Abstract: A system for providing proactive service to a passenger of an autonomous vehicle during an autonomous-driving ride. The system includes a hardware-based processing unit, and a non-transitory computer-readable storage component including an input-interface module that, when executed by the hardware-based processing unit, obtains input data indicating a condition related to the autonomous-driving ride. The storage component also includes an actions module that, when executed by the hardware-based processing unit determines, based on the condition indicated by the input data, a proposed action; and proactively initiates dialogue with the passenger by way of a vehicle-passenger interface, the dialogue including proposing that the vehicle take the proposed action. Example actions include executing a conversation function, an educating function, an HVAC function, an autonomous-driving function, and an infotainment function.

Abstract: Systems and methods are disclosed for an emergency corridor utilizing vehicle-to-vehicle communication. An example disclosed system includes an emergency vehicle, infrastructure nodes distributed across a municipal area, and an emergency router. The example emergency router selects a route from a first location of the emergency vehicle to a second location specified by an emergency request. The example emergency router also determines ones of the infrastructure nodes that are along the route. Additionally, the example emergency router instructs the ones of the infrastructure nodes to broadcast emergency messages. The emergency messages include information regarding the route and the emergency vehicle.

Abstract: An information provision device transmits, by near field communication, fixed phrase information, of guidance information that guides a user, representative of a fixed phrase and insertion phrase information selected from among a plurality of pieces of insertion phrase information representative of different insertion phrases to be inserted in the fixed phrase, to a terminal device capable of presenting, to the user, presentation information corresponding to the guidance information where the insertion phrase represented by the insertion phrase information is inserted in the fixed phrase represented by the fixed phrase information.

Abstract: An obstacle warning apparatus in a vehicle specifies a position of an obstacle relative to the vehicle based on a detection result by an obstacle sensor. A warning determination section determines whether a warning about the obstacle needs to be executed, based on the specified position of the obstacle. The warning determination section determines that the warning about the obstacle does not need to be executed when an overlap determination section determines that a vehicle range overlaps with a range where the obstacle exists.

Abstract: An operation control apparatus mounted in a vehicle includes a dangerous region determination section which sets a dangerous region in a vehicle travel direction from the vehicle in accordance with the travel speed of the vehicle, and when an obstacle is detected in the dangerous region, determines that it is dangerous to operate an in-car electrical component equipped in the vehicle; an operation detection section which detects that an operation of the in-car electrical component is done; and a dangerous operation recognition section which, when it is determined in the dangerous region determination section that an operation of the in-car electrical component is dangerous, and it is detected in the operation detection section that an operation of the in-car electrical component is done, recognizes a dangerous operation and outputs a signal for issuing an alarm.

Abstract: Route information indicating a preset route is acquired. Host vehicle position information indicating the position of a host vehicle is acquired. It is detected whether a direction indicator providing advance notice of a traveling direction of the host vehicle is on or off. If the position of the host vehicle agrees with a position on the route, the position of the host vehicle approaches a position to turn on the route, and it is detected that the direction indicator is off, a warning operation pertaining to a warning directed at another vehicle traveling in the vicinity of the host vehicle is performed.

Abstract: Methods and apparatus, including computer program products, are provided for point-to-point communications. In one aspect there is provided a method. The method may include detecting, at a first vehicle including a first user equipment, an occurrence of an event; changing, at the first vehicle including the first user equipment, a privacy setting to allow establishment of a local link and transmission of an indication representative of the event; transmitting, at the first vehicle including the first user equipment, the indication in response to the occurrence of the event, when allowed by the privacy setting; and establishing, at the first vehicle including the first user equipment, the local link to at least a second vehicle including a second user equipment, when allowed by the privacy setting. Related apparatus, systems, methods, and articles are also described.

Abstract: A turn signal device comprising: a right-turn signal and a left-turn signal provided in a host vehicle; an operation device for generating operation signals; an acquisition unit that acquires determination signals indicating determination results regarding the risk of a collision between the host vehicle and a following vehicle; a normal situation control unit that, based on the operation signals, outputs normal situation control signals such that light-emitting units for either or both the left-turn signal and the right-turn signal light up sequentially from an inner side to an outer side in the vehicle width direction; and a dangerous situation control unit that outputs dangerous situation control signals such that, when a determination signal indicates a determination result that there is a risk of collision, the light-emitting units for both the left-turn signal and the right-turn signal light up sequentially from the outer side to the inner side.

Abstract: An image generating apparatus generates an image to be displayed on a display and includes at least one memory and a control circuit. The control circuit acquires a plurality of camera images captured by a plurality of cameras installed in a vehicle, calculates a distance between one of the cameras and a target to be projected in the camera images, detects a position of a light-transmissive object or a reflective object in the camera images, and generates an image from a point of view that is different from points of view of the plurality of camera images by using the plurality of camera images and the distance, the generated image including a predetermined image that is displayed at the position of the light-transmissive object or the reflective object.

Abstract: For operating a motor vehicle, a travel path of the motor vehicle across a roadway section of a roadway situated ahead of the motor vehicle and in the direction of travel of the motor vehicle is ascertained. The travel path is defined by an instantaneous running condition of the motor vehicle, a virtual local map that contains instantaneous local wind conditions, an instantaneous location of the motor vehicle on the virtual local map, and information relating to the instantaneous environment of the motor vehicle. The ascertained travel path is used for actuating at least one device of the motor vehicle that influences the instantaneous running condition of the motor vehicle.

Abstract: A transparent display apparatus which is used in a transportation apparatus includes: a communication unit which receives surrounding situation information, a controller which recognizes surrounding objects using the surrounding situation information, and determines a danger element that is likely to collide with the transportation apparatus using characteristics of the surrounding objects and a movement characteristic of the transportation apparatus, and a transparent display which displays information for informing a user of the danger element. Accordingly, a surrounding situation can be effectively presented.

Abstract: A steering-control system for an automated vehicle includes an object-detector and a controller. The object-detector is suitable for use on a host-vehicle. The object-detector is used to detect an other-vehicle approaching the host-vehicle, and to detect a stationary-object that defines a roadway traveled by the host-vehicle. The controller is in communication with the object-detector and adapted to operate the host-vehicle. The controller is configured to steer the host-vehicle towards a centered-position of a travel-lane of the roadway when a projected-path of the other-vehicle approaches the host-vehicle to a minimum-distance between the other-vehicle and the host-vehicle greater than a distance-threshold. The controller is also configured to steer the host-vehicle towards a biased-position of the travel-lane to increase the minimum-distance when the projected-path approaches the host-vehicle to less than the distance-threshold if the host-vehicle remains in the centered-position.

Abstract: A road shape information generator is provided. The road shape information generator includes a sensor value obtainer that obtains a sensor value acting, when a vehicle travels, on the vehicle, a road shape information generator that generates information about a road shape as road shape information based on the sensor value obtained by the sensor value obtainer, and a storage controller that stores, in a road shape information storage, the road shape information generated by the road shape information generator.

Abstract: A method is described for safely and efficiently requesting transportation services through the user of mobile communications devices capable of geographic location determination. New customers may be efficiently serviced, and the requester and transportation provider locations may be viewed in real time on the mobile devices.

Abstract: A management software is provided for assisting air traffic control personnel with planning and monitoring aircraft departures and arrivals with regards to one or more airspaces, such as a terminal airspace predefined about an airport. Airspace output data structures are generated by an algorithm included in the management software and coded to a non-transitory computer-readable medium. A system for returning the airspace output data structures includes the management software, the medium, and a processor for executing computer code of the software. The airspace output data structures may include one or more of (a) modeled trajectories based in part on predetermined preferences provided by airline vendors, (b) adjusted departure times for departing aircraft, and (c) departing and arriving trajectory adjustments.

Abstract: A set of images of a product are obtained from a camera. The set of images are of a plurality of parts of the product being assembled. Based on the set of obtained images, an assembly step that is being performed is detected. One or more assembly metrics for assembling the product are retrieved. A potential assembly issue is determined. The determination is based on the detected assembly step and also based on the retrieved assembly metrics. An assistance feedback is provided based on the determined potential assembly issue.

Abstract: A method and system affects the mental state of a user through cognitive or attention training by providing or displaying a first auditory or visual stimulus to a user, manipulating one or more features of the stimulus to provide or display a second auditory or visual image stimulus, and repeating the steps of manipulating features of the auditory or visual image stimulus to provide or display one or more additional auditory or visual image stimuli to the user. An electronic/computing device receives input from the user, such as EEG signal information, indicating the user's mental state which is evaluated to determine a mood of the user. In response to improvement in the user's mood, the user is rewarded with an additional selected auditory or visual image stimulus. Further, based on improvements in the user's mood, the manipulation of features and provision or display of the stimuli may be adjusted.

Abstract: Methods and apparatuses for generating feedback to a human practitioner practicing a skill using a combination of local platform, the internet, and cloud-based analysis engine are disclosed. The local platform is employed to provide physical parameter data pertaining to the human practitioner (or part/parts thereof) and to the object involved in practicing the skill. Cloud-based technology is leveraged to provide analysis to physical parameter data acquired by the local platform and to generate feedback to the human practitioner. Cloud-based technology is also leveraged to provide analysis resources to the cloud-based analysis engine and feedback resources to provide/enhance the feedback to the human practitioner.

Abstract: The system set forth herein relates to a network formed between an instructor device and one or more student devices where the system monitors sensors in the student devices to determine whether the student is distracted. The instructor is able to identify operating parameters for the system in the form of rules. The student devices must follow the rules, and where the system detects a rule violation, a warning may be issued to the instructor, student, or both. This allows students to have their mobile devices (such as cell phones or tablets) in class, and even use the mobile devices to participate in class, but also allows the instructor to remotely control and monitor how those student devices are being used.

Abstract: A trainable transceiver is provided for a vehicle for transmitting signals to a device remote from the vehicle. The trainable transceiver includes an RF transceiver configured to receive an RF signal during a training mode in order to learn characteristics of the received RF signal, and to transmit an RF signal to the remote device in an operating mode where the transmitted RF signal includes the learned characteristics of the received RF signal; a local memory device for storing channel data representing the learned characteristics of the received RF signal; an interface configured to communicate with an Internet-connected device; and a controller coupled to the local memory device and the interface, the controller configured to retrieve the channel data from the local memory device and transfer the channel data for storage remote from the vehicle using the interface. The controller may also receive channel data from the remote memory device.

Abstract: Methods, techniques, apparatuses, and systems for setting up and tracking sleep consistency goals of users are provided. In one example, a computing system for setting a sleep schedule of a user of a biometric monitoring device may obtain sleep data derived from sensor data generated by the biometric monitoring device, store the sleep data in a sleep log data store as one or more sleep logs associated with an account assigned to the user, and calculate a target bedtime based on a scheduled waketime of the user and a sleep efficiency derived, at least in part, from the sleep data for one or more users stored in the sleep log data store. The computing system may also be configured to provide a number of personalized user interfaces to an individual for the purposes of setting a sleep schedule. Such interfaces may include parameters that are tailored to the individual sleep needs and/or characteristics of the individual's sleep.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a system for assisting a person in walking, comprising a measurement unit for measuring physiological data including vital sign data and movement data of the person; an activity ability determination unit which is configured to determine a frailty state of the person based on the vital sign data, and to determine walking characteristics of the person based on the movement data; an activity program unit which is configured to select and continuously update a walking program based on the determined frailty state of the person and the determined walking characteristics of the person.

Abstract: Systems and methods for real-time notification and mobile content delivery are provided herein. In one embodiment, a system includes a server that is configured to receive user parameter data of a user, construct a user plan that includes meal and exercise components, perform periodic evaluations of the user based on one or more targets, the one or more targets being based on the meal and exercise components, the evaluations including biometric feedback from biometric tracking devices or the user that are indicative of user performance relative to the one or more targets, and periodically transmit messages to a client device associated with the user to inform the user of any of compliance with or deviations relative to the one or more targets.

Abstract: To make it possible to reduce a human load for a cutaneous sensation control setting corresponding to an image. Provided is an image processing device including: an infrared image acquisition unit that acquires an infrared image of an imaged object; a visible light image acquisition unit that acquires a visible light image of the imaged object; a generation unit that generates cutaneous sensation control parameters on the basis of the infrared image acquired by the infrared image acquisition unit; and a data processing unit that associates the visible light image acquired by the visible light image acquisition unit with the cutaneous sensation control parameters generated by the generation unit.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a braille display and an electronic device including the same. The braille display according to an aspect of the present invention includes: a base configured to be provided as a perpendicularly polarized plate-shaped magnet and have through holes formed in a perpendicular direction according to a predetermined arrangement; pins configured to be respectively inserted in the through holes so that an upper end of each pin perpendicularly moves between a first position at which the pin protrudes from an upper surface of the base and a second position at which the pin is accommodated in one of the through holes, the pins expressing braille by means of a combination of individual pins located at the first position; and coils configured to be installed to be respectively wound around the pins and move the pins up and down by receiving current and interacting with the magnet.

Abstract: Existing haptic-based simulation systems struggle to replicate a realistic experience for dental and dental hygiene students and clinicians. A realistic haptic-based simulator to train periodontal procedures. Realism is accomplished through three distinguished features: (1) a custom grip to attach dental instruments to the haptic device, which enhances the grip experience since learners feel the tactile properties of the instruments (rather than the haptic device stylus), (2) two haptic devices are utilized to simulate haptic feedback with both the dental instrument (dominant hand) and the mirror instrument (non-dominant hand), and (3) a finger support mechanism using parallel manipulation is used for the intraoral fulcrum during probing. The Haptic dental simulator system comprises software and hardware subsystems.

Abstract: A resettable injection training device having an outer shell including a proximal end and a distal end, the outer shell defining a chamber there within, an actuation member near a proximal end, and a plunger slidable within the chamber is provided in an embodiment herein. The embodiment further including a safety shield having an extended locked position, an extended unlocked position and a retracted position, a locking sleeve configured to interact with the safety shield, and a reset shuttle disposed within the safety shield at a distal end of the device, wherein the reset shuttle is slidable relative to the safety shield, such that movement of the reset shuttle toward the proximal end of the device unlocks the safety shield.

Abstract: A method for training an ultrasound user with a hand-held device having one or more first sensors to detect angular orientation of the device in one or more dimensions, and at least one two-dimensional surface device having one or more second sensors to detect translational position of the hand-held device in one or more directions, which communicates the angular orientation data from the hand-held device and the translational position data from the at least one surface device to a computer to display a virtual environment with a virtual hand-held device that moves in correlation with the hand-held device based on the angular orientation data from the hand-held device and the translational position data from the at least one surface device.

Abstract: A physical abdominal surgical simulation system including an abdominal model mimicking the biomechanical properties and response of a patient specific abdomen and an image acquisition and analysis system. The abdominal model includes an abdominal wall model insert forming a frame of the abdominal model, an abdominal wall member secured to the abdominal wall model insert, a back member secured to the abdominal wall model insert in opposed relation with respect to the abdominal wall member, and an abdominal model cavity defined within abdominal wall model insert, the abdominal wall member, and the back member. The image acquisition and analysis system includes a plurality of cameras configured to capture images of the abdominal model cavity.

Abstract: An encrypting device for encrypting information into encrypted information is developed, which is composed of: an information obtaining unit for obtaining information; a unitization-for-conversion unit for unitizing the obtained information to unitized information in the 16-byte unit for conversion by a conversion unit which will be described later; and the conversion unit for converting the unitized information unitized in the unitization-for-conversion unit into converted unitized information using a function which cannot be expressed in a single linear expression.

Abstract: A modular security control device for controlling an apparatus or an installation includes a basic control apparatus which is configured such that an apparatus or an installation which is at least connectable to the basic control apparatus is at least controllable via a sequence of a control program in the basic control apparatus, and includes a security module which is configured to provide or perform a cryptographic functionality for the basic control apparatus, where the security module is connected to the basic control apparatus by a data connection via a data interface, the basic control apparatus is configured to interact with the security module to achieve a security function of the security control device, and where the basic control apparatus is configured to query an identity and/or authenticity of the security module.

Abstract: A processor device has an executable implementation of a cryptographic algorithm implemented being white-box-masked by a function f. The implementation comprises an implemented computation step S by which input values x are mapped to output values s=S[x], and which is masked to a white-box-masked computation step T? by means of an invertible function f. As a mapping f there is provided a combination (f=(c1, c2, . . . )*A) of an affine mapping A having an entry width BA and a number of one or several invertible mappings c1, c2, . . . having an entry width Bc1, Bc2, . . . respectively, wherein BA=Bc1+Bc2+ . . . . Output values w are generated altogether by the mapping f. Multiplicities of sets Mxi, i=1, 2, . . . =Mx11, Mx12, . . . Mx21, Mx22, . . . are formed from the output values a of the affine mapping A.

Abstract: A dissolvable produce washing label includes a dissolvable substrate impregnated with a produce cleanser; an adhesive layer; and a coating to seal and protect from water and humidity. When rubbed and washed with water by the end user the top coating wears and breaks to expose the dissolvable substrate, thereby dissolving the substrate and releasing the produce wash.

Abstract: A display frame for use in exhibiting license plates on a table/desk or from the floor include a frame body defining a hingedly connected front frame member and back frame member, a coupling member, and either plurality of magnets, a table stand or a floor stand. The back frame member and the front frame member each include a plurality of cushion pads in corresponding location to allow the frame body to be secured over and hold a contained license plate without damaging the license plate. The frame body may be deployed with either magnets, a table stand or a floor stand, with the coupling member facilitating the removable attachment of the frame body to either of the stands.

Abstract: An advertising medium includes a frame enclosing a traffic signal control cabinet. The frame includes opposing rails for each side of the cabinet with opposing inside surfaces of the rails including grooves extending longitudinally along the rail and spaced from each other. A light panel is carried within one groove near, yet spaced from, surfaces of cabinet walls. An advertising panel is carried within a second groove. The advertising panel is spaced from the light panel and on an opposite side from the cabinet wall. A clear protective panel is carried within a third groove and opposite an outer surface of the advertising panel. Tie rods extend between lock devices which are secured to the rails such that removing the frame from its position around the cabinet is prevented. As a result, advertising material may be secured to a traffic signal control cabinet without intruding upon or modifying the cabinet.

Abstract: A flexible display device includes a display panel, at least one inspection part, and a detector. The display panel includes at least one bending portion and a display area. The inspection part is located on the bending portion and bends in a manner similar to the bending portion. The detector applies an inspection signal to the inspection part and receives an output signal from the inspection part. A crack in the inspection part is then determined based on a comparison of the inspection and output signals.

Abstract: Systems and methods for mitigating image degradation in displays are provided. In one example, the present disclosure relates to an information handling system comprising a display policy related to a display, where the display policy provides information concerning: (1) at least one icon for display on the display, and (2) a schedule for changing a size of the at least one icon over a period of time. The system may further include an image data storage configured to store image data corresponding to the at least one icon for the display. The system may further include an image data adjuster configured to adjust the image data corresponding to the at least one icon based on the display policy.

Abstract: A display apparatus according to the present disclosure is configured in such a manner that unit pixels each constituted by a plurality of subpixels having different light emission colors are arranged in a matrix form and the subpixels having different light emission spectra of light emission colors are mixed in units of pixels or subpixels. Additionally, an electronic appliance according to the present disclosure is configured in such a manner as to include the display apparatus having the above configuration.

Abstract: An external compensation method for devices in a panel which comprises a plurality of sub-pixels, includes programming a first device in a first sub-pixel among the plurality of sub-pixels via a first line and sensing the first device via a second line during a first period; and programming a second device in a second sub-pixel among the plurality of sub-pixels via the second line and sensing the second device via the first line or a third line during a second period.

Abstract: A display comprises a plurality of autonomous pixels on a stretchable substrate. Each autonomous pixel comprises a display element and a control element arranged to sense an external stimulus and to generate, entirely within the autonomous pixel, a control signal to drive the display element based, at least in part, on a magnitude of the sensed external stimulus. The stretchable substrate comprises a plurality of less elastic regions separated by stretchable areas, where the less elastic regions are less stretchable than the surrounding stretchable areas and each control element of an autonomous pixel is located in or on a less elastic region of the stretchable substrate.

Abstract: A display system that can solve the problem of an inadequate band in a connector or transmission path and that enables processing of a high-resolution image signal, includes a display device and an electronic apparatus that is electrically connected to the display device via a connector. The electronic apparatus receives or generates an original image signal indicating an original image that is to be displayed and supplies a plurality of divided image signals each indicating a respective image of a plurality of partial images into which the original image has been divided. The display device displays the original image on the basis of a combined image signal into which the plurality of partial image signals supplied from the electronic apparatus have been combined.

Abstract: Provided are a luminous member, a method of driving the luminous member, a non-volatile memory device, a sensor, a method of driving the sensor, and a display apparatus. The luminous member includes a first electrode; a second electrode facing the first electrode; an emission layer, which is disposed on a main surface of the first electrode and emits light by power applied between the first electrode and the second electrode; and a ferrodielectric layer disposed between the emission layer and the second electrode, wherein AC power applied to the luminous member is controlled based on polarity or magnitude of a residual polarization generated in the ferrodielectric layer, thereby adjusting emission characteristics of the emission layer.

Abstract: An operating method of a display device includes providing a first supply voltage to a light emitting diode to make a driving current pass through the light emitting diode. The light emitting diode is electrically connected with an electrically controlled switch, the electrically controlled switch is electrically connected with a control circuit, the control circuit is configured to drive the electrically controlled switch according to a data signal and a scan signal, the first supply voltage is a pulse width modulation voltage, and a duty cycle of the first supply voltage is less than 100%.

Abstract: A module type display apparatus includes a communication interface configured to communicate with at least one external module type display apparatus; a display panel including a plurality of light emitting diodes (LEDs); a storage configured to store information regarding at least one of brightness and a color coordinate that is previously measured according to a characteristic of an LED among the plurality of light emitting diodes; at least one sensor configured to sense a characteristic of at least one LED; and a processor configured to set a target value based on at least one of second brightness and a second color coordinate received from the at least one external module type display apparatus, and control to adjust at least one of first brightness and first color coordinate of the at least one LED to have the target value, based on the information acquired from the storage.

Abstract: A display device includes first pixels in a first pixel region and connected to first scan lines and second pixels in a second pixel region connected to second scan lines. The second pixel has a width less than the first pixel region. The display device also includes a first scan driver to supply first scan signals to the first scan lines, a second scan driver to supply second scan signals to the second scan lines, a first signal line to supply a first driving signal to the first scan driver and the second scan driver, and a signal delay circuit connected to the first signal line to delay the first driving signal.

Abstract: An organic EL display includes: a sub-pixel and a sub-pixel arranged adjacent to each other and each including a driving transistor; and a power supply line for supplying a power supply voltage to the driving transistor of the sub-pixel and the driving transistor of the sub-pixel, the power supply line being disposed at a boundary between the sub-pixel and the sub-pixel. The driving transistor of the sub-pixel and the driving transistor of the sub-pixel are oriented in a same direction.

Abstract: Control of a light emission period of a light-emitting element results in higher visibility. A display device includes a signal line, a first scan line, a second scan line, and a pixel circuit. The pixel circuit includes a light-emitting element, a first transistor, and a second transistor. The second transistor includes a back gate. The second scan line is electrically connected to the back gate. The second scan line has a function of controlling the threshold voltage of the second transistor and a function of controlling the light emission period of the light-emitting element.

Abstract: Pixel circuits each include a write transistor having a gate electrode connected to a write control line, one of a drain electrode and a source electrode connected to a data line for transmitting data voltage corresponding to luminance of the pixel circuit, and the other of the drain electrode and the source electrode connected to a gate electrode of a drive transistor. A compensation circuit includes a compensation transistor connected to a compensation signal line and the write control line. A compensation voltage generation circuit outputs compensation control voltage in accordance with a representative value of data voltage for the pixel circuits. A capacitance of the write control line caused by the compensation transistor and a capacitance of the write control line caused by the write transistors of the pixel circuits have mutually opposite voltage dependence with respect to the representative value of the data voltage for the pixel circuits.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is a light emitting period setting method for a display panel wherein the peak luminance level is varied through control of a total light emitting period length which is the sum total of period lengths of light emitting periods arranged in a one-field period, including a step of setting period lengths of N light emitting periods, which are arranged in a one-field period, in response to the total light emitting period length such that the period lengths of the light emitting periods continue to keep a fixed ratio thereamong, N being equal to or higher than 3.

Abstract: A pixel circuit and a drive method therefor, and an active matrix organic light-emitting display. The pixel circuit initializes an anode of an organic light-emitting diode (OLED) through a seventh thin-film transistor (M7), so that the aging of the organic light-emitting diode (OLED) is slowed down and the service life of the organic light-emitting diode (OLED) is prolonged. The current output by a first thin-film transistor (M1) serving as a drive element is determined by a data voltage provided by a data line (Dm) and an initialization voltage (Vref) provided by a third power supply and has nothing to do with external supply voltages and a threshold voltage of the first thin-film transistor (M1), and therefore brightness non-uniformity caused by the deviation in the threshold voltage of the thin-film transistor and the change in the supply voltages can be avoided.