of inorganic fluorescent powder that can be used as a solid light source for a UV light. The inorganic fluorescent powder is produced based on garnet silicates and can be activated by rare earth ions. The main composition of this inorganic fluorescent powder is Me+22.5-x-yLn+33-q-z-pSi2.5O12:Lm1+2X:Lm2+2Y:Lm3+3Z:Lm4+3P. The inorganic fluorescent powder utilizes the excited conditions of short wave light emitted during the combination of different semi-conductors to establish white light radiation with multiple bands. Color temperatures range from 2500° K to 12000° K.

Abstract: A composition for sealing exposed wood before finishing the wood, which composition includes polymer solids and an acid neutralizing agent. The acid neutralizing agent may be a weak base and/or a buffering agent. The polymer solids may include acrylate monomers, urethane monomers, and the like. Also disclosed is a method of sealing and neutralizing a wood surface before finishing the wood surface by applying the composition to the exposed wood surface.

Abstract: The invention concerns water-absorbing polymers for producing fire-retarding compositions, comprising at least one interpolymerized ethylenically unsaturated monomer bearing acid groups, wherein from 51 to 64 mol % of the acid groups are present as carboxylate groups and some or all of the carboxylate groups have potassium ions as counterions, processes for producing the water-absorbing polymers and also the production of fire-retarding compositions and coatings.

Abstract: This device acts on each of two ropes in a mutually opposite sense. For each rope the device includes a pivotably mounted arm, and the two arms are arranged in a converging arrangement and thus converge towards their free ends and are adapted to be simultaneously actuated by a pushbutton operable for pressing them at their free ends. The pushbutton includes a spring arranged to bias the pushbutton away from the arms and each of the ropes is secured to the free end of a respective one of the arms, these latter being pivotably mounted to a tubular body with the ropes extending through its inside. A cowling is arranged on the tubular body and has an opening in which the pushbutton is guided during its actuation.

Abstract: A photodetecting device which is capable of performing photodetection with a high sensitivity in a wide temperature range. A quantum dot structure including an embedding layer and quantum dots embedded by the embedding layer is formed. A quantum well structure including embedding layers and a quantum well layer whose band gap is smaller than those of the embedding layers is formed at a location downstream of the quantum dot structure in the direction of flow of electrons which flow perpendicularly to the quantum dot structure during operation of the photodetecting device. This reduces the temperature dependence of the potential barrier of a photodetecting section, which has to be overcome by electrons, whereby it is possible to lower the potential barrier of the embedding layers at high temperature.

Abstract: A n-type layer, a multiquantum well active layer comprising a plurality of pairs of an InGaN well layer/InGaN barrier layer, and a p-type layer are laminated on a substrate to provide a nitride semiconductor light emitting element. A composition of the InGaN barrier included in the multiquantum well active layer is expressed by InxGa1-xN (0.04?x?0.1), and a total thickness of InGaN layers comprising an In composition ratio within a range of 0.04 to 0.1 in the light emitting element including the InGaN barrier layers is not greater than 60 nm.

Abstract: A light source comprising a light emitting device and quantum dot material is disclosed. According to various embodiments, the quantum dot material is positioned relative to the light emitting device such that the quantum dot material absorbs light emitted from the light emitting device and converts the wavelengths of photons emitted from the light emitting device to longer wavelengths. Judicious selection of the quantum dot material allows the emission spectra of the light source to be tailored to meet the needs of a particular illumination application, and avoids the drawbacks associated with the use of interference filters because the quantum dot material can upconvert the wavelengths emitted from the light emitting device such that the emission spectra of the light source can include wavelengths that are not emitted by the light emitting device itself.

Abstract: Methods and electronic devices fabricated by those methods are disclosed where the method allows controlled movement of oxygen during fabrication of electronic and photonic devices, facilitated by a technique of oxygen updiffusion (OUD). The method includes fabrication of a compound semiconductor film, doped with either carbon or boron, over a substrate and incorporating a quantity of oxygen into either the substrate or an adjacent film layer. One or more anneal steps may be used as a partial control mechanism, along with dopant types, concentrations, and profiles, to control movement of the oxygen from the semiconductor substrate or adjacent films into the compound semiconductor film.

Abstract: A germanium-based photodetector comprises a p- (or n-type) germanium layer, an intrinsic single crystal germanium layer formed on the p- (or n-) type germanium layer, and an n- (or p-type) germanium layer formed on the intrinsic single crystal germanium layer. An electrically conductive contact extends vertically from an upper surface of the photodetector device downward to the buried layer. Electrodes formed on the upper surface of the photodetector device define front side contacts.

Abstract: An organic thin-film transistor device integrated on a substrate and comprising at least an organic active layer and metallic contact regions realized on an insulating layer. Advantageously the organic thin-film transistor device further comprises a thin buffer layer of polymethylmetacrylate or PMMA realized between the metallic contact regions and the organic active layer. A process for manufacturing an organic thin-film transistor device is also described.

Abstract: A photosensing soluble organic semiconductor material is disclosed, which includes a Diels-Alder adduct which is a polycyclic aromatic compound with a dienophile. The polycyclic aromatic compound is selected from the group consisting of oligothiophene, perylene, benzo[ghi]perylene, coronene and polyacene. And the dienophile is represented by the formula of O?S?N—R1, wherein R1 is SO2R2, SO3R2, SO2?, or SO3?; and wherein R2 is selected from the group consisting of alkyl, alkoxy, acyl, aryl, aralkyl, chloroalkyl, fluoroalkyl, and substituted aryl with 1-12 carbon atoms.