Abstract: A sampling device having a lower portion with a sample container. A cap is moveably attached with the lower portion and includes a cutting edge configured for cutting a leaf. When the cap is attached to the lower portion with a leaf there between, a leaf sample is deposited into the sample container of the lower portion. The cap includes a vent in fluid communication with the sample container such that the leaf sample is dried. A detachable label can extend from the lower portion.

Abstract: A sampling device for underwater environments includes a first section that includes a support surface for supporting one or more sampling components that collect samples from a landing surface. The sampling device includes a second section coupled to the first section and separated from the first section by the support surface. The second section includes a hollow portion. The sampling device includes a pump in fluid communication with the hollow portion and configured to i) pump fluid from the hollow portion to an external environment to create a suction force to assist with anchoring the second section to the landing surface, and ii) pump fluid from the external environment to the hollow portion to assist with releasing the second section from the landing surface.

Abstract: A gas-sensing apparatus with gas convection capability includes a gas sensor mounted inside a container, a substrate forming a bottom plate of the container and an actuator. The gas sensor is mounted over a first surface of the substrate internal to the container. The actuator is coupled to a second surface of the substrate external to the container. The actuator can cause convection of a gas within the container by enabling movements of the substrate in response to an activation signal.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method for precisely determining protein content in edible fungus, belonging to the technical field of food detection. The method is as follows: determining total nitrogen content in an edible fungus sample by using a Kjeldahl method; additionally taking an equal amount of sample, and washing same with acid and alkali solutions to obtain chitin residues; then determining nitrogen content in the chitin residues by using the Kjeldahl method; subtracting the nitrogen content in the chitin residues from the total nitrogen content in the sample, so as to eliminate the interference of the nitrogen content in chitin; and finally obtaining precise protein content by calculation based on a formula. The present invention provides a method for precisely determining protein content in edible fungus, and provides a method for the precise assessment of the nutrient composition and value of protein in the edible fungus.

Abstract: Filter (45) for a pathology assembly (10) comprising a first side (41) that is configured to facilitate the outflow of a fixating, conserving and/or nurturing liquid and/or gas, the first side (41) being configured to withhold at least one specimen, the first side (41) being configured to facilitate recognition and analysis of the specimen, a ridge (46) comprising a filter closing element (26) and a second side (39) opposing the first side (41) comprising a supporting structure (44) and a first member for a first seal (48).

Abstract: This disclosure relates to a real-time video extensometer. Typically, the apparatus of the disclosure combines the image source, data processing and electrical output on to a single processing board in order to achieve high frequency images and low latency times on data flow. Further, the video processing engine processes the image on a pixel basis and updating the output the intermediate extension/strain result so that after receipt of the final image pixel, a final extension/strain value is achieved and immediately output for evaluation.

Abstract: A system for evaluating properties of an asphalt sample includes a load frame and a test fixture. The load frame includes a platform and a loading rod. The test fixture includes: a base configured to rest on the platform of the load frame; first and second spaced apart vertical guide bars extending upwardly from the base; a horizontal cross bar above the base and extending between the first and second guide bars, wherein the asphalt sample is configured to be held between the base and the cross bar; a load plate above the cross bar, the load plate configured to receive the loading rod of the load frame to apply a load to the asphalt sample; a load cell above the base and configured to measure the applied load and to generate corresponding load electrical signals; and a controller configured to receive the load electrical signals.

Abstract: A system for comparative pressure measurement includes a measuring chamber filled with a gas mixture having a gas pressure. A first sensor is arranged in the measuring chamber. The first sensor is adapted to measure the gas pressure independently of a type of the gas mixture. A second sensor is arranged in the measuring chamber. The second sensor is adapted to measure the gas pressure based on a known dependency from a type of the gas mixture. An evaluation unit determines a state of the gas mixture based on the gas pressure values measured by the first pressure sensor and the second pressure sensor at the same time.

Abstract: The apparatus for measuring disentrainment rate of air includes a Confined Plunging Liquid Jet Reactor (CPLJR) having a downcomer column surrounding a liquid jet. The end of the downcomer column is partially immersed in a receiving liquid pool contained in a reservoir. A conical ring is placed in the downcomer column below the liquid jet, the ring bearing against the wall of the downcomer column and forming a seal to define a headspace in the column. A gas supply and first bubble meter are connected to the column above the conical ring to supply gas and measure total entrainment. A second bubble meter connected to the headspace between the ring and the receiving pool measures disentrainment, and a third bubble meter connected to headspace above the receiving pool outside the column measures net entrainment.

Abstract: A surface wettability determination system includes a sprayer, a light emission device and an optical detector. The sprayer is provided to spray a liquid on a detected surface of a detected object. The light emission device is provided to emit a light beam toward the detected surface. The light beam is reflected by the liquid on the detected surface to generate a reflected light. The optical detector is provided to receive the reflected light and output a determining signal, and the determining signal is related to a wettability of the detected surface.

Abstract: A suspension particle sensing apparatus includes a first flow channel, a suspension particle concentration sensor and a suspension particle filtering assembly. The first flow channel has a first entrance and a first exit. The suspension particle concentration sensor is disposed in the first flow channel, and is located between the first entrance and the first exit. The suspension particle filtering assembly is disposed at the first entrance, and includes a casing and a suspension particle filtering structure. The casing has a first opening and a second opening. The first opening is communicated with the first entrance of the first flow channel. The suspension particle filtering structure covers the second opening.

Abstract: A system for detecting objects in a specimen includes a chamber for holding at least a portion of the specimen. The system also includes a lens-free image sensor for obtaining a holographic image of the portion of the specimen in the chamber. The system further includes a processor in communication with the image sensor, the processor programmed to obtain a holographic image having one or more objects depicted therein. The processor is further programmed to obtain at least one object template representing the object to be detected, and to detect at least one object in the holographic image.

Abstract: A lens-free microscope for monitoring air quality includes a housing that contains a vacuum pump configured to draw air into an impaction nozzle. The impaction nozzle has an output located adjacent to an optically transparent substrate for collecting particles. One or more illumination sources are disposed in the housing and are configured to illuminate the collected particles on the optically transparent substrate. An image sensor is located adjacent to the optically transparent substrate, wherein the image sensor collects particle diffraction patterns or holographic images cast upon the image sensor. At least one processor is disposed in the housing and controls the vacuum pump and the one or more illumination sources. Image files are transferred to a separate computing device for image processing using machine learning to identify particles and perform data analysis to output particle images, particle size, particle density, and/or particle type data.

Abstract: An example forward scatter sensor comprises: a transmitter to emit a light sheet; a receiver to observe light scattered from particles that fall through a measurement volume; and a control entity comprising an analyzer to record a measurement signal descriptive of intensity of light captured by the receiver as a function of time and to: carry out a precipitation analysis on basis of a time segment of the measurement signal; carry out a verification of analysis performance based on magnitudes of first peaks of at least one identified double peak and on respective residence times for said at least one identified double peak; and invoke a predefined maintenance action responsive to said verification indicating a threshold-exceeding difference between respective size estimates derived based on magnitudes of the first peak of said at least one identified double peak and based on residence times of said at least one identified double peak.

Abstract: An example forward scatter sensor comprises: a transmitter arranged to emit a single light sheet; a receiver to observe light scattered from particles that fall through a measurement volume; and a control entity comprising an analyzer arranged to record a measurement signal descriptive of intensity of light captured by the receiver as a function of time and to carry out a precipitation analysis on basis of a time segment of the measurement signal, the precipitation analysis comprising: identifying, in said time segment, one or more double peaks that each represent a respective droplet and comprise a first peak that represents light refracted from a bottom of the respective droplet upon entry to the measurement volume and a second peak that represents light reflected from a top of the respective droplet upon exit from the measurement volume; and deriving one or more precipitation parameters and one or more precipitation indications.

Abstract: A process for obtaining a monophasic liquid composition from a volume of a colloid; a monophasic liquid composition extracted from a colloid; a Kit for measuring the concentration of molecules solubilized in the continuous phase of a colloid, and a method for measuring the concentration of molecules dissolved in the continuous phase of a colloid.

Abstract: A structure for sensing a molecule in a solution is provided. The structure includes a transducer, a sensing surface and a heating element. With the sensing surface immersed in a first solution, a heating of the sensing surface by the heating element disassembles first self-assembled molecules from the sensing surface. With the sensing surface immersed in a second solution, second molecules self-assemble onto the sensing surface. The transducer is configured to cooperatively monitor molecular disassembly and self-assembly in the first and second solutions, respectively, with respect to the sensing surface.

Abstract: Disclosed is a measurement apparatus that includes: a measurement unit configured to measure a control sample for quality control; a display unit; and a processing unit configured to cause the display unit to display an input screen for setting an evaluation criterion used in the quality control, and, in the measurement apparatus, the processing unit causes the display unit to display a quality control result of a test item, based on the evaluation criterion and a measurement result of the control sample.

Abstract: A particle detector formed by a body defining a chamber and housing a light source and a photodetector. A reflecting surface is formed by a first reflecting region and a second reflecting region that have a respective curved shape. The curved shapes are chosen from among portions of ellipsoidal, paraboloidal, and spherical surfaces. The first reflecting region faces the light source and the second reflecting region faces the photodetector. The first reflecting region has an own first focus, and the second reflecting region has an own first focus. The first focus of the first reflecting region is arranged in an active volume of the body, designed for detecting particles, and the photodetector is arranged on the first focus of the second reflecting region.

Abstract: A remaining service life of a process-engineering apparatus through which fluid flows and which is embodied as a heat exchanger, column, or container for phase separation is acquired. A computing unit is mounted on the apparatus and coupled to a remote computing unit. Temperature measurement values are obtained by a plurality of sensors arranged in or on the apparatus. Mechanical stress is acquired as a characteristic variable not directly measurable from the measurement values of the temperature. The remaining service life is acquired from the mechanical stress. The mechanical stress is acquired by means of the computing unit and the mechanical stress and/or the temperature measurement values are transmitted to the remote computing unit, and the remaining service life is acquired there. Alternatively, the temperature measurement values are transmitted to the remote computing unit, and the mechanical stress and remaining service life are acquired there.

Abstract: An optical detecting device for detecting a nanoscale object, comprising: a microfluidic device, a microlens array, a light source and a light detecting element, wherein the microfluidic device comprises a top wall and a bottom wall arranged oppositely and a microfluidic channel between the top wall and the bottom wall; the microlens array is arranged on a surface of the bottom wall, and the bottom wall is made of an optically transparent material, and the light source is arranged on the surface of the bottom wall away from the microlens array aligned to the microlens array; the beam of the light source causes the formation of a photonic nanojet area in the microfluidic channel; the light detecting element receives light from the photonic nanojet area to detect the nanoscale object arranged in the photonic nanojet area.

Abstract: A method for observing a sample is placed between a light source and an image sensor, comprising at least 10000 pixels, the light source emits an illuminating beam, which propagates to the sample, the light beam is emitted in an illumination spectral band (??11) lying above 800 nm, the method comprising the following steps: (a) illuminating the sample with the light source; (b) acquiring an image of the sample (I0) with the image sensor, no image-forming optics being placed between the sample and the image sensor; and (c) the image sensor being configured such that it has a detection spectral band (??20), which blocks wavelengths in the visible spectral band, such that the image may be acquired in ambient light.

Abstract: Diffuse reflectance spectroscopy apparatus for use in analysing a sample comprising a sample receiving location 2 for receiving a sample 3 for analysis; an illumination arrangement 4 for directing light towards a received sample; a detector 6 for detecting light reflected by a received sample; and collection optics 5 for directing light reflected by a received sample towards the detector. The illumination arrangement further comprises an interferometer 42 and a half beam block 45a, 45b which is disposed substantially at a focus in the optical path for blocking light which exits the interferometer, passes said focus, and is reflected from re-entering the interferometer.

Abstract: The device is formed in a casing including a support, a spacer body, and a mirror element fixed together. A light-emitting element and a light-receiving element are arranged on a bearing surface of the support and face a reflecting surface of the mirror element. The light-emitting element is configured to generate infrared radiation, and the light-receiving element is configured to receive light radiation reflected by the reflecting surface. The spacer body has an emission opening housing the light-emitting element and a reception opening housing the light-receiving element; the reception opening comprises a radiation-limitation portion configured to enable entry of reflected light radiation having an angle, with respect to a normal to the bearing surface, of less than a preset value.

Abstract: Systems and methods for determining performance properties of an unknown composition are disclosed. The performance properties can include a Research Octane Number (RON), a Motor Octane Number (MON), and/or a cetane number. The systems and methods include utilizing an optical spectrum of an unknown composition to determine a model of composition, where the model of composition includes a molecular identity and a relative abundance for components therein. The model of composition is then utilized to calculate one or more performance properties. Additionally, the fit quality for the model of composition is determined by performing a partial least squares analysis on specific spectral regions of interest in the optical spectra of the unknown composition.

Abstract: An inspection apparatus is provided with: an irradiating device configured to irradiate a sample in which a plurality of layers are laminated with a terahertz wave; a detecting device configured to detect the terahertz wave from the sample to obtain a detected waveform; and an estimating device configured to estimate a position of a boundary surface of the plurality of layers on the basis of the detected waveform and a library indicating an estimated waveform, the library is generated on the basis of a sample waveform that is the detected waveform obtained by irradiating the sample or a sample member with the terahertz wave, the sample member has specifications that are same as those of the sample.

Abstract: A method for operating an optical measuring system including a wavelength-tunable temperature-stabilized laser light source for measuring the concentration of a target gas component in a measured gas, wherein an instantaneous base current IDC_ZG,act corresponding to a wavelength ?ZG of a target gas absorption line is set so that a wavelength distance ??DC defined during calibration between a target gas absorption line for a target gas component and a reference gas absorption line for a reference gas component is maintained. During operation, a relative temperature difference in the laser light source, defined in advance during calibration, between the operating points selected at the time of calibration of the reference gas, with a base current IDC_RG,cal, and the target gas component, with a base current IDC_ZG,cal, is maintained by determining the required instantaneous base current IDC_ZG,act for the target gas component, as a function of an instantaneous base current IDC_RG,act for the reference gas.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method for the measurement of at least one sample by the interaction with the surface in the field of at least one sensor surface, such as surface plasmon resonance measurement, comprising the steps of: i) sampling the sample and a buffer; ii) transporting the sample and the buffer to at least one flow cell which is in liquid contact with the sensor surface of at least one sensor for measuring a parameter of a sample by interaction of the sample at the sensor surface in the field of the sensor surface; iii) transporting the sample into the flow cell into contact with the sensor surface; iv) handling a separation fluidum by inserting and/or removing the separation fluidum by between the sample and/or the buffer upstream and/or downstream of the sensor surface; v) measuring the interaction of the sample at the sensor surface; and vi) dispensing the sample from the flow cell, and to a measuring system for such method.

Abstract: Chalcogenide waveguides with high width-to-height aspect ratios and a smooth exposed surfaces can serve as mid-infrared evanescent-absorption-based sensors for detecting and identifying volatile organic compounds and/or determining their concentration, optionally in real-time. The waveguide sensors may be manufactured using a modified sputtering process in which the sputtering target and waveguide substrate are titled and/or laterally offset relative to each other and the substrate is continuously rotated.

Abstract: Optical reference devices for calibrating or monitoring the performance of an optical measurement device, such as a fluorometer, are made from thermoplastics from the polyaryletherketone (PAEK) family of semi-crystalline thermoplastics, including polyether ether ketone (PEEK). The reference device may be made as a master reference device having a known emission output—as determined by a standard optical measurement device—that is used to calibrate other optical measurement devices against the standard. The reference device may be made in the shape of a receptacle vial so that the reference device can be placed in the receptacle holding structure of an instrument in which the optical measurement device is installed and used to calibrate or monitor the optical measurement device within the instrument. The reference device may be part of the probe of a pipettor or pick and place mechanism or it may be a cap that can be secured to the end of such a probe.

Abstract: An optode has a planar radiation guiding medium having a first planar surface and a second planar surface and one or more perimeter surfaces bounded by the first and second planar surfaces. An excitation energy source of the optode is configured to output into the radiation guiding medium first energy at a wavelength selected to excite a fluorophore. The optode also includes a photodetector configured to image at least a portion of the first planar surface of the radiation guiding medium by detecting second energy transmitted through the radiation guiding medium.

Abstract: A microscope apparatus includes: a sample setting unit in which a sample is set; an imaging unit configured to image the sample set in the sample setting unit; a housing unit on which the sample setting unit is arranged, and which is configured to internally accommodate the imaging unit; a first light source configured to irradiate light for fluorescence excitation on the sample in the sample setting unit; a first cover configured to be movable to a first position that covers the sample setting unit and a second position that opens the sample setting unit; and a second cover configured to be movable within the first cover; and a second light source arranged in a space covered with the second cover and configured to irradiate light on the sample in the sample setting unit.

Abstract: Provided is a fluorescent signal detection apparatus including a reaction unit including a kit loading part in which a diagnostic kit is inserted to one area, a light source unit including a light source and a first barrel configured to surround the light source, a light receiving unit provided at one side of the light source unit and including a detection part and a second barrel configured to surround the detection part, and a case configured to surround the reaction unit, the light source unit, and the light receiving unit. Here, the diagnostic kit includes measuring parts and microstructures configured to accommodate a target to be measured, which is labeled by a fluorescent dye, and the microstructures are provided on the measuring parts.

Abstract: The sample imaging apparatus includes: a housing that forms a closed space; a transparent tray on which a sample is placed in the housing; a plane light source that is formed by using a flat light guide plate, which propagates light emitted by a light emitting element in a plane direction, so as to illuminates the sample with illumination light through the tray in the housing; a lens that is disposed in the housing so as to face the plane light source with the tray interposed between the lens and the plane light source and is used for imaging the sample; and an imaging control unit that adjusts a focal length of the lens and performs imaging in a case of imaging the single sample.

Abstract: A device for measuring an ionic concentration of an ionic compound in a porous medium solution contained in a porous medium. The device includes a sensing portion, a light source, and a light sensor. The sensing portion is miniaturized and includes a permeable material body defining a measuring cavity therein and is insertable in the porous medium to allow the porous medium solution to diffuse through the permeable material body. The light source illuminates the porous medium solution contained inside the measuring cavity. The light sensor detects a resulting light emanating from the porous medium solution, the resulting light having at least one spectral characteristic indicative of the ionic concentration of the ionic compound in the porous medium solution. There is also provided a method for measuring in situ an ionic concentration of an ionic compound in a porous medium solution contained in a porous medium.

Abstract: An easily inspected shaft assembly is provided and includes a shaft, a sleeve receptive of a portion of the shaft and an optically activatable layer including first and second sections disposed on respective exterior surfaces of the shaft and the sleeve, respectively, such that the first and second sections move relative to one another as the shaft and the sleeve move relative to one another.

Abstract: Systems and methods for illuminating and/or inspecting one or more features of a unit under test (UUT) are disclosed herein. A system configured in accordance with embodiments of the present technology can include, for example, a machine, one or more diffuser elements, and/or one or more light sources. The system can create and adjust brightfield illumination profiles (e.g., uniform, brightfield illumination profiles) on portions (e.g., on curved features) of the UUT by, for example, using the one or more light sources and/or the one or more diffuser elements to adjust diffuse and/or specular illumination projected onto the curved features of the UUT. In some embodiments, the system includes one or more darkfield light sources configured to project illumination onto second portions of the UUT to create a darkfield illumination profile. The system can capture data of the brightfield and/or darkfield illumination profiles and can thereby inspect portions of the UUT.

Abstract: An apparatus displays a plurality of lines representing a plurality of cracks occurring in a structure on a display unit, accepts an instruction to change a display state of the plurality of lines on the display unit, assigns order in which the display state is changed based on the instruction to each of a plurality of lines constituting one connecting point among the plurality of lines, and changes the display state of each of the plurality of lines constituting the one connecting point based on the order assigned by the assignment unit in response to acceptance of the instruction.

Abstract: A device for perceiving an actual state of an interior of a people mover may include at least one imaging sensor for perceiving the actual state of the interior and an evaluation device that is configured to obtain a target state of the interior. The evaluation device may be configured to compare the actual state with the target state in order to determine a difference between the actual state and the target state, and wherein the evaluation device is configured to generate a signal for informing an operator of the people mover of the actual state based on the difference. An interface may also be included for sending the signal to the operator.

Abstract: An interferometer uses a phase shift mask that includes an array of pixels that are aligned with a corresponding array of pixels of a detector. Each pixel in the phase shift mask is adapted to produce one of a number of predetermined phase shifts between a test beam and a reference beam. For example, the pixels may be linear polarizers or phase delay elements having one of the number of polarizer orientations or phase delays to produce the predetermined phase shifts between the test beam and the reference beam. The pixels in the phase shift mask are arranged in the array to include each of the predetermined phase shifts in repeating pixel groups in rows that are one column wide, columns that are one row high, or blocks of multiple rows and columns.

Abstract: A filtration unit inspection device including an image capturing device for generating image data, an operator unit for presenting the image data, and a data cable connecting the image capturing device to the operator unit, the image capturing device and at least part of the data cable being adapted to be fed into a filtration unit, wherein the filtration unit inspection device includes a guiding element that is provided on the image capturing device for facilitating feeding the image capturing device through the filtration unit.

Abstract: An X-ray imaging inspection system for inspecting items comprises an X-ray source 10 extending around an imaging volume 16, and defining a plurality of source points 14 from which X-rays can be directed through the imaging volume. An X-ray detector array 12 also extends around the imaging volume 16 and is arranged to detect X-rays from the source points which have passed through the imaging volume, and to produce output signals dependent on the detected X-rays. A conveyor 20 is arranged to convey the items through the imaging volume 16.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a hard X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (HAXPES) system comprising an X-ray source providing a beam of photons which is directed through the system so as to excite electrons from an illuminated sample. An X-ray tube is connected to a monochromator vacuum chamber in which a crystal is configured to monochromatize and focus the beam onto an illuminated sample. A hemispherical electron energy analyser is mounted onto the analysis chamber. An air gap is provided between the X-ray tube and the monochromator chamber, which air gap is provided with a first radiation trap to shield the ambient air from the radiation when the air gap is illuminated with X-rays from the source.

Abstract: The disclosed technology relates to a method of selecting a material composition and/or designing an alloy. In one aspect, a method of selecting a composition of a material having a target property comprises receiving an input comprising thermodynamic phase data for a plurality of materials. The method additionally includes extracting from the thermodynamic phase data a plurality of thermodynamic quantities corresponding to each of the materials by a computing device. The extracted thermodynamic quantities are predetermined to have correlations to microstructures associated with physical properties of the material. The method additionally includes storing the extracted thermodynamic quantities in a computer-readable medium. The method further includes electronically mining the stored thermodynamic quantities using the computing device to rank at least a subset of the materials based on a comparison of at least a subset of the thermodynamic quantities that are correlated to the target property.

Abstract: A detection device includes a light refraction structure and a resistance detection circuit. The light refraction structure includes a substrate, a conductive layer, and a refraction layer. The conductive layer and the refraction layer are formed on the substrate. The conductive layer includes a resistance. The resistance detection circuit is electrically coupled to the conductive layer and is adapted to detect the resistance of the conductive layer. The resistance detection circuit generates a detection signal according to a change in the resistance, and the detection signal represents a state of the refraction layer.

Abstract: A display device, particularly for an exterior mirror of a motor vehicle, comprising a display means that comprises a lighting means, characterized in that the display device comprises a moisture detection apparatus comprising a sensor device, the moisture detection apparatus being designed to at least partially detect light emitted by the display means and light reflected by moisture.

Abstract: A fluid sensor for detecting a content change, in particular a liquid front, in a sensor portion of a fluid system, wherein the fluid sensor includes at least one sensor electrode, the sensor electrode having an electrode potential and a capacitive behavior, the sensor electrode thus being capable to store electrical energy in an electrical field formed by the sensor electrode when being charged, causing the electrode potential to change accordingly, a capacitance value of the sensor electrode varies when the content changes, the fluid sensor includes evaluation electronics, the evaluation electronics including a unidirectional electrical device (UED), and an AC source, the AC source is coupled via the UED to the sensor electrode to charge the sensor electrode, and the evaluation electronics include a discharge path coupled to the sensor electrode for discharging the sensor electrode.

Abstract: A method of exposing a sample to an electrical effect for electrochemical analysis of the sample in an electrolyte solution is disclosed. The method comprises causing an external electrical conductor of an electrode head to apply the electrical effect, the external electrical conductor of the electrode head being external to the electrode head and on an external side of the sample exposed to the electrolyte solution. Apparatuses are also disclosed.

Abstract: Disclosed are compositions and methods for the electrochemical detection of enzymes, such as enzymes that are indicative of disease, disorders, or pathogens, such as viruses, bacteria, and fungi, or other disorders. These methods can be used in point-of-care diagnostic assays for the detection of disease, disorder, or pathogen (e.g., to identify the strain of pathogen infecting a patient in a healthcare setting). The electrochemical methods described herein can also be used to assess the susceptibility of a pathogen to an antipathogen drug. Also provided are probes suitable for use in conjunction with the methods described herein.

Abstract: A biosensor, including a modified gold electrode and a macrophage RAW264.7 immobilized on the modified gold electrode. The disclosure also provides a method of preparing the biosensor and a method of using the same for evaluation of antioxidant capacity of substances.