Abstract: An apparatus comprises a first plurality of contacts disposed on a first side of the apparatus, adapted to engage with a first corresponding plurality of contacts on an external integrated circuit package. The apparatus further comprises a plurality of capacitive storage structures selectively coupled to the first plurality of contacts, one or more traces, and a second plurality of contacts disposed on the first side. The second plurality of contacts are adapted to engage with a second corresponding plurality of contacts on the external integrated circuit package, wherein at least two of the second plurality of contacts are adapted to be coupled to at least a first trace of the one or more traces to form a first resistive structure.

Abstract: A semiconductor device, comprising: a semiconductor substrate in which an integrated circuit is formed, the semiconductor substrate having an electrode electrically connected to the integrated circuit; a resin layer formed on a face in which the electrode of the semiconductor substrate is formed, as to avoid the electrode; a wiring formed as to have a protruding portion projecting upwards on the resin layer, the wiring being electrically connected to the electrode; and a solder formed on the protruding portion of the wiring, wherein the upper face portion of the protruding portion is melt-eroded by the solder and the material of the protruding portion.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is a semiconductor device and method of manufacturing the same. A step between a memory cell formed in a cell region and a transistor formed in a peripheral circuit region is minimized, and the height of a gate in the memory cell is minimized. Accordingly, subsequent processes are facilitated and the electrical property of the device is thus improved.

Abstract: A semiconductor device having a first wiring layer including first wirings on a substrate, a contact layer on the first wiring layer and including contacts connected to the first wirings, and a second wiring layer on the contact layer and including second wirings connected to the contacts. Contact pitch is larger than the minimum wiring pitch of the first wirings or the minimum wiring pitch of the second wirings.

Abstract: An SRAM device includes an SRAM cell in a deep NWELL region in a substrate. PWELL regions in the SRAM cell occupy less than about 65% of the cell area of the SRAM cell. A ratio of a longer side of a cell area of the SRAM cell to a shorter side of the SRAM cell is larger than about 1.8. A total area of the active regions in the plurality of NMOS transistors in the SRAM cell occupies less than about 25% of the SRAM cell area. A ratio of the channel width of a pull up transistor in the SRAM cell to the channel width of a pull down transistor in the SRAM cell is greater than about 0.8. The SRAM cell further includes a boron free inter-layer-dielectric layer, an inter-metal-dielectric layer with dielectric constant less than about 3, and a polyimide layer with a thickness of less than about 20 microns.

Abstract: The object of the present invention is to implement an enhancement in a noise eliminating characteristic of a wiring compatibly with promotion of microfabrication and simplification of a manufacturing process. Upper and side surfaces of a wiring (6) for transmitting a signal are continuously covered by a conductor layer (12) with insulators (7), (8) and (9) interposed therebetween in a section crossing a direction of extension thereof, and the conductor layer (12) is connected to a semiconductor substrate (1). Moreover, a periphery of a wiring (15) for transmitting a signal is continuously covered by the conductor layer (12) and a conductor layer (19) with insulators (14), (16), (17) and (18) interposed therebetween in a section crossing a direction of extension thereof. The wiring (15) is electrically connected to the semiconductor substrate (1) through a conductive plug (13) filled in a contact hole (24) formed in the conductor layer (12).

Abstract: To provide a semiconductor device with high performance and reliability, in which peeling off an interconnection layer caused due to peeling off of a resin film at a land part is suppressed and thus electrical break down is prevented, and an efficient method for manufacturing the semiconductor device. The semiconductor device includes a semiconductor substrate (e.g., a silicon wafer 10); an insulating film 12 formed on the semiconductor substrate 10; a conductive layer 20 formed on the insulating film 12, the conductive layer 20 formed of an interconnection part 22 and a land part 24 which connects the interconnection part 22 to an external terminal 40; and a resin film 30 covering the conductive layer 20, wherein the resin film 30 is in contact with the insulating film 12 at least at a part of the land part 24 by passing through the conductive layer 20.

Abstract: A printed circuit board (PCB) assembly having a plurality of circuit layers including outer layers and intervening layers with through-vias and micro-vias used to translate a portion of the signal connections of the grid, thereby creating a set of diagonal routing channels between the vias on internal layers of the board and a BGA package mounted on the printed circuit board.

Abstract: A disclosed substrate includes a base member having a through-hole, and a conductive metal filling in the through-hole so as to form a penetrating via. The penetrating via contains a conductive core member that is substantially at the central axis of the through-hole.

Abstract: A method for forming smooth walled, prismatically-profiled through-wafer vias and articles formed through the method. An etch stop material is provided on a wafer, which may be a <110> silicon wafer. A mask material is provided on the etch stop material and patterned in such a way as to lead to the formation of vias that have at least one pair of opposing side walls that run parallel to a <111> plane in the wafer. A wet etchant, such as potassium hydroxide, is used to etch vias in the wafer. The use of a wet etchant leads to the formation of smooth side walls. This method allows an aspect ratio of height versus width of the vias of greater than 75 to 1.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a semiconductor device which provides a shortest possible connection between two semiconductor components 10a and 10b arranged in a manner lying opposite on a substrate 2. The two semiconductor components 10a and 10b are in each case arranged with their chip contact-connection regions 11a and 11b facing the substrate 2. A vertical through-plating device 20 connects the two chip contact-connection regions 11a and 11b.

Abstract: A semiconductor package includes a substrate for mounting and fixing a semiconductor chip thereon and a connecting pattern. The substrate is provided with an elongate opening formed therein. The semiconductor chip is fixed with its surface being mounted on the substrate and with its electrode being aligned within the elongate opening. The electrode of the semiconductor chip is electrically connected to the connecting pattern via wires through the elongate opening. The elongate opening and the wires are sealed with resin.

Abstract: A semiconductor device includes a second insulating film formed on a second surface of a semiconductor substrate whose first surface has been formed with a first insulating film and an electrode pad, and an opening is made in a portion of the second insulating film directly below the electrode pad. By using the second insulating film as a mask, a through hole is formed in the semiconductor substrate in such a manner that the through hole recedes from an opening edge of the first insulating film. A third insulating film is formed only on the inner wall of the through hole.

Abstract: A semiconductor device fabricating method comprises a substrate forming step of forming a plurality of separate conductive pads 20 on an adhesive layer included in an adhesive sheet 50, and a semiconductor chip mounting step of bonding semiconductor chips to the adhesive sheet 50 with surfaces thereof not provided with any electrodes in contact with the adhesive sheet 50, and electrically connecting electrodes 11 formed on the semiconductor chips 10 and upper parts of the conductive pads 20 with wires 30. The semiconductor chips 10, the wires 30 and the conductive pads 20 are sealed in a sealing resin molding 40, and then the adhesive sheet 50 is separated from the sealing resin molding 40. Each of the conductive pads 20 has a reduced part 20b, and a jutting part 20a jutting out from the reduced part 20b. The conductive pads 20 having such construction can be firmly bonded to the sealing resin molding 40.

Abstract: One embodiment of this invention pertains to multiple encapsulated thin-film electronic devices. These encapsulated devices include a substrate and multiple thin-film electronic devices are on this substrate. Each of the multiple thin-film electronic devices has an active area. The encapsulated devices also include an encapsulation layer that is on the substrate and this encapsulation layer has multiple holes and these multiple holes are over the active areas of the multiple thin-film electronic devices. The encapsulated devices also include multiple substantially flat encapsulation pieces that are on the encapsulation layer and these multiple substantially flat encapsulation pieces cover the multiple holes of the encapsulation layer. An absorbent material is not attached to any of the substantially flat encapsulation pieces.

Abstract: A method and apparatus is disclosed for starting and stopping a generator set that supplies power to a refrigeration system. An ambient temperature sensor is used rather than an in-box sensor in addition to a programmed microprocessor to regulate the operation of the generator. Unnecessary use of the generator is, thereby, limited which contributes to cost, energy and equipment savings and a cleaner environment while ensuring the required in-box temperature is maintained and the quality of perishable goods are not compromised.

Abstract: An engine control system suited for use with an engine that outputs electrical power to a local load and is electrically connected to an electrical grid. The engine generates power at a power output value and the load consumes power at a load value. The engine control system includes a sensor that measures an electrical parameter indicative of a difference between the power output value and the load value, and a master control system that varies the engine power output value to prevent the electrical parameter from reaching zero.

Abstract: A wave motion generator having a bore hole at a coastline of an ocean. The bore hole lower end communicates with the ocean underwater while the upper end is above water level, allowing wave motion within the bore hole. A float disposed within the bore hole may travel along the borehole between at least two positions. A linkage attached to the float converts the motion of the float to rotary motion of a generator shaft so as to induce electric current in the generator. The linkage may be pneumatic, in which the float motion induces pressurized air to drive a turbine, or it may be a chain drive, a shaft drive, etc.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for constructing a wind energy plant and to a wind energy plant as such. An aim of one aspect of the invention is to provide a method for constructing wind energy plants at lower expenses and more rapidly. According to one aspect, a method for constructing a wind energy plant that comprises a tower that is based on a foundation and an electrical power module, the power module is mounted on the tower foundation before the tower itself is constructed. The power module comprises a transformer and optionally an inverter or other electrical installations, such as for example switch cabinets, that are provided for controlling the wind energy plant and/or for guiding the electrical power that is provided by the generator of the wind energy plant and that is fed to a network.

Abstract: Disclosed is a horizontal axis wind turbine of an downwind type having a rotor disposed downwind of a tower, comprising: a rotor having a hub and a blade; a nacelle to support the rotor rotatably through a main shaft connected to the hub; a cylindrical tower supporting to enable free yaw rotation of the nacelle; and an exhaust fan disposed on the nacelle, to exhaust an air inside the nacelle, wherein the cylindrical tower has a plurality of through-holes which are formed in a wall of the tower and scattered over an area of the wall along a circumferential direction thereof, to pass wind entering the rotor through the through-holes, and the exhaust fan is communicated with the through-holes through inner spaces of the tower and the nacelle, to generate aspiration force through the through-holes.

Abstract: A wind driven generator includes a rotor disposed in a cylindrical duct and supported by a frame for rotation in response to wind flowing through the duct. The rotor includes plural circumferentially spaced paralleled rotor blades supported for rotation about a generally horizontal axis. Each blade is supported for pivotal movement to change blade pitch, angle of attack or camber as the rotor rotates. A pitch or camber control motor or self-governing wind vane mechanism is operable to move a circular cam to vary blade pitch or camber to control rotor speed. The duct is mounted on a mast having a base supported on a foundation for pivotal movement to face the wind for maximizing air flow through the duct. Electric power generators are connected to opposite ends of the rotor at respective power output or drive shafts.

Abstract: An aircraft cabin including at least two seats, which seat each include at least two elements which can be moved relative to each other and at least one actuator for the relative displacement of these movable elements, and at least one central power control unit in the cabin in order to allocate a total available power level to each seat, where each seat includes parts for reading at least one item of morphological information of the passenger sitting in the seat, and a part for transmitting information to the central power control unit in accordance with each item of morphological information, and the central power control unit is capable of allocating to each seat a total available power level in accordance with each item of morphological information.

Abstract: An electric cutoff circuit for preventing overheating of a load. The current shutoff circuit includes an FET connected to a motor circuit. A relay fault detection circuit is connected to the motor circuit to detect potential at the motor circuit. A CPU sends a control signal to a relay. The CPU determines whether a fault has occurred in the relay based on the control signal sent to the relay and the detection of the relay fault detection circuit. When determining that a fault has occurred in the relay, the CPU opens the FET to configure an open circuit with the motor circuit.

Abstract: A power converter that can continue to operate after suffering a partial failure. The power converter includes multiple array transformers; normally-on switches connected respectively in series with the ends of each of the primary windings of the array transformers; normally-off current bypass devices connected in parallel with the series connections of the primary windings of the array transformers and the switches at the transformer ends; AC-DC converter units having AC sides respectively connected secondary windings of the array transformers; and mutually independent DC circuits respectively connected to DC sides of the AC-DC converter units. By turning on the current bypass device of the primary winding of a specified array transformer and turning off the switches at the ends of that primary winding, it is possible to isolate the specified array transformer and the AC-DC converter unit connected to it.

Abstract: A pressure sensor device (1) includes a sensing element (2) for sending an analog signal according to pressure. The pressure sensor device (1) outputs the analog voltage to a microcomputer (20) through an input-output terminal (8). An input-output control circuit (4) monitors the voltage value in the input-output terminal (8). When the voltage of the input-output terminal (8) is set to high by the microcomputer (20) and is dislocated from a predetermined range, the input-output control circuit (4) functionally changes the input-output terminal (8) outputting a detecting signal to a terminal for inputting an external signal from the microcomputer. After the input-output terminal (8) is changed to the terminal for inputting the external signal, a range control circuit (7) fetches an external command signal through the input-output terminal (8) and switches the output characteristics.

Abstract: A system for controlling the operation of conductive plates immersed in an aqueous solution, such as in water treatment applications. The system allows independent control of the current sourced or sunk by each of a plurality of plates. The system also allows each plate to be placed in a high-impedance state in which no appreciable current is sourced or sunk by the system. A plate or a group of plates is controlled by a control module which interfaces to a central controller such as a personal computer or a programmable logic controller. Multiple control modules can be added to a system to support multiple plates, each of which can be controlled individually from the central controller. Each control module is also capable of sensing voltage and current at its corresponding plate and providing that information to the central controller.

Abstract: An enhanced power switch device is provided for enabling modular USB PC cards. The enhanced power switch may include a card sense circuit for sensing the type of card present, a card power switching circuit for supplying power to a modular USB card, and isolation circuit for isolating conventional PC Card control signals from the modular USB card and a connection circuit for connecting USB signals to the USB Card. The system of the present invention can modified for other bus technologies, in addition to USB bus devices.

Abstract: A device for powering a load from an ambient source of energy is provided. The device includes an energy harvesting device for harvesting energy from the ambient source of energy wherein the rate energy is harvested from the ambient source of energy is below that required for directly powering the load. A storage device is connected to the energy harvesting device. The storage device receives electrical energy from the energy harvesting device and is for storing the electrical energy. A controller is connected to the storage device for monitoring the amount of electrical energy stored in the storage device and for switchably connecting the storage device to the load when the stored energy exceeds a first threshold. The system can be used for powering a sensor and for transmitting sensor data, such as tire pressure.

Abstract: A positioning apparatus including a movable member for transmitting a driving force in a driving-axis direction to a stage, a first electromagnet for driving the movable member in the driving-axis direction by forming a magnetic path between the movable member and the first electromagnet and generating first magnetic flux, and a second electromagnet, which is positioned away from the first electromagnet and arranged in an overlapping direction, for driving the movable member in the driving-axis direction by forming a magnetic path between the movable member and the second electromagnet and generating second magnetic flux having an inverted polarity from the first magnetic flux.

Abstract: The present invention is a motor housing. The motor housing includes a centrally located rotor. The motor housing includes a stator having a plurality of stator teeth and a plurality of stator slots radially and symmetrically arranged about the rotor. Each stator tooth is spaced apart from each other by one of the stator slots. The motor housing also includes at least one printed circuit component deposited in at least one stator slot.

Abstract: An invention is provided wherein the bearings of a molded motor do not become electro-eroded. An inner rotor type, brushless DC motor 10 is provided having a stator 22 which has a stator core 12 wound with a coil 16, a housing 26 formed by covering the outside surfaces of the motor 10 with an unsaturated polyester, molding resin having electrical insulating properties, and an earth electrode 40 made of metal, installed to go through a metal bracket 38 and the housing 26 to reach the stator core 12, such that electric current flows from the stator core 12 and the bracket 38 to the exterior, preventing electro-erosion and resulting deterioration of bearings 30, 32.

Abstract: An electric motor has a hollow-cylindrical motor housing containing end plates that are mounted in the motor housing via respective centering flanges. A discrete electrical component is connected in parallel to electrical connections of the electric motor that are formed by contact elements disposed on the first end plate. The component is linked with at least one of the contact elements via a lead. The lead is inserted in a first, substantially V-shaped groove that tapers in the direction of insertion. The groove is provided with a recess into which the contact element can be pressed.

Abstract: In a plurality of stator coils arranged on the yoke, each coil has a pair of ends, each end being adjacent to a respective end of an adjacent coil to form pairs of adjacent ends. A plurality of mutually insulated concentrically arranged linking conductors each has a plurality of circumferentially arranged terminal elements, each terminal element being electrically connected to a respective pair of adjacent ends to form a contact area in a common axial and radial position.

Abstract: A crash management system for implementation in a flywheel energy storage system (FESS) is provided. Implementation of such a system entails designing an FESS rim that is highly failure resistant, and designing the FESS such that if one, some, or even all of its components fail, they are physically prevented from accumulating and releasing enough energy to cause rim burst, thus leaving the rim intact and capable of safely remaining spinning even after one or more FESS component failures have occurred.

Abstract: An alternator is composed of a frame, a rotor rotatably supported in the frame, a stator contained in the frame outside the rotor and other associated components. A front end of the alternator is directly mounted on a mounting surface of an engine having a fairly large size, and a front end of a rotor shaft is directly connected to an engine shaft. The frame includes inlet windows for introducing cooling air into the alternator and outlet windows for exhausting the cooling air after cooling a stator coil and other components in the alternator. The inlet and outlet windows are positioned so that cool air is always introduced into the alternator, preventing hot air once exhausted from the alternator from staying between an engine bracket and the inlet windows and being sucked again into the alternator. Further, the outlet windows are positioned at a radial outside of a front coil end of a stator winding, so that the front coil end is fully exposed to the cooling air.

Abstract: A motor that delivers high force linear motion or high torque rotary motion to a moving element. The motor may include a driving brake, a driver, a holding brake and a flexible moving element. Operation of the motor may involve activating the holding brake, activating the driver to flex the moving element, activating the holding brake to maintain the position of a portion of the moving element, releasing the driving brake, and restoring the moving element to an unflexed position. The elements are arranged to provide linear motion, belt-driven rotary motion, or directly-coupled rotary motion using brakes and drivers arranged in linear or circular fashion. Drivers may be linear or rotary actuators or motors based on electrostatic, piezoelectric, magnetic, or electrostrictive properties. The brakes may be applied through electrostatic forces, magnetic forces, or mechanical gears engaged with a linear or rotary driving mechanism.

Abstract: A rotor is disclosed for a galvanometer system. A rotor includes a permanent magnet core, a sleeve and at least one shaft unit. The sleeve encloses and attaches to at least a portion of the permanent magnet core. The sleeve is formed of a material having a density of less than about 0.283 lb/in3. The shaft unit is attached to both the permanent magnet core and to the sleeve. An output device may be coupled to the shaft unit, and the shaft unit is formed of a material having a dynamic stiffness of at least about 1.00×109 lb in7/slug.

Abstract: A rotor structure for an electric motor includes a cylindrical rotor core assembly and a plurality of permanent magnets disposed on an outer circumference of the rotor core assembly. Wrapped around the rotor core assembly is a bandage to secure the permanent magnets in place, wherein the bandage has a bandage edge arranged in proximity of an end surface of the rotor core assembly. In order to securely fix the bandage edge in place, a securing ring is disposed radially over the bandage edge of the bandage to hold the bandage against the rotor core assembly.

Abstract: The invention provides a rotor for an electrical motor, a tool for making a rotor core and a method of making the rotor. The rotor could be incorporated e.g. in a line-start motor and comprises a squirrel cage and magnet located in a rotor core. The magnets are, in one end of the rotor, secured by an end plate with apertures which are larger than the magnet openings, and the end plate is indexed relative to the magnet slots such that a first portion of openings into the magnet slots is in communication with the aperture and such that a remaining, second, portion of the magnet slots is covered by the end plate. In one aspect, the end plate forms an integrated part of the rotor core and comprises openings cooperating with conductor slots to form through-going passages for conductors of the squirrel cage. In that way, the end plate is held in a completely fixed position by the squirrel cage which is moulded directly onto the core and into the conductor slots.

Abstract: A stator for an electric machine includes a generally cylindrically-shaped stator core having a plurality of core teeth that define a plurality of core slots, the core slots extend between first and second ends of the stator core. A stator winding has a plurality of phases, N, each phase including at least one conductor having a plurality of slot segments housed in the core slots, the slot segments are alternately connected at the first and second ends by a plurality of end loop segments. At least one conductor has a slot segment that is switched with an adjacent conductor such that the conductor has an end loop segment having a pitch equal to N+1 and the end loop segment of the adjacent conductor has a pitch equal to N?1, wherein the end loop segments of the conductor and the adjacent conductor do not cross one another. The stator also reduces overall noise of an electric machine.

Abstract: An electric motor is provided with a multi-layered winding stator core configuration. A plurality of individual layers of wire strands are successively formed on each stator pole of a pole pair. Each winding layer is fabricated of the same relatively thin wire gauge. A first layer is applied directly on a pole and each successive layer is assembled on top of the last previous layer. Each layer of one pole of the pole pair is connected in series with a layer of the other pole of the pole pair to obtain a number of individual series coil connections equal in number to the number of layers. As inductance and resistance characteristics of the layers differ from each other as the layers increase in distance from each pole, layers from one pole of the pole pair are connected to respective layers different in order from that of the other pole pair.

Abstract: In an armature packet (1) for an electric motor, having a plurality of armature laminations (2, 3), in each of which a plurality of winding slots (4) for receiving an armature winding (5) are embodied, and the winding slots (4) of adjacent armature laminations (2, 3) are located in alignment with one another and form a conduit (6), a better positional fixation of the armature winding (5) is attained by providing that the winding slots (4), associated with one conduit (6), of different armature laminations (2, 3) have different geometries. The same is attained by providing that at least some of the winding slots (4) each have an influx conduit (11), each of which discharges into its region oriented toward the center of the armature packet (1).

Abstract: Brush holder assemblies are detailed. The assemblies permit on-line brush replacement and are interchangeable with devices currently provided by original equipment manufacturers. As well, they allow use of brushes longer than those employed in existing on-line replacement assemblies.

Abstract: An internal cooling fan assembly for use with a claw-pole segment of a rotor assembly is provided that maximizes air flow while providing a reduced sound signature. The fan assembly includes a base portion that contacts the claw-pole segment when the fan assembly is mounted to the claw-pole segment. The fan assembly also includes a number of blades extending from the base portion such that the blades project outward from a plane normal to the rotor. The plurality of blades have a geometry that aligns with roots of the claw-pole segment. In addition, a first blade of the number of blades is of a first configuration and a second blade of the number of blades is of a second configuration different from the first configuration.

Abstract: An electric generator 10 of the present invention comprises a permanent magnet 14, a coil 30, a yoke 20, and attracted means 19 composed of a plurality of attracted pieces 18 which are arranged radially around the rotation axis 12 and are magnetized by the permanent magnet 14. The permanent magnet 14, the coil 30, the yoke 20, and the attracted means 19 are mounted on the rotation axis 12 and the attracted pieces 18 that constitute the attracted means 19 are each placed in positions that correspond to positions that bisect the spaces between the metal pieces that constitute the yoke 20, so that the cogging torque exerted the rotation axis 12 is reduced.

Abstract: A method for displacing a movable element (3) by means of at least two actuators (4, 5) facing each other on a stator (2). Electrical wave signals are simultaneously applied to at least two actuators facing each other so that oppositely directed waves are generated in the surface of the stator. The two oppositely directed waves form a compound wave in the surface of the stator by means of which the movable element is displaced over a moving area located between the actuators.

Abstract: Provided is a driving system for a vibrating type actuator capable of simplifying a driving circuit. A vibrating body of the vibrating type actuator can generate a first mode and a second mode which are different in a vibration form, in accordance with an alternate current signal to be supplied. An alternate current signal having a frequency close to a resonance frequency in the first mode or the second mode is applied either between an electrode Va and a common electrode Vc or between an electrode Vb and the common electrode Vc of the vibrating body of the vibrating type actuator. One of the electrodes to be supplied with the alternate current signal is selected by a switching element operated based on a signal from a driving direction switch.

Abstract: An ultrasonic motor includes a circular stator having a piezoelectric element and a comb-tooth body having a plurality of comb teeth which are circumferentially arranged thereon, and a circular rotor having a rotation shaft, the circular rotor being in press-contact with the comb teeth of the circular stator. The circular rotor is provided with a projection which is in the press-contact with the comb teeth, wherein a width of the projection is smaller than a radial width of the comb teeth, and wherein a radial position of the projection varies along a circumferential direction of the circular rotor.

Abstract: Apparatuses and methods related to transducer arrays are disclosed. In one embodiment, an acoustical system includes a substrate with a plurality of conductive paths. A plurality of acoustical transducers can be carried by the substrate and positioned to form an array having at least one dimension. The acoustical transducers can be configured to sense sound and to transmit input signals to the substrate. The substrate can be configured to receive the input signals and to transmit an output signal to an output device. In another embodiment, a plurality of substrates having a plurality of conductive paths can carry a plurality of acoustical transducers, and can be coupled together and recoupled to fit into different volumes.

Abstract: A piezoelectric vibrating element that includes: a main vibrating unit vibrating in a constant direction, an exciting electrode being formed on a top face and a bottom face of the main vibrating unit; an open end formed on at least one of a plurality of ends provided in a vibrating direction of the main vibrating unit; an outer frame unit formed so as to surround the main vibrating unit; a connecting unit formed so as to connect the main vibrating unit and the outer frame unit, wherein the connection unit is provided between the main vibrating unit and the outer frame unit except an area where the open end is formed, and is composed of a recess concave to a top face of the main vibrating unit and a flat part approximately in parallel with the top face of the main vibrating unit; and a connecting electrode formed in a manner of starting from the exciting electrode, passing at least through the top face of the flat part, to the top face of the outer frame unit, wherein an angle ?1 that makes the top face of the