Abstract: An improved apparatus and process for removal of particulates entrained in a gas stream are provided. The removal process employs a pulse combustor to provide an acoustic pressure wave to acoustically enhance bimodal agglomeration of particulates which may be collected and removed using a conventional separation apparatus. A particulate having a size different from the size of the particulate in the gas stream to be cleaned is introduced into the system to effectuate the bimodal process. The apparatus may be employed as a direct fired system for improved operation of gas-operated equipment such as a gas turbine, or may, alternatively, be employed as an add-on subsystem for combustion exhaust clean-up. Additionally, the added particulate may be a sorbent for effecting sorption of other contaminants such as sulfur. Various other particulates for contaminant removal may also be introduced into the system as exemplified by alkali-gettering agents.

Abstract: A method of thermal disposal of sewage sludge. The sludge is dried and incinerated. The flue gases from the incineration are washed. The flue gas dust resulting from the incineration and the sludge resulting from washing of the flue gases are treated together with high temperature combustion which includes melting of solids.

Abstract: An installation for steam cracking hydrocarbons comprises at least one hydrocarbon cracking furnace, an indirect quench heat exchanger for the effluents leaving the furnace, direct quench means for said effluent, and means (36, 38) for injecting erosive solid particles into the installation for decoking purposes. The installation also includes a cyclone (10) placed at the outlet from the indirect quench heat exchanger to separate the solid particles from the gaseous effluent, with the solid particle outlet (14) from said cyclone being connected to storage tanks (20, 30) connected in series with isolating valves (16, 28, 34), a source (38) of gas under pressure being provided to raise the pressure in one of the tanks and to inject the solid particles into the installation.

Abstract: An incineration process which can utilize any type of incineration means for disposing of hazardous, as well as non-hazardous, burnable waste. Such waste include toxic combustible liquids, oil slurries, soils contaminated with dioxin, PCBs, creosote, or any other potentially toxic combustible material. In particular, the present invention relates to an incineration process which has no continuous stack discharge or pollution. In this process, a portion of the flue gas stream is enriched with oxygen and recycled to the incineration means. The remaining portion of the flue gas stream is scrubbed to remove acid gases and passed through a purification zone wherein any remaining contaminates are removed.

Abstract: A process and apparatus for simultaneously removing NO.sub.X and SO.sub.X from the exhaust of a furnace includes an injection of limestone into a region of the furnace having a temperature of about 2,000.degree.-2,400.degree. F., and an injection of ammonia into a region in the furnace having a temperature of about 1,600.degree.-2,000.degree. F. The limestone absorbs at least some of the SO.sub.X and the ammonia absorbs at least some of the NO.sub.X. The exhaust from the furnace which contains particulate and gases, is supplied to a dry scrubber where further reactions take place between unused ammonia and SO.sub.X, and calcium sorbent and SO.sub.X. Sorbent and ammonia regeneration can also be utilized to further improve the efficiency of the system.

Abstract: The invention provides an apparatus for removing VOC's from soil, particularly soil contaminated with gasoline, diesel fuel, or the like. The apparatus includes a burner-heated drum for substantially vaporizing the VOC's (the drum desirably is of the type used in hot mix asphalt plants, to which the apparatus of the invention is particularly suited to be adapted). The vaporized VOC's are then ducted to an air scrubber where the VOC's are substantially entirely absorbed into the scrubber water, along with any airborne soil particulates. The VOC and particulate-laden water is then conducted to a settling basin where the particulates are allowed to settle out. Particulate-free VOC-laden water is withdrawn from the basin and transported to an air stripper where the VOC's are vaporized. The vaporized VOC's are then conducted to the drum burner, where they are burned to help heat the drum and additional soil that is being processed.

Abstract: A fluidized bed combustion system and method in which a recycle heat exchanger is located adjacent the furnace section of the recycle heat exchanger. Heat exchange surfaces are provided in one compartment of the heat exchanger for removing heat from the solids, and a bypass compartment is provided through which the solids directly pass to the furnace during start-up and low load conditions. A separate cooling compartment for the separated solids is disposed in the recycle heat exchange and valves are provided to selectively control the flow of solids between compartments.

Abstract: An apparatus for separating and recovering effluent gases from a furnace includes a pressure vessel for containing the gases. This vessel has a fluid input for receiving the gases and a fluid output for selectively removing the gases when they are separated. A condenser is provided to transform and maintain the lowest vapor pressure gas as a liquid so that it accumulates as a liquid at the bottom of the vessel. The remaining non-condensed effluent gases accumulate in strata above the liquid. Apparatus is provided to selectively remove the liquid and at least one of the remaining non-condensed gases from the vessel through the fluid output. Also set forth is a method for recovering effluent gases from a furnace including the steps of adding the gases to a pressure vessel, altering the density of the gases so that the lowest vapor pressure gas condenses into a liquid and the non-condensed gases stratify above the liquid. Then the liquid is removed from vessel and optionally expanded to cool the vessel.

Abstract: Coherent radiation is used to provide the energy, excite and sustain of plasma in which solid waste materials are reduced to a slag-like material from which has been removed the more harmful constituents. The effluvia of the plasma reduction process is scrubbed to remove particulates and the gas is processed by additional heating to eliminate products of incomplete combustion and/or chemically convert harmful constituents. The remaining gas is then safely exhausted into the atmosphere. The solid waste material may be the ash by-product of prior incineration.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for the combustion treatment of a toxic gas which forms microparticles by combustion are disclosed wherein the toxic gas is subjected to a combustion treatment in a specific combustion furnace where the combustion gas formed is brought into contact with an aqueous film flowing downwards on the inner wall of the furnace from the upper end portion thereof to the lower end portion thereof or with a cooled surface, and then optionally with aqueous droplets dispersed in the interior space of the furnace. The water captures the microparticles formed by combustion of the toxic gas and is discharged out of the furnace as a mixed flow with the combustion gas thus treated, and optionally the mixed flow is successively treated in a gas-liquid separator.

Abstract: Combustion unit which for attaining a circulation process comprises a reactor chamber (1) and a particle separator (6) which is provided with two casings (7, 8) and which is placed inside the reactor chamber to the upper part thereof. At least the first i.e. the outer casing (7) of the particle separator (6) is arranged to form a heat transfer surface. The roof structure (1a) of the reactor chamber (1) is attached to the outer casing (8).

Abstract: A process for elimination of liquid hazardous waste, solid hazardous waste and medical waste. The waste material is incinerated in a rotary furnace to produce a gaseous phase, and a solid phase of non-combustible solids. The gaseous components with suspended particulates are passed to a waste heat boiler for cooling and elimination of some particulates. A mist-producing scrubber further reduces the quantity of particulates in the gases. Finally a chimney with hydrating filters collects and removes any remaining particulates. The invention is a fully closed unit that will emit no particulates into the atmosphere at an efficiency never before realized.

Abstract: At a fluidbed furnace comprising a combustion shaft, a particle separator, a particle return passage and designed according to conventional design criteria for obtaining a good combustion at moderate temperature, a destruction of laughing gas (N.sub.2 O), and complete combustion of possible unburnt particles in the combustion gases is brought about in a reactor passage at the entrance of which a combustion means is located. The reactor passage is moderately cooled, so the increase of temperature in the combustion gases is maintained substantially constant unto the first convection heating surface.

Abstract: The invention provides a method and apparatus for removing VOC's from soil, particularly soil contaminated with gasoline, diesel fuel, or the like. The method includes the steps of heating the soil in a burner-heated drum to substantially vaporize the VOC's. The vaporized VOC's are then ducted to an air scrubber where the VOC's are substantially entirely absorbed into the scrubber water, along with any airborne soil particulates. The VOC and particulate-laden water is then conducted to a settling basin where the particulates are allowed to settle out. Particulate-free VOC-laden water is withdrawn from the basin and transported to an air stripper where the VOC's are vaporized. The vaporized VOC's are then conducted to the drum burner, where they are burned to help heat the drum and additional soil that is being processed. The air stripper water, from which the VOC's have been removed, is returned to a clean water reservoir for re-use in the air scrubber.

Abstract: The flue gases formed in the combustion chamber of the incinerator furnace, after they have reached a temperature of about 450.degree. C., are brought to a temperature of 200.degree.-250.degree. C. by shock-type cooling. Before this shock-cooling (quenching), heat recovery from the flue gases is carried out in a high-temperature stage from 1000.degree.-1200.degree. C. to about 450.degree. C. and, after the shock-cooling, in a low-temperature stage from 200.degree.-250.degree. C. to about 150.degree. C. As a result, a de novo synthesis is avoided in which dioxins and furans are formed from the components of the flue gases and the fly ash.

Abstract: A gas conditioning system for reducing the electrical resistance of finely-divided fly ash particles entrained within a flue gas stream resulting from the burning of low sulfur coal and for enhancing the removal of the fly ash particles by electrostatic precipitation wherein an acid conditioning agent, e.g., sulfuric acid, is passed through a vaporizing coil mounted within an enclosure defining a mixing chamber downstream from the coil and is vaporized by a stream of hot air passing over the coil and into the mixing chamber. The vaporized acid exits the coil and mixes with the hot air in the mixing chamber and the resulting mixture is injected into the flue gas stream so that the acid vapor can condense on the fly ash particles.

Abstract: A combustion unit for a circulation process comprises a reactor chamber and at least one particle separator placed inside the reactor chamber in the upper part thereof. At least the first outer casing of the particle separator is arranged to form a heat transfer surface. A flue gas inlet into the first outer casing is arranged to extend for the entire circumference of the casing.

Abstract: Harmful constituents are removed from non-combustible solid waste, such as incinerator ash, by continuously feeding a mixture of the solid waste and a combustible excitation material into a reaction chamber, igniting the mix in said chamber and causing it to react in the presence of oxygen until the heat of the reaction causes the solid waste material to become a molten slag and the temperature within the chamber above the molten slag is high enough to destroy substantially all of the harmful constituents in the gaseous effluent released by the formation of the molten slag. The excess molten slag is conducted from the reaction chamber. The effluent is conducted from the reaction chamber into a second chamber where it is rapidly cooled to cause particulate material to precipitate out of the effluent. The effluent is thereafter treated to remove substantially all of the remaining particulate and harmful gases to achieve acceptable environmental quality. The thus treated effluent is released into the atmosphere.

Abstract: A furnace, especially a fluidized furnace with a combustion chamber (1) that gas flows up through and that has a gas outlet provided with a second flue (2) and a precipitator (10) for separating solids from the flue gas. The solids end of the precipitator communicates with the second flue, which accommodates a layer (12) of solid matter. The bottom of the second flue communicates by way of a solids-reintroduction line (14) with the combustion chamber. The second flue is a solids cooler and the precipitator is also a filter.

Abstract: A waste treatment system conditions waste materials for combustion by uniformly drying them to a predetermined moisture level and subsequently incinerating the dried materials in a burner which effects complete combustion of even high moisture content fuels. The system includes the burner, a dryer assembly, and a system of fans which clarifies vapors withdrawn from the dryer and which returns at least part of these vapors to the burner. The system mixes exhaust gasses from the burner and recycled vapors returned by the fans to produce gasses of a suitable temperature for drying the materials. The waste materials and the gasses are then introduced into the dryer, which is designed to use the gasses to dry the material uniformly to the predetermined moisture level without burning them prematurely. The dried materials are then conveyed to the burner, where they are burned to produce more exhaust gasses for drying additional materials. The residual ash in the burners is nontoxic and is suitable for burying.

Abstract: An improved system is provided for the incineration of refuse, especially scrapped automobile and truck tires and the treatment of incineration exhaust gasses as produced thereby. The refuse is incinerated in a closed fire box at controlled temperatures with the incineration exhaust gasses being serially treated by filtration, after-burning, washing with water by use of both a water bath and a water spray, washing with a petroleum based solvent, and cooling to a temperature below the freezing point of water. Filtration is carried out by a self-cleaning apparatus. A combined apparatus is used to carry out both the water bath and water spray with the resultant gasses being acceptable for release into the atmosphere.

Abstract: A waste combustion system includes a porous apparatus for supplying and spraying a suitable amount of water from at least the bottom floor surface and/or a lower inner surface of the furnace. Water vapor generated from the water is dispersed, and it undergoes the water gas reactions with red-hot carbon during a combustion process. The water gas reactions serve as the endothermic reactions which control the temperature within the furnace into suitable temperatures. In addition, while secondary air from a secondary air introducing apparatus is being supplied into the combustion chamber of the furnace, the burning zone of the waste is subjected to violent agitation and stirring actions so as to limit the generation of such substances as nitrogen oxides and soot, hence, to reduce the proportion of pollutants contained in the exhaust gases.

Abstract: An improved process for eliminating the liquid blowdown stream from the wet flue gas scrubbing equipment of an incinerator system. The liquid blowdown stream from the main wet scrubbing system is mixed with a hot flue gas slipstream. The water is evaporated and the residual solids are removed, thereby producing a dry waste stream for disposal and a solids-free flue gas slipstream for exhaust.

Abstract: Additions of conditioning agents to a particulate-containing flue gas stream are controlled by a controller operating from feedforward and feedback signals received from sensors in the combustion and gas cleanup system, and, optionally, from the power consumption level of the electrostatic precipitator. The flow rates of the conditioning agents, such as sulfur trioxide and ammonia, are thereby balanced to achieve an optimal removal of particulate matter and also sulfur and sulfur compounds from the gas stream before it is exhausted to the atmosphere. A typical feedforward signal is the boiler loading, and typical feedback signals include residual sulfur trioxide and ammonia levels and stack gas opacity.

Abstract: An emissionless furnace boiler and effluent gas recovery system includes a pressure vessel having a fluid input and fluid output. The system is capable of maintaining an entropy characteristic equal to at least the condensing pressure of the lowest entropy gas of the gases constituting a processed effluent gas discharge. There is also provided a hollow, annular jacket having a surface in thermal communication with the pressure vessel, the jacket having an axis in substantial alignment with the gravity vector and the jacket including a fluid input and fluid output. The system also includes a fluid path beginning internally of said pressure vessel, passing through the vessel, through the fluid output means, continuing externally of the vessel, and extending between the vessel and the input of the jacket. Within the fluid path, but prior to the input of the jacket, there is provided an expansion valve for selectively changing the volume of fluid flowing from the vessel prior to its entry into the jacket.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for burning carbonaceous materials in a fluidized bed reactor comprising a bottom region and a top region, and containing a fluidized bed, with the heat of combustion being dissipated at least via wall cooling surfaces, and comprising a recirculation system, including a labyrinth separator for recirculating the separated solids to the bottom region of the fluidized bed reactor. The solids are separated from the rising flow of flue gas by the labyrinth separator, which is disposed directly in the top region of the fluidized bed reactor, and are conveyed in the reactor itself along the wall cooling surfaces and are supplied to the bottom region of the reactor, either freely or in closed or partly or completely open recirculation passages. The main area of application is with a steam generator.

Abstract: The present invention pertains to a process and apparatus for the refinement of exhaust particulate matter from a boiler or other device burning an organic fuel such as coal. More specifically the present invention is a process or apparatus that utilizes successive size and density classifications to achieve the desired result of carbon and sorbent removal, from the exhaust particulate, for disposal and recycling purposes.

Abstract: A garbage burning and melting apparatus is provided and consists of a modified blast furnace to burn coal and garbage therein so that molten slag and lava by products can be extracted therefrom into a conveyor while the exhaust can be filtered to remove powdered ash therefrom.

Abstract: A reactor in which a furnace and a heat recovery area are provided. A bed of solid particulate material including fuel is supported in the furnace and air is introduced into the bed at a velocity sufficient to fluidize same and support the combustion or gasification of the fuel. The products of combustion (or flue gases) pass upwardly through the furnace and transfer heat energy to the walls thereof to produce steam. Flue gases leaving the upper region of the furnace section are transported to a heat recovery area, which functions to remove additional heat energy from the flue gases for producing the steam. A flue gas by-pass system is provided which transports relatively hot flue gases from a lower region of the furnace section to the heat recovery area for improving isothermal operating conditions and optimizing reactor performance. One or more conduits pass flue gases directly from selected extraction points within the lower region of the furnace to an upper portion of the heat recovery area.

Abstract: Method and apparatus for processing hazardous waste by incinerating the hazardous waste to a temperature sufficient to break down the hazardous waste; directing at least a portion of the exhaust gas stream produced by the incineration through a spray dryer; passing all of the gas stream from the incineration including that portion exiting the spray dryer through a scrubbing and absorbing device to remove particulates and acid gas from the gas stream by contacting the gas stream with a scrubbing and acid gas absorbing slurry or solution; separating a portion of the scrubbing and acid gas slurry or solution after contact with the gas stream as a waste liquor; and spraying the waste liquor into the exhaust gas stream passing through the spray dryer to evaporate the water in the waste liquor and produce a dry residue.

Abstract: An internal particle separator having impingement members positioned within the furnace enclosure across and just upstream of the furnace exit opening. These impingement members are organized into at least two staggered rows that are positioned to fully cover the exit opening thereby allowing entrained particles to strike the impingement members and free-fall directly back into the fluidized bed to increase its density. A baffle plate is attached to the lower end region of the impingement members thereby obstructing the vertical gas passage between these members.

Abstract: Unburned particulate matter is removed from a combustion gas stream by adding a conditioning agent to modify the resistivity of the particulate matter and passing the conditioned combustion gas stream through an electrostatic precipitator whose precipitating elements are energized with an intermittent applied voltage. The addition of conditioning agent and the precipitating voltage signal are mutually optimized. A controller receives measurement signals from sensors that monitor the total flow rate of particulate matter in the gas stream before the electrostatic precipitation treatment, and the concentration of particulate matter in the gas stream after the treatment. Performance of the system may be optimized according to selected combinations of variables.

Abstract: A process and apparatus for the vitrification of fly ash produced from an incineration system for solid waste materials, including the combining of fly ash extracted from the pollution control device in the incineration system with fusible material, particularly glass, and preferably recycled glass extracted from the solid waste material before it is incinerated, and subsequently melting the combined glass and fly ash in a vitrification furnace in order to vitrify the fly ash and its toxic contaminants, including lead, mercury, cadmium and other heavy metals, to produce an inert vitrified ash product. The flue gas from the vitrification furnace is returned to the flue gas stream from the incinerator for introduction into the pollution control device.

Abstract: Mobile incinerating system for low level radioactive solid wastes, consisting of an installation mounted on a mobile platform and consisting of a rotating combustion chamber into which the wastes to be incinerated are to be inserted from a feeder equipped with a loader. The rotating chamber communicates with a post-combustion chamber. Between these two chambers there is a third gas transit chamber from which the ashes produced drop into a lower collector after having passed a tray fitted with two alternately operating gates. Downstream of the chambers there is a first dilutor followed by a heat exchanger associated with fans. Immediately downstream of the heat exchanger is a decanter followed by a second dilutor from which the gas mixture passes through filters. The level of activity of the gases is controlled by means of a monitor located downstream of the filter.

Abstract: An incinerator for drying then cleanly burning trash. The incinerator includes an upper rotating trash drying tumbler for receiving and drying trash and a lower rotating trash burning tumbler interconnected to the upper tumbler for receiving dried trash therefrom. The lower rotating tumbler includes a meshed screen thereabout for complete combustion of the trash therein. The heat produced from the burning trash in the lower tumbler causes the drying of trash in the upper tumbler. A rotating fire tray is situated below the lower tumbler for collecting and reburning any material falling from the lower tumbler and for retaining combustible material for igniting the dried trash in the lower tumbler. When the interior temperature of the incinerator is high enough, the trash in the lower tumbler is self-ignited and heat produced from burning material in the fire tray is no longer necessary. Air exhausted from the drying and burning of the trash is filtered before being exhausted into the atmosphere.

Abstract: An incinerating device of metallic construction comprises a combustion chamber in which waste material is incinerated, a gas-scrubbing chamber in which the combustion gases are washed with water sprays to remove particulate material. The washed gases are vented to the atmosphere and the scrubbing water passes downwardly through a series of metallic mesh filter trays in a filter tower to remove particulate material from that water which is then recirculated to the scrubbing chamber. The walls and roof of the combustion chamber are formed as hollow metallic structures defined by inner and outer metallic members and cooling water flows continuously through those hollow structures to reduce thermal damage thereto.

Abstract: Direct coal-fired gas turbine systems and methods for their operation are provided by this invention. The gas turbine system includes a primary zone for burning coal in the presence of compressed air to produce hot combustion gases and debris, such as molten slag. The turbine system further includes a secondary combustion zone for the lean combustion of the hot combustion gases. The operation of the system is improved by the addition of a cyclone separator for removing debris from the hot combustion gases. The cyclone separator is disposed between the primary and secondary combustion zones and is in pressurized communication with these zones. In a novel aspect of the invention, the cyclone separator includes an integrally disposed impact separator for at least separating a portion of the molten slag from the hot combustion gases.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for the incineration of waste materials contained within metal containers is disclosed wherein the metal containers containing the waste materials are fed through a shredder to form a mixture of waste materials and metal shreds. This mixture is then fed, in a controlled manner, to a primary combustion chamber wherein the waste materials and metal shreds are incincerated to produce ash, deconiannated metal sheds and combustion gases.

Abstract: A reactor having a furnace and a heat recovery section. The upper portion of said furnace extends coaxially in a spaced relationship within a shell. A bed of solid particulate material including fuel is supported in the furnace and air is introduced into the bed at a velocity sufficient to fluidize same and support the combustion or gasification of the fuel. A mixture of air, the gaseous products of combustion, and the particulate material entrained by the air and the gaseous products of combustion are discharged through a plurality of slots and arcuate arms disposed at the upper portion of the furnace onto the inner wall of the coaxial shell, effecting a separation of the particulate material from the mixture. The remaining mixture of air and the gaseous products of combustion rise upwardly and are directed to the heat recovery section. The separated particulate material is directed from the coaxial shell to a plurality of recycle conduits.

Abstract: A reactor in which a bed of particulate material including fuel is formed in one of two sections in a vessel. Air is passed through the bed at a velocity to fluidize said material and promote the combustion of the fuel. The air and the combustion gases mix and entrain a portion of the particulate material, and pass from the one section to the other section. A plurality of spaced parallel water tubes are disposed in the path of the mixture and entrained particulate material as they pass through the other section to separate the entrained particulate material from the mixture.

Abstract: An incinerator apparatus for combusting liquid and solid sewage waste, having a holding tank to receive sewage from a toilet, a pump to communicate sewage to a cylindrical rotary kiln, a flame source located at an upstream end of the kiln, a compressor to blow high pressure, high velocity air through the rotary kiln, a cone cantilever mounted along the longitudinal axis of the kiln with the small end pointed toward the flame source, a stainless steel mesh sponge attached to the heated air discharge to filter gases and to catch and combust fly ash and combustible gases, the cone directing the flames toward the interior wall of the kiln.

Abstract: A fluidized bed steam generation system and method in which an external heat exchanger is located adjacent a furnace section. A mixture of flue gases and entrained particulate materials from a fluidized bed in the furnace section are separated and the flue gases are passed to a heat recovery section and the separated particulate material back to the fluidized bed in the furnace section. Particulate material from the fluidized bed in the furnace section is circulated through the external heat exchanger to add heat to water, steam or a steam/water mixture before the material is passed back to the furnace section. Water is passed through the furnace section, the heat recovery section, and the external heat exchanger to convert the water to steam.

Abstract: A smoke purifier apparatus for chimneys and the like, comprising an intake, a suction chamber for additional air, a combustion chamber located downstream of the intake and the suction chamber, an igniter member arranged within the combustion chamber and including a thermic element heated to a high temperature, and an outlet connection extending downstream of the combustion chamber, wherein the intake and the combustion chamber are so shaped as to form in their whole a venturi tube whose throat section is located at the transition between the intake and the combustion chamber, and the air suction chamber is located in the intake center, it communicates with the surrounding ambient through ducts traversing the intake, and it leads to the throat section of the venturi tube formed by the intake and the combustion chamber.

Abstract: A post-combustion chamber for treating the gases coming from a combustion chamber, the post-combustion chamber comprising a conical bottom (9) extended by a tube (10), and being separated into two compartments by a vertical wall (14), with both of said compartments containing a filter bed, said bed rising to a lower level in the compartment via which the gases enter than in the other compartment, said chamber also including an opening for removing gases which have passed through said filter bed and an opening in the top of the compartment via which the gases leave for inserting filter bed material, wherein the bottom of the vertical wall (14, 27) is terminated by an arch (28) of refractory bricks bearing against opposite surfaces of the conical bottom of the post-combustion chamber.

Abstract: In a fast fluidized bed reactor having, in a lower region, downwardly and inwardly inclined walls, a change in the direction of the wall surface or a ledge or protrusion is provided to change the direction of the particles flowing downwardly adjacent the wall for directing the particles inwardly away from the wall and into the region acted on by the nozzles providing the fluidizing gas. The change of direction, abutment or projection is preferably provided along the refractory wall surface at an elevation 200-1100 mm above the grid plate. In this manner, clogging of the nozzles is prevented and more efficient and effective fluidization and combustion processes occur.

Abstract: A circulating fluidized bed reactor comprises a separator including a vortex chamber adjacent the top of the reactor for separating solid material from the flue gases of the reactor. A channel directs flue gases discharged from the reactor and adjacent the top of the reactor in a downward direction. A main portion of the solid material is separated from the gases by a change of flow direction after which the solid material is returned to the lower part of the reactor. The main portion of the gases is directed, after the change of direction, to the vortex chamber where further separation of solid material is effected and the separated solid material is returned to the reactor.

Abstract: A fluidized bed reactor includes a reactor chamber, a solids separator and means for returning the separated solids to the reactor chamber. The separator has a separation chamber (7) which comprises a curved upper wall (9) and a lower wall (10) which forms gas outlets (13), said walls being connected to a solids returning duct (11). Preferably the lower wall forms a plurality of inclined surfaces or chutes (35) slanted downwardly towards the solids returning ducts (31).

Abstract: Garbage incinerator fumes containing water vapor and HCl are drawn downwardly over a cooled tube bundle (41) in a vertical heat exchanger (4), whereat the water vapor condenses and the HCl dissolves in the condensate, which then falls into a collection reservoir (43) for siphon removal. The fumes are maintained above their dew-point temperature throughout the process.

Abstract: Gaseous discharge from a pelletizing drier used in the treatment of sewage sludge is partially directed back to a combustion chamber that generates an effluent which is fed to the drier. Volumetric requirements of a gas scrubber and an afterburner are reduced to the volume of gaseous discharge not recycled back to the combustion chamber. A concentrated stream of sewage sludge is mixed with a quantity of dehydrated particulate matter and supplied to a rotary pelletizing drier. Fuel and air undergo a combustion process and are mixed with additional air and part of the gaseous discharge in the combustion chamber which generates a hot gaseous effluent that is directed through the drier. The effluent removes moisture from the mixture of concentrated sludge and dehydrated particulate matter to provide dehydrated particulate sludge and the gaseous discharge. Entrained materials are initially separated from the gaseous discharge by cyclone separators.

Abstract: A method of combustion of a sulfur-containing fuel which substantially reduces the amount of gaseous sulfur compounds which would otherwise be emitted. A sorbent is injected into products of combustion in the temperature range of about 1600-2400 K. and above resulting from the combustion, gasification or the like, of a sulfur-containing fuel and controlling gas-sorbent particle mixing, gas diffusion, forward and reverse reaction kinetics, particle size, particle temperature, and sorbent particle residence time in the products of combustion to effect substantially maximum capture of sulfur by the sorbent particles and thereafter removal of the sorbent particles before any substantial amount of sulfur captured by the sorbent is lost back to the products of combustion from which it was removed.