Abstract: An apparatus includes a top surface configured to couple to a variable aperture mechanism (VAM), where the top surface has an opening configured to align with an aperture of the VAM. The apparatus also includes a bottom portion configured to couple to a cooled object and a contact portion configured to couple to a strut, where the top surface, bottom portion, and contact portion form a continuous body. The apparatus further includes a plurality of baffles within the continuous body, where each of the baffles has an opening configured to align with the aperture of the VAM. In addition, the apparatus includes a reinforcement ring comprised in or within the continuous body and disposed to be aligned with the strut when the strut is coupled to the continuous body.

Abstract: A stove guard comprises a data processing unit (101) and a temperature sensor arrangement (102) for receiving thermal radiation from objects in a specific field of view and for supplying detector signals representative of the received thermal radiation to the data processing unit (101). The temperature sensor arrangement (102) includes at least three detector elements (201, 202, 203), their sensitivity bands located at different positions along an optical radiation wavelength axis. The sensitivity band of one of said detector elements is limited to a wavelength range of less than 1.2 micrometers.

Abstract: An optical pulse measuring method measuring an optical pulse generated from a pulse light source is provided. The method includes: splitting the optical pulse and then focusing them at a measuring point, so as to generate gas plasma by the autocorrelation of the split optical pulses; receiving the sound signal from the gas plasma and generate a plasma sound signal; and using the plasma sound signal to calculate the characteristics of the optical pulse. A measuring device is also provided.

Abstract: A signal processing method of a wireless temperature measurement system comprises: acquiring inherent background noise intensity of a receiver (11) of a reader (10) and maximum output signal intensity of the receiver (S101); acquiring current noise intensity on a receiving channel of the receiver (11) in real time when an antenna (14) is connected to the reader (10) and an excitation signal is not transmitted to a temperature sensor (20) (S102); and determining an intensity threshold value of a temperature signal currently measured by the temperature sensor (20) according to the background noise intensity, the maximum output signal intensity and the current noise intensity (S103).

Abstract: Provided are a temperature sensor, an array substrate, and a display device. In the temperature sensor, a low-pass filter is disposed between a ring oscillator and a comparator, so that a square-wave signal output from the ring oscillator passes through the low-pass filter and a high-frequency component in the square-wave signal output from the ring oscillator is directly filtered out by the low-pass filter, thereby improving a signal-to-noise ratio of the ring oscillator and a test accuracy of the temperature sensor.

Abstract: A device and method for sensing environmental parameters of storage system is provided. A control unit and a temperature sensor are disposed in a sensor body. The temperature sensor and the capacitor electrode module are electrically connected with the control unit. The temperature sensor measures temperatures of the bulk solids and transmits the temperatures to the control unit. The capacitor electrode module measures capacitances of the bulk solids and transmits the capacitances to the control unit. The control unit gets a moisture content through variations of capacitance signals, and an ambient humidity is calculated through the moisture content and temperature signals.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to an apparatus for determining and/or monitoring temperature of a liquid. The apparatus includes at least one temperature sensor arranged in a sensor head. Furthermore, the present disclosure relates to a method for manufacturing the apparatus. At least one internal volume of the sensor head is at least partially filled with at least one first material and at least one second material. The first material serves for affixing at least one component of the temperature sensor within the sensor head, and the second material serves for heat conduction within the sensor head.

Abstract: A thermal sensor providing simultaneous measurement of two diodes. A first diode and a second diode are coupled to a first current source and a second current source, respectively. The ratio of the currents provided by the two sources is accurately known. The voltage across each of the two diodes may be coupled to the input of a differential amplifier for determination of temperature. Alternatively, the first diode may be coupled to a first current source by a resistor with a known voltage drop, and the second diode may be coupled to an adjustable second current source. The current in the second diode may be adjusted until the voltage across the second diode is equal to the sum of voltage drop across the first diode and the known voltage drop across the resistor. Under the established conditions, the Diode Equation may be used to calculate a temperature.

Abstract: The application relates to direct current, DC, charging cable including two DC conductors configured for transmitting electrical energy between an electrical vehicle and a charging device, at least a signal line having a first signal line end and a second, opposite signal line end and a control device, the first signal line end is connected at a first connection point to one of the DC conductors, and the control device is configured for measuring a voltage difference between the second signal line end and a second connection point of the one of the DC conductors distant to the first connection point for determining a temperature of the DC charging cable.

Abstract: A new and useful thermochromic liquid crystal Indicator is disclosed that provides an indication of the temperature of the Object to which the Indicator is attached, and is an improvement over the existing art for at least the fact that the impact of ambient air circulating around the Indicator and circulating the Object is reduced by several means, such as i) the use of a novel cap or housing to isolate the liquid crystal Structure from ambient air and from touching or ii) using a novel liquid crystal formulation that reduces the reaction time of the thermochromic liquid crystal contained in the Indicator to changing temperatures conveyed by the ambient air. The new and useful liquid crystal Indicator can also employ either a template or a colored filter as a mask that narrows the colors and narrows the range of temperatures indicated by the Indicator.

Abstract: Temperature sensing probes for sensing the temperature of a substrate based on fluorescence are disclosed. The temperature sensing probes include a fiber optic cable having at a cold end an optical interface and at a hot end a temperature sensing element for contacting a substrate. A sheath surrounds at least a portion of the hot end of the fiber optic cable. A retaining member securely and removably engages the sheath with a support member. The sheath forms a vacuum seal around the contact between the temperature sensing element and the substrate.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to a device for determining a temperature of a liquid. The device comprises a first temperature sensor and a reference element. The reference element is composed of a material in which a phase transformation occurs at a predetermined temperature within a temperature range relevant for operation of the device. The material remains in the solid phase. Arranged on the reference element are a first and a second electrode electrically insulated from one another. The device includes a first connection line for contacting the first electrode, and a second connection line for contacting the second electrode. The device further includes a third connection line composed of a material different from the material of the first or the second connection line. The third connection line forms with the first or the second connection line the first temperature sensor in the form of a first thermocouple.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to a device for determining and/or monitoring temperature of a liquid, comprising a temperature sensor, a reference element for in-situ calibration and/or validation of a temperature sensor and an electronics unit, wherein the reference element is composed at least partially of a material, in the case of which at least one phase transformation occurs at at least a first predetermined phase transformation temperature in a temperature range relevant for calibrating the temperature sensor, in which phase transformation the material remains in the solid phase. According to the present disclosure, the electronics unit is embodied to supply the reference element with a dynamic excitation signal. Furthermore, the present disclosure relates to a method for calibration and/or validation of a temperature sensor based on a device of the invention.

Abstract: A stress sensor includes a stress detection layer including a laminated body including a first magnetic layer, a first non-magnetic layer, and a second magnetic layer that are laminated, wherein the first magnetic layer and the second magnetic layer have mutually different magnetoelastic coupling constants, such that a stress is detected by an electrical resistance dependent on a relative angle of magnetization between the first magnetic layer and the second magnetic layer varying depending on the stress externally applied.

Abstract: A displacement detection type force sensor, having a mechanism for relaxing deformation of a member due to a factor other than an external force. The force sensor has at least one of: a first relaxation part elastically deformable along a plane perpendicular to a first axis, and provided to at least one of a first substrate part, a first connection part, a second substrate part and a second connection part; and a second relaxation part elastically deformable along the first axis, and provided to at least one of the second substrate part, the second connection part, a third substrate part and a third connection part.

Abstract: A vibration sensor according to an embodiment includes a laminated body. The laminated body includes a support layer a first end of which is fixed; a piezoelectric layer on the support layer; an insulating layer disposed between the support layer and the piezoelectric layer; a common electrode disposed on a first principal surface of the piezoelectric layer; a first sensing electrode disposed in a first area on a second principal surface of the piezoelectric layer on the side opposite to the first principal surface; and a drive electrode disposed in a second area different from the first area on the second principal surface of the piezoelectric layer. The first area is located near the first end of the support layer.

Abstract: A variable inductance force transducer includes a variable inductor including an induction coil having a wire configured as a plurality of turns with a hollow center having an inner opening. An inner core is within the induction coil that can move in and out responsive to an applied pulling force to change its inductance depending on a magnitude of a pulling force applied to the inner core. A spring has an end for securing to a fixture and an opposite end secured to a first end of the inner core which has a second end opposite the first end having a coupling feature attached thereto for attaching a load which provides the pulling force.

Abstract: A wireless communication device includes a pressure sensor to generate a first signal in response to a pressure variation. A variable offset capacitor is coupled in parallel with the pressure sensor. A first analog-to-digital converter (ADC) is coupled to the variable offset capacitor and to convert the first signal to a digital signal. The pressure sensor is a capacitive pressure sensor. The variable offset capacitor is a digitally controlled variable capacitor and the ADC is a low-resolution and low-power ADC.

Abstract: Disclosed is a pressure transducer including a body made of a material having a first coefficient of thermal expansion, a fluidic inlet and a fluidic cavity enclosed by the body in fluidic communication with the fluidic inlet. The pressure transducer further includes a strain gauge including a resistive element in operable contact with the body. At least a portion of the resistive element made of a material having a second coefficient of thermal expansion that is different from the first coefficient of thermal expansion of the body. Disclosed further is a pressure transducer including a filler body located in a fluidic cavity of the pressure transducer configured to reduce adiabatic thermal effects on a transducer body. Disclosed are systems and methods incorporating the pressure transducers described herein.

Abstract: An adaptor for connecting a pressure gauge to a fuel conduit not provided with a connection port. The adaptor may comprise a tube including a schrader valve, threads for engaging the pressure gauge, a standard automotive fuel conduit, and standard automotive connectors connecting the tube to the fuel conduit, and the fuel conduit to a pressurized fuel conduit of a vehicle. The adaptor may be provided as a kit including interchangeable tubes, conduits, and connectors, to accommodate vehicle fuel conduits of different configurations and sizes.

Abstract: An orientation device, an orientation system and an orientation method are provided. The orientation device includes a seat body, a pressure sensor, and a computing unit. The seat body includes a bearing surface, and the seat body is non-directional. The pressure sensor is disposed below the bearing surface. The pressure sensor is configured to obtain a plurality of pressure data of the bearing surface when an object is disposed on the bearing surface. The computing unit is coupled to the pressure sensor. The computing unit is configured to analyze the pressure data to obtain a direction data. The direction data is configured to determine a first direction of the seat body.

Abstract: Determining when to calibrate a pressure sensor of a mobile device. Particular systems and methods determine values of a plurality of metrics based on how data collected at a first location of a mobile device relates to threshold conditions, determine weights for the metric values, determine weighted metric values by applying the weights to the metric values, use the weighted metric values to determine if a pressure sensor of the mobile device should be calibrated using information associated with the first location, and calibrate the pressure sensor of the mobile device using the information associated with the first location if a determination is made that the pressure sensor of the mobile device should be calibrated using information associated with the first location.

Abstract: A fluid controller is provided having a flow path through which a fluid can flow, a closed space separated from the flow path by an isolation member, and a leak port capable of communicating the closed space with an external part. An anomaly detection device for detecting an anomalty has a pressure sensor detachably fixed to the leak port, a pressure sensor for detecting the pressure in the closed space, a processing module for executing a predetermined information processing, and an detachable mechanism for blocking the leak port from the external part in the state of being fixed. The processing module determines an anomaly of the fluid controller by comparing a detection value detected by the pressure sensor to a predetermined threshold, and transmits a discrimination result of the anomaly of the fluid controller to a server.

Abstract: A method for identifying a source of high pressure leakage of a fuel system of an engine comprising determining pressure decay values at a first pressure and at a second pressure and identifying the source of high pressure leakage based on the pressure decay values at each pressure.

Abstract: A sealing performance test method, an apparatus, and a storage medium, where the method includes obtaining a first atmospheric pressure value after a component configured to seal the apparatus is installed in the apparatus where the first atmospheric pressure value is an atmospheric pressure value at inside of the apparatus when a pressure is applied to the apparatus, calculating an atmospheric pressure difference between the first atmospheric pressure value and an atmospheric pressure value at outside of the apparatus, and determining sealing performance of the apparatus based on the atmospheric pressure difference. Therefore sealing performance of the apparatus can be quickly and accurately tested.

Abstract: A sealing element that visually indicates when a sealing element has been opened or corrupted without destruction of the seal. Ultraviolet light passes through a scattering layer and is absorbed by a fluorescing layer, the fluorescing layer reemitting the light in the visual spectrum and thereby allowing a user to inspect the integrity of the sealing element without otherwise destroying the seal.

Abstract: A system for the state monitoring of a fiber composite structure, in particular of an aircraft or spacecraft, include a fiber composite structure; a multiplicity of state sensors which, on and/or in the fiber composite structure, are configured to detect state data of the fiber composite structure an energy store configured to store electrical energy for the supply of the state sensors in a rechargeable manner; an energy generating layer configured, on the fiber composite structure, to generate the electrical energy for the supply of the state sensors; and a data processing unit configured for wireless data communication with the state sensors for the further processing of the detected state data.

Abstract: A test fixture for measuring the skin friction of anisotropic surface finish on a material is described. The test fixture can be utilized in a wind tunnel. The test fixture can include a plate having a cavity configured to receive a circular specimen disk. A motor can be coupled to the plate to rotate the circular specimen disk. During a test, a fluid can flow over the plate in a particular direction and the motor can rotate the circular specimen disk to determine the effect of the flow angle on the average skin friction coefficient of a surface finish of a material. The circular specimen disk can easily be attached and detached from the test fixture to allow circular specimen disks with different surface finishes to be tested.

Abstract: A method for detecting performance of a roll-to-roll device for processing flexible material comprises: obtaining a first fuzzy prototype and a second fuzzy prototype according to vibration data of all rollers working in a normal state; collecting the vibration data of all the rollers at a target time period, and extracting a second root mean square value and a second kurtosis value of the actual vibration data; and calculating membership degree functions of the second root mean square value, the second kurtosis value, the first fuzzy prototype and the second fuzzy prototype, and determining a performance state of a roll-to-roll device for processing flexible material within the target time period according to the membership degree functions. The method can accurately assess the performance of the roll-to-roll device for processing flexible material, so as to prevent the roll-to-roll device for processing flexible material from failing.

Abstract: The aim of the invention is to economically produce a pressure measuring sensor element, and relates, according to one aspect, to a method for producing a pressure sensor measuring element for a pressure sensor which comprises at least one membrane and a covering protecting the membrane, the pressure sensor element being produced in a layer-by-layer generative production method. This makes it possible to, for example, easily construct a combination sensor for detecting pressure and an additional parameter. It is also possible to structures for reinforcement or for influencing resonant frequency or for influencing heat conduction.

Abstract: A measuring device with at least one fluid channel for conveying a measuring fluid, wherein the fluid channel includes at least one inlet for the entry of the measuring fluid into the fluid channel and at least one outlet for the exit of the measuring fluid from the fluid channel. The fluid channel comprises includes a diamond-shaped cross-section and includes a course from the at least one inlet to the at least one outlet over which the measuring fluid entering the fluid channel is deflected by at least 90° before the measuring fluid exits the fluid channel at the at least one outlet.

Abstract: A device for inspecting tires of large dimensions, in particular for civil engineering vehicles, comprises: a rotationally driven tire support (10) designed to support a tire (20) to be inspected in position so that its axis of rotation is substantially horizontal, said support comprising means for rotating the supported tire; an ultrasound inspection device (1) provided with an inspection head (5) that is freely mounted radially and axially, a module (8) for retrieving and processing echo data retrieved during inspection phases, and a system for controlling the movement of the inspection head (5) inside the tire to be inspected, in particular along the inner wall of the crown area of said tire to be inspected.

Abstract: In one embodiment, a method for processing a sample includes selecting a selected sample from a biological specimen, the selected sample being in contact with a first surface of a first substrate. The method also includes transferring the selected sample directly from the first surface to a container comprising an internal volume. The method also includes forming or providing a sample solution within the internal volume of the container by contacting the selected sample with a lysis mixture using a protocol. The method further includes performing an assay, experiment, or test on the sample solution while the sample solution disposed is within the internal volume of the container. In another embodiment, a method for processing a sample includes providing a selected sample comprising one or more cells. The method also includes transferring the selected sample into an internal volume of a container.

Abstract: An object of the present invention is to provide a dispensing device that can inhibit a dead volume from occurring and can dispense a liquid of a small quantity with a high degree of accuracy while reducing the variation of dispensing quantities. A dispensing device according to the present invention has a detachable dispensing tip and the dispensing tip has a configuration of arranging a plunger in a hollow part of a metal pipe (refer to FIG. 2).

Abstract: This disclosure is directed to a device and a system for picking a target analyte of a suspension. A picker introduces at least one force, such as by a magnetic gradient and/or by a pressure gradient, to extract the target analyte from a sample.

Abstract: This application relates generally to a method and apparatus to deposit particles onto one or more coupons, and harvest particles from one or more coupons, which may beneficially provide a more uniform or localized distribution of particles over a specified area on each coupon. The application relates to a method and apparatus for depositing particles onto one or more coupons using a sieve. The application also relates to a method and apparatus for depositing particles onto one or more coupons using a dust storm. The particle loadings achieved on each coupon or across an individual coupon may be substantially uniform. The application further relates to a laser-based method and apparatus for transferring particles deposited at localized points on a source coupon to a different substrate for further use.

Abstract: The present invention relates to systems and methods for tissue processing and analysis. Tissue chambers are configured to allow single-container chemical processing, imaging, and wax embedding of tissue samples in a single container without manipulation between steps. Tissue chambers with features to support the tissue sample and allow fluid flow between the tissue sample and the tissue chamber surface are disclosed. The features may be index matched to sample structures of interest or dissolvable in clearing solution to allow for in-chamber imaging with minimal distortion. Specialized tissue processing and wax removal apparatuses are also disclosed including for use with tissue chambers having frangible portions to permit ease of wax removal.

Abstract: The present technology relates to an analytical device for quantitative or qualitative analysis of one or more analytes in a sample. The analytical device comprises a reaction component and a capping component. The reaction component is capable of performing an analysis on a sample placed within an inner reaction chamber that is connected to an output end and conduit that eliminates the air or liquid component of the sample. Once the output end is sealed, the inner reaction chamber may be used as an extraction, reaction and analysis chamber with an optically clear path for interrogation of the sample. The analytical device may also feature a sealing device that seals the inner reaction chamber during analysis. The sealing device may also have an inner chamber for accommodating lyophilized reagents that can be added at any point during the procedure.

Abstract: In accordance with embodiments of the present invention, a terpene-rich sample is prepared for terpene analysis using liquid chromatography via an extraction method that takes little time, uses minimal external equipment, and permits direct injection of extracted terpenes into a liquid chromatography instrument for analysis. An embodiment of the invention involves preparing a terpene-containing sample for analysis by liquid chromatography by liquid extraction; heating the liquid extract in a vial that contains a filter medium or solvent; collecting the terpenes in the medium by the vapor pressure forced through the filter from heating; and eluting the collected terpenes into a vial or directly into a chromatography injector.

Abstract: A method for measuring a stress field evolution during a CO2 fracturing process is provided, which is adopted to not only transparently display the spatial distribution and propagation morphology of internal fracturing fracture of a three-dimensional physical models, but also obtain internal three-dimensional stress phase diagram in a fracture propagation process by integration of a CT scanning, a digital reconstruction, a 3D printing, a CO2 fracturing experiment, a stress freezing and a photoelastic measurement techniques, thereby realizing transparent display and quantitative characterization of the three-dimensional stress field and its evolution law of a solid matter in the CO2 fracturing process.

Abstract: The present invention corresponds to a machine for multiaxial fatigue comprising a rotational mechanism, which is formed from a first power shaft with a first end connected to a first motor by means of a first coupling element; and a second end connected to a first fastening element. Moreover, the rotary mechanism has a driven shaft arranged collinearly with the first power shaft. This driven shaft has a first end connected to a fixed bearing; and a second end connected to a second fastening element. The second fastening element is arranged collinearly with the first fastening element; and a second coupling element connecting the first end to the second end. Moreover, the machine has a reciprocating mechanism comprising a second power shaft connected to a second motor; a linear rotational transmission connected to the second power shaft; where the linear rotational transmission includes a bearing that connects to the driven shaft; and where the bearing applies a radial load on the driven shaft.

Abstract: A tool for checking wear in a Cardan joint comprises a base element, a trigger plate, an indicator pin, an indicator pin carrier and an indicator pin biasing element. The trigger plate is pivotally mounted to the base element about a trigger plate pivot axis (A) for pivotal movement between a first pivotal position and a second pivotal position. It has, at one end, a trigger plate yoke with a pair of opposed arms for engaging over one arm of a second yoke member of the Cardan joint and, at another end, an indicator pin opening. The indicator pin carrier is pivotally mounted to the base element to permit the angular position of the indicator pin carrier to be adjusted relative to the trigger plate. The indicator pin carrier is arranged between the base element and the trigger plate.

Abstract: The present invention consists of a system for estimating the volume and density of a body by using multiple sensors and technologies. The system comprises a control unit in charge of driving, controlling, synchronizing, acquiring, processing, displaying and communicating with the other modules of the system; a platform for measuring the weight of the user, such as a personal scale or balance; at least a pair of sensor array control units; a sensor array connected to each controller and which in turn is made up of capacitive sensors and optical sensors, and a mobile unit or device. The system allows the volume of the body to be estimated by areas, as well as an estimation of the general density, in a simple and non-obtrusive way. The information of the volume, weight and density of the user is displayable in a mobile unit and stored in remote servers, which allows the user to monitor the evolution of these physiological variables.

Abstract: A method for characterizing wettability of a porous medium is described. A core sample of the porous medium is secured in a core holder, which includes a first end and a second end. A model of the core sample and a pore volume of the core sample are obtained. A wetting phase is displaced from the core sample by supplying a non-wetting phase at one end of the core holder. The non-wetting phase is displaced from the core sample by supplying the wetting phase at one end of the core holder. A saturation profile of the core sample is determined based on cross-sectional images of the core sample. A wettability index value is calculated at least based on a comparison of the saturation profile and the model of the core sample.

Abstract: Embodiments of the present disclosure can include a method comprising: providing a plurality of cells to a microchannel, the microchannel coated in at least one cell adhesion entity and comprising a compressive surface and a first outlet, the compressive surface defining a compression gap, flowing the plurality of cells through the microchannel, wherein the flowing comprises: compressing the plurality of cells underneath the compressive surface; and exposing the plurality of cells to the at least one cell adhesion entity, wherein the exposing causes a first portion of the cells having a first adhesion property to temporarily bind to the cell adhesion entity; and collecting the first portion of cells at the first outlet; wherein the compression gap has a height of from 75% to 95% an average diameter of the plurality of cells.

Abstract: A reagent selection support apparatus for supporting selection of a reagent used for cell measurement is provided. The apparatus includes a processing unit configured to acquire order information including a first measurement item and a second measurement item different from the first measurement item, and determine a combination of a first fluorescence reagent used to measure a first target molecule corresponding to the first measurement item and a second fluorescence reagent used to measure a second target molecule corresponding to the second measurement item, based on information on a property of the first target molecule and a property of a first fluorescent stain contained in the first fluorescent reagent, and information on a property the second target molecule and a property of a second fluorescent stain contained in the second fluorescent reagent; and an output unit configured to output the determined combination of the first fluorescence reagent and the second fluorescence reagent.

Abstract: A sensor network, which includes a sensor controller serially coupled to a plurality of sensor modules, is configured to program the sensor modules so as to transfer measurement data to the sensor controller and to synchronize the sensor modules to picosecond accuracy via on-chip or on-module custom circuits and a physical layer protocol. The sensor network has applications for use in PET, LiDAR, FLIM and flow cytometry applications. Synchronization, within picosecond accuracy, is achieved through use of a picosecond time digitization circuit. The picosecond time digitization circuit is used to measure on-chip delays with high accuracy and precision. The delay measurements are directly comparable between separate chips even with voltage and temperature variations between chips.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to optical crosstalk reduction in particle processing (e.g., cytometry including flow cytometry using microfluidic based sorters, drop formation based sorters, and/or cell purification) systems and methods in order to improve performance. More particularly, the present disclosure relates to assemblies, systems and methods for minimizing optical crosstalk during the analyzing, sorting, and/or processing (e.g., purifying, measuring, isolating, detecting, monitoring and/or enriching) of particles (e.g., cells, microscopic particles, etc.). The exemplary systems and methods for crosstalk reduction in particle processing systems (e.g., cell purification systems) may be particularly useful in the area of cellular medicine or the like. The systems and methods may be modular and used singly or in combination to optimize cell purification based on the crosstalk environment and specific requirements of the operator and/or system.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are systems, methods, and techniques for optical detection of analytes (e.g., biomarkers or other objects) using a liquid-core waveguide in which the analytes are suspended in a high-index liquid inside a liquid channel of the waveguide. The term “high-index” may indicate a refractive core index of the carrier liquid that is higher than or equal to that of one or more surrounding cladding layer(s) (e.g., ethylene glycol liquid inside a glass channel). In some embodiments, a method includes illuminating, by a light-source, one or more particles in a liquid-core waveguide, wherein the liquid-core waveguide comprises a first cladding layer having a first index of a refraction, and a hollow core comprising a liquid inside the hollow core, wherein the liquid has a second index of refraction higher than the first index of refraction; and detecting, by a detector, light emitted from the one or more particles.

Abstract: A method for defining distributions of functional subpopulations of cells in a cell population.