Abstract: An apparatus for receiving a digital content, and a method having the same are provided. The apparatus for receiving the digital content includes a plurality of receivers which receive identification information and data from a plurality of transmitting apparatus; a plurality of authenticators which generate authentication keys by using the identification information received through the plurality of receivers; and a decoder which decodes the data received from the plurality of receivers by using an authentication key of the authentication keys generated by the plurality of authenticators. Accordingly, waiting time is reduced in converting an input signal.

Abstract: According to one embodiment, an information storage medium includes a first area which stores playback control information used to control playback of contents, and a second area which stores a region flag indicating whether to enable or disable playback control based on a region code held in a player.

Abstract: A medical handle comprises a drive unit and a control device or circuit for driving a medical tool. The control device or circuit comprises a control and/or regulating circuit for controlling and/or regulating the drive unit, the drive unit comprises at least one magnetic element and a sensor system for determining the alignment of the at least one magnetic element. To achieve simpler assembly and a greater resistance to the ambient conditions that prevail during sterilization in comparison with known handles, the sensor system and the control and/or regulating circuit are combined in a joint control module, and the at least one magnetic element is arranged in the medical handle in such a way that at least a part of the control module can be positioned in the immediate vicinity of the at least one magnetic element and that the sensor system is arranged in the control module in such a way that it can be positioned in the immediate vicinity of the at least one magnetic element.

Abstract: The present invention provides apparatus and methods for achieving uniform heating to a substrate during a rapid thermal process. More particularly, the present invention provides apparatus and methods for controlling the temperature of an edge ring supporting a substrate during a rapid thermal process to improve temperature uniformity across the substrate.

Abstract: An accessory device mountable to an accessory shoe of an image-pickup apparatus includes a contact member electrically connecting with the accessory shoe, a lock mechanism allowing a lock operation for fixing the accessory device to the accessory shoe and an unlock operation for releasing the fix of the accessory device, a drip-proof member contacting the image-pickup apparatus to form a drip-proof space around the contact member and the accessory shoe. In response to the lock operation, the drip-proof member is moved to a first position where the drip-proof member is allowed to be brought into contact with the image-pickup apparatus. In response to the unlock operation, the drip-proof member is moved to a second position where the drip-proof member is retracted from the first position. The drip-proof member has a shape such that a length of a rear-end-side portion is longer than that of the front-end-side portion.

Abstract: A waterproof casing for enclosing a camera body with a lens, the waterproof casing having a housing defining a cavity for containing the camera body with the lens, the housing having a lens region positioned in front of the lens of the camera body, the lens region being transparent to light, and a wiper connected to the housing for clearing particles from the lens region.

Abstract: A camera system includes a camera body having an in-body motor; an interchangeable lens having an in-lens motor, the interchangeable lens being detachable from the camera body; a focusing mechanism for moving a focusing lens group provided in the interchangeable lens in an optical axis direction thereof; a rotational force transmission device which transmits a rotational force of the in-body motor to the focusing mechanism to perform an AF operation in a state where the interchangeable lens is attached to the camera body; an auto-focusing mechanism for driving the focusing mechanism to perform an AF operation by the in-lens motor, independently from the in-body motor; and a one-way clutch which allows transmission of a rotational force of the in-body motor to the in-lens motor while preventing a rotational force of the in-lens motor from being transmitted to the in-body motor.

Abstract: A method for controlling a lighting source in a capsule camera improves image quality by avoiding over-exposure or under-exposure in all regions of an image, while concurrently reducing significantly power dissipation in the capsule camera. A capsule camera using the method includes: (1) one or more sensor arrays each having one or more pixels in one or more designated regions in the field of view of the capsule camera; (2) lighting elements each providing illumination to one or more of the designated regions; and (3) a control unit that (a) extracts a parameter value from the pixels of each region; (b) evaluates the parameter value at each region; and (c) adjusts the lighting elements providing illumination to each region according to the evaluation. The parameter value may be an average value of the pixels. The purpose of the adjustment is to bring the parameter value for the region to within a predetermined range.

Abstract: Methods and Systems are provided to enable automatically taking a series of depth of field bracket photos by varying the f-stop and shutter speed for a particular scene to keep the exposure constant. The method may be practiced on a digital camera which has been equipped with software in accordance with the present invention.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method and a device for creating an enhanced picture by means of several consecutive exposures. The method comprises the steps of: exposing a light sensitive sensor to a series of exposures, wherein the whole light sensitive sensor in each exposure is exposed simultaneously, and all the exposures of the series are combined to form a finished picture. Preferably, the exposures are combined with a correction for sharpness enhancement. The problem of motion distortion in an image stabilization system is solved by letting each exposure of the series be exposed by means of a global shutter.

Abstract: A light-emitting unit for superimposement is provided. The light-emitting unit is applied to one of a pentagonal roof-mirror or a pentagonal Dach-prism of a viewfinder optical system of a camera. The unit comprises a light source, a light-emitting lens, and a second mirror. The light source emits superimposing light. The second mirror reflects light emitted from the light source and passed through the light-emitting lens toward a third reflection face of one of a pentagonal roof-mirror or a pentagonal Dach-prism. The light source, the light-emitting lens, and the second mirror are integrally assembled as a unit.

Abstract: An image capturing apparatus includes an image sensor which photo-electrically converts an object image formed by an objective lens, a shutter which is arranged between the objective lens and the image sensor, opens to set the image sensor in an exposure enable state, and closes to set the image sensor in a light-shielding state, a dark image acquisition unit which acquires a dark image by closing the shutter and causing the image sensor to accumulate charges, and a control unit which controls an aperture size of an aperture stop arranged at the objective lens, wherein if the aperture stop has a aperture size more than a predetermined aperture size before acquiring the dark image, the dark image acquisition unit acquires the dark image after the control unit controls the aperture stop to an aperture size not more than the predetermined aperture size.

Abstract: A light amount adjusting device includes: a cover plate having a light-passing hole; a first separator being sheet-shaped and having a hole; a second separator being elastically deformable and sheet-shaped, positioned on a side opposite to the cover plate with the first separator therebetween, and having a hole; a first light amount adjusting blade movable between the cover plate and the first separator; a second light amount adjusting blade being movable between the first separator and the second separator; a base body to which the cover plate, the first separator, and the second separator are mounted, having a throughhole and mounting grooves, the throughhole being formed to have a diameter larger than a diameter of the hole of the second separator, the mounting grooves allowing the second separator to be mounted therein and being opened toward the throughhole.

Abstract: An optical transponder, system, method, and program wherein the transponder monitors for at least one of a failure or an alarm signal. In response to detecting a failure or alarm signal (communication), the transponder performs at least one of a predetermined action and propagating an alarm communication to a network, based on a configuration property. The transponder can have a configuration property specifying a predetermined action for shutting off a laser if an alarm signal indicating a network failure is detected. As an example, some transponders can be configured to either provide an alarm communication, and/or shut off a laser, depending upon which communication interface detects a network failure or receives an alarm signal. Also, other transponders can be configured to propagate existing alarm communications, without generating new alarm communications or shutting off lasers.

Abstract: A cable modem termination system is disclosed with flexible mapping of upstreams to downstreams and flexible mapping of downstreams to optical nodes and optical nodes to upstream receivers and the ability to add singe upstreams or downstreams as needed for load balancing. Multiple downstreams can share the same upstream. Multiple receivers can be coupled to the same upstream. Monitoring of upstream performance for overperforming or underperforming modems can be carried out, and new upstreams with higher and/or lower throughtput can be created to service the overperformers and/or underperformers. Modems can be grouped into logical groups with different performance levels and serviced by different upstreams or different upstream logical channels on the same upstream physical channel. An upstream linecard with a digital crosspoint switch is disclosed with the switch operated during contention intervals to allow reception with or without aggregation of noise where multiple upstream share the same receiver.

Abstract: A method of identifying domain-to-domain link based on ASON (Automatically Switched Optical Network), including: storing, by a node in ASON, a route control ID of an abstract node each high layer network; obtaining, by the node, the route control ID of the abstract node in each network layer stored in an opposite terminal node with an exchanging method; comparing, by the node, the route control ID of the abstract node in each network layer stored locally with the route control ID of the abstract node in a corresponding network layer stored in the opposite terminal node respectively, and determining whether the link between the node and the opposite terminal node is a domain-to-domain link according to the comparing result. With the invention, the control domain of each layer in a hierarchical ASON can identify the domain-to-domain link between the nodes in the present layer.

Abstract: An optical switching system having a transmission node. The transmission node includes a bit pattern processing unit for processing a bit pattern of transmitted data to stabilize optical power of a frame signal light to be monitored and a frame signal light producing unit for producing frame signal light to be transmitted on the basis of the bit pattern processed by the bit pattern processing unit.

Abstract: A system for communicating cross-connection information within an optical network by use of wavelength information is provided. Cross-connection information in Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM) devices is abstracted, to produce wavelength reachability information and wavelength occupation status information for each node within the optical network. Cross-connection information is distributed from one node to all other nodes or a Path Calculation Equipment (PCE), through extended routing protocols, providing a base for calculating service paths.

Abstract: A method for establishing protected connections includes determining a primary path to a first node through a first layer of a multi-layer network. The primary path comprises a plurality of first layer links. At least one link of the plurality of first layer links comprises at least one second layer link at a second layer. The method also includes determining a secondary path to the first node through the first layer. Upon detecting a first link of the plurality of first layer links is protected against link failure by the at least one second layer link the secondary path comprises the first link of the first layer. Additionally, upon detecting a second link of the plurality of first layer links is not protected against link failure by the at least one second layer link, the secondary path comprises a third link of the first layer.

Abstract: The invention relates to an apparatus and method for providing an improved optical pulse source suitable for use in high-speed optical communication systems. The optical pulse source can output spectrally pure pulses in a high capacity optical communication system. An optical pulse source in accordance with the invention comprises; at least one gain switched laser diode; and at least one non-linearly chirped optical processing element adapted to enhance the spectral purity of the output pulses generated from the laser diode.

Abstract: The present invention provides a system and method for multi-rate, high-sensitivity CDR, including a variable/adjustable decision threshold, RF input clock recovery, and OE conversion feature. The system includes an optical input connector, CDR circuit, decision threshold circuit, internal power supply, OE converter, external electrical output, and multiple clock outputs. The system is assembled in a single, stand-alone unit. The system includes an OC-192 data output, and OC-192 (9.953-10.709 GHz) and ¼ OC-48 (2.488-2.677 GHz) clock outputs. The decision threshold level is adjustable and optimized by a system user. The system is also used in combination with a digital communications analyzer. A recovered clock of the CDR circuit provides trigger for the DCA. The system includes an electrical input connector. Optionally, the system triggers directly from an RF electrical input in substitution of an optical input.

Abstract: Different transfer time periods are allocated to a network node for a connection, according to different quality classes. During the allocated transfer time period, the network node can transfer data bursts and data packets on the fly. The data packet is no longer transferred when the transfer capacity is required elsewhere.

Abstract: A system and method for dispersion compensation of an optical signal in a hybrid network includes generating optical traffic in a first set of one or more channels, wherein the traffic in the first set of channels is modulated using a first modulation technique. Optical traffic is generated in a second set of one or more channels, wherein the traffic in the second set of channels is modulated using a second modulation technique. An optical dispersion pre-compensation is applied to the second set of channels. The first set of channels and the second set of channels are combined to form an optical signal, and the optical signal is transmitted over an optical network.

Abstract: A system operable to monitor a polarization controller includes the polarization controller and a polarization controller monitor. The polarization controller polarizes the signal to yield a polarized signal comprising a first signal component and a second signal component, where the first signal component is orthogonally polarized with respect to the second signal component. The polarization controller monitor monitors a first polarization indicating waveform of the first signal component and a second polarization indicating waveform of the second signal component. The polarization controller monitor determines whether to adjust polarization of the received signal by polarization controller in accordance with the first polarization indicating waveform and the second polarization indicating waveform.

Abstract: Disclosed are an apparatus and a method for visible light communication, which apparatus uses an illuminator equipped with a plurality of light sources, so that the apparatus can be used for illumination, as well as for visible light communication. The visible light communication apparatus includes an illuminator for generation of the illumination light, the illuminator including a plurality of light sources with luminescence center wavelengths on mutually different visible regions; a communication amount adjuster for receipt of the plurality of communication data signals, and generation of each dummy data so that data to be transmitted through each of the plurality of LEDs has an equal communication amount; and a modulator for receipt of the plurality of communication data signals and their corresponding dummy data, and modulation of the received communication data signals and their corresponding received dummy data into driving signals for a plurality of LEDs configured as a light source.

Abstract: The disclosed device and method include varying phases of two data signals at a first predetermined frequency, performing multi-level phase modulation of a light based on the two data signals whose phases are varied at the first predetermined frequency, extracting a component having the first predetermined frequency from an optical signal subjected to the phase modulation, and controlling the phases of the two data signals based on the component extracted from the optical signal.

Abstract: A method for overhead processing of optical network and device thereof are disclosed, the device includes: an overhead memory, an overhead processor, and an overhead processor control module. The overhead processor control module is used for controlling the operation of the overhead memory and the overhead processor. The method includes: a system chip inputs the time slots of all overhead bytes that will be processed and descrambled data, and corresponding virtual container numbers, the overhead processor encodes the byte and stores all overhead byte of the same channel in the address of the same overhead memory; at the same time it stores in turn the overhead byte of different channels in different address spaces based on the virtual container numbers, so that an overhead processing logic performs a polling process. The method and device only use a set of overhead processing logic for the overhead of large capacity chips, and save the area and power consumption greatly, thereby reduce the production cost.

Abstract: A universal cartridge chip for use with an imaging process cartridge installed in an imaging device is disclosed. The universal cartridge chip includes a memory storing imaging process cartridge data. The universal cartridge chip may be installed on the imaging process cartridge in a first orientation or a second orientation. If the cartridge chip is installed in a first orientation, the cartridge chip operates in a first mode. If the cartridge chip is installed in a second orientation the cartridge chip operates in a second mode.

Abstract: An image forming apparatus includes an image forming part that forms an image on a recording medium and includes a plurality of photoconductors, a plurality of charging parts that charges the photoconductors, a plurality of developing parts that develops the charged photoconductors, and a plurality of static electricity erasing parts that erases surface potentials of the charged photoconductors. A power supplying part supplies power to the image forming part, and a controller controls to switch the operation of the static electricity erasing parts independently and controls the image forming part to form the image on the recording medium if power applied to the respective photoconductors through the charging parts and the developing parts reaches a target value.

Abstract: An image forming method exposes image bearing members by simultaneously reflecting light beams from light sources, corresponding to different colors, by different reflection surfaces of a polygon mirror which has reflection surfaces and is rotated in one direction, transforms electrostatic latent images formed on each of the image bearing members into toner images for correction, transfers the toner images on each of the image bearing members in an overlapping manner onto a transfer body that is transported in a transport direction, and calibrates overlapping positions of the toner images based on an optical detection of the toner images on the transfer body. The toner images are arranged at positions on the transfer body such that the toner images of different colors have no overlap therebetween even if the toner images shift in a direction perpendicular to the transport direction due to a color registration error.

Abstract: A xerographic marking engine adjusts a charging actuator, such as an AC peak-to-peak voltage or an AC peak-to-peak AC current, based upon toner patch density measurements made using, e.g., a toner patch density sensor. The sensor is used to detect a knee in a toner mass density curve obtained by sweeping an AC peak-to-peak voltage or an AC peak-to-peak current. Once the knee is located, an AC charging actuator peak-to-peak voltage or AC peak-to-peak current is determined that reduces the amount of positive charge that is deposited onto the surface of the photoconductor, thereby extending its life while maintaining acceptable print quality. The described approach may improve photoconductor life without significantly increasing production costs or complexity.

Abstract: An image forming apparatus includes: a photoreceptor, a charging unit which charges the photoreceptor; an exposing unit which forms a latent image onto the photoreceptor; a developing unit which develops the latent image to a toner image; a sensor which detects a line width of a toner patch formed on the photoreceptor by the exposing unit and the developing unit; and a controller which changes a background voltage based on the line width detected by the sensor during an image forming operation so that the line width is secured within a predetermined line width. The controller returns the background voltage to value adjacent to an initial setting background voltage and changes the light amount of the exposing unit by a light amount corresponding to a returning amount of the background voltage.

Abstract: Image forming apparatus in which surface electric potentials of a plurality of surface areas are detected by charging a photoconductor with a different applied bias for each predetermined timing and exposing a plurality of surface areas of the photoconductor by scanning the photoconductor with an optical beam, while changing an exposure intensity of the optical beam for each of the surface areas of the photoconductor. Then, the applied bias necessary for obtaining a predetermined electric potential of a dark section and the exposure intensity of the optical beam necessary for obtaining a predetermined electric potential of a bright section are controlled, on the basis of the surface electric potentials that are detected respectively from the different applied biases and the different exposure intensities. Thereby, the adjustment time can be made shorter than the conventional case.

Abstract: In order to simultaneously prevent both curl generation and fixation performance deterioration upon both-surface image formation of a recording medium P, a fixation temperature control means which subjects a transporting-direction trailing end region of a first surface (front surface) of the recording medium P to fixation at a low heating treatment temperature, thereby suppressing the curl generation amount in the region subjected to the low-temperature heating treatment, at the same time, subjects the region except for the region that has undergone the low-temperature heating treatment to fixation at a normal heating treatment temperature, thereby preventing deterioration in the fixation performance, and subjects the region which has undergone the low-temperature heating treatment to heating treatment of a high temperature upon fixation of a second surface (back surface), thereby preventing defective fixation in the low-temperature heating treatment region is provided.

Abstract: The present invention provides an original conveying apparatus, an original conveying program, and an original conveying method that can change a conveying angle of an original with respect to a scanning point of a scanning apparatus to an angle suitable for removing a foreign matter on the scanning point and an angle suitable for scanning. An original conveying apparatus that can convey an original to a scanning point where a scanning apparatus scans the original includes a conveying unit that conveys the original and a conveying-angle changing unit that can change a conveying angle of the original conveyed by the conveying unit with respect to the scanning point.

Abstract: Disclosed is an image forming apparatus which registers jobs in an order of acceptance of the jobs and which carries out an image forming process and a post-processing for a recording medium according to a content of the registered jobs comprising a comparing unit to compare a time needed for a post-processing of a first job which is being executed with a time needed for an image forming process of a second job which is on stand-by and which is registered and a control unit to execute the image forming process of the second job which is on stand-by after an image forming process of the first job which is being executed is ended and while the post-processing of the first job is being executed according to a comparison result of the comparing unit.

Abstract: An image forming apparatus includes a main frame having a first driving force transmitting part, and a first electrode to supply power, a developing cartridge mounted to the main frame, and having a second driving force transmitting part engaged to the first driving force transmitting part to receive a driving force, and a second electrode electrically connected with the first electrode, and a pressing member disposed to the main frame to regulate a widthwise direction movement of the developing cartridge mounted to the main frame to guide an engagement between the first and second driving force transmitting parts, and an electrical connection between the first and second electrodes.

Abstract: A developing unit for developing an electrostatic latent image formed on the outer peripheral surface of a latent image bearing member rotating in one direction with a developer by mixing electrostatically chargeable toner and magnetic carrier, includes: a developing roller; a carrier collecting roller; a cooling portion including a forced draft duct for airflow from a fan and disposed on the bottom side of the developing vessel; a suctioning portion including a suctioning duct for airflow from suctioning ports disposed on the lower side of the carrier collecting roller, disposed under the forced draft duct; a filter for removing the scattering toner from air including the scattering toner suctioned from the suctioning ports; and, an exhaust portion including an airflow exhaust duct for discharging the air passed through the filter and the forced draft duct to an exhaust port.

Abstract: An printer, such as a state of the art a high performance, electro-photographic printer. The printer includes at least one smart material sensor enclosed in the printer enclosure that monitors for the presence of a contaminant (e.g., toner or developer) above a selected threshold. Each smart material sensor is coupled to a control unit by a sensor driver coupling. When a smart material sensor finds that a contaminant is present the control unit may indicate the finding on a printer display and/or change operating mode.

Abstract: A cleaning device including a polarity control unit to control a charge polarity of residual toner particles, a cleaning member, a surface of which is movable, to electrostatically remove the residual toner particles, provided on a downstream side from the polarity control unit relative to a surface moving direction of an image bearing member, a toner collecting unit to collect the residual toner particles on the cleaning member, and a neutralizing member to neutralize the image bearing member, provided on a downstream side from the polarity control unit and an upstream side from the cleaning member relative to the surface moving direction of the image bearing member.

Abstract: A seal assembly may be used to seal an interface between a roller and a frame in an image forming apparatus. The seal assembly may include an end seal configured to seal an end of a doctor blade in contact with the roller and a roll seal configured to seal a portion of an outer surface of the roller. The roll seal may include an extension located between the end seal and the roller. The roll seal may also include a toe portion that engages the developer frame to resist movement of the roll seal when the developer roll rotates against the roll seal. The seal assembly may be used in an image forming apparatus including, but not limited to, printers, copiers, faxes, multifunctional devices or all-in-one devices.

Abstract: A process cartridge is detachably mountable to a main assembly of the electrophotographic image forming apparatus. The main assembly includes first and second transmitters, a cartridge positioner, a movable member, and a lock. The cartridge includes a photosensitive drum, a developing roller, a drum coupler transmitting a first driving force to the drum of the mounted cartridge and a shaft coupler, transmitting a second driving force from the second transmitter with a deviation permitted between axes of the second transmitter and the roller. The shaft coupler includes an engager engaging the second transmitter and receiving the second driving force for the mounted cartridge. When the cartridge is moved by the movable member, the engager is positioned to the lock and the distance between the engager and roller axes is smaller when the cartridge is positioned to the positioner than when the engager is positioned by a cartridge holding portion.

Abstract: A developing-transferring module includes a sub frame which is detachably mounted to a main frame, a plurality of photosensitive units which are disposed inside the sub frame with a predetermined interval and includes a photosensitive body to which a developer is attached, and a intermediate transferring unit which are provided inside the sub frame disposed opposite the plurality of photosensitive units so that the developer of the photosensitive units can be primarily transferred thereto and secondarily transfers the primarily transferred developer to a record medium of the main frame.

Abstract: A developer cartridge including a frame, a developer housing section, a developer supplying section, a developer electrode, and an input gear is provided. The frame includes a first side wall and a second side wall, and the first side wall and the second side wall extend substantially in a length direction. The developer housing section, for housing a developer, extends from the first side wall to the second side wall in a width direction substantially perpendicular to the length direction. The developer supplying section, for supplying the developer to a photosensitive member, extends from the first side wall to the second side wall in the width direction and houses a developer carrying member. The developer carrying member includes a developer carrying member shaft and a developer carrying member body that is supported on the developer carrying member shaft. The developer carrying member shaft extends in the width direction and is rotatably supported by the first side wall and the second side wall.

Abstract: A developing method improves the printed image quality of an image-forming device by removing surplus charge potential to make the surface potential of a photoreceptor charged during first and second charging steps be the same for next developing, or by inputting different voltages to the developing units. An image-forming device is also disclosed.

Abstract: A belt driving controller is disclosed. The belt driving controller controls driving of a belt that is wound around plural sustaining rollers by controlling a driving sustaining roller that transmits a driving force to the belt. In two sustaining rollers, a calculating method for recognizing a PLD (pitch line distance) of the belt is used. In the calculating method, the delay period during which the belt moves a distance from a driven sustaining roller having a large diameter to a driven sustaining roller having a small diameter is determined to be shorter than before in the belt moving direction.

Abstract: A developing device that enables stable discharge of a developer from a developer discharge port, and an image forming apparatus having this developing device are provided.

Abstract: An image forming unit includes an image forming unit main body; and a developer storage unit detachably attached to the image forming unit main body. The image forming unit main body includes a developer retaining space for retaining developer and a supply opening for supplying developer to the developer retaining space. The developer storage unit includes a discharge opening for discharging developer to the developer retaining space. The image forming unit main body further includes a movable member moving relative to the discharge opening and the supply opening.

Abstract: A toner container for containing toner includes a toner discharge hole, a toner conveyance screw for conveying the toner within the container toward the toner discharge hole, a driving force transmitting portion for transmitting a driving force to the toner conveying screw, and a plurality of supporting legs for supporting the container. One of the supporting legs also serves as a covering member for covering the driving force transmitting portion.

Abstract: A toner container for containing toner includes a first side wall and a second side wall opposite to each other; a toner discharge hole; an agitator for agitating the toner, the agitator rotatable around an agitating shaft bridged between the first side wall and the second side wall; a bearing portion for supporting one end of the agitating shaft; a swing prevention portion for preventing the container from swinging; and a toner charging hole for charging toner into the container. The first side wall is formed with the bearing portion, the swing prevention portion, and the toner charging hole. The bearing portion is between the toner charging hole and the swing prevention portion on an outer surface of the first side wall.