Abstract: This is a process for improving the fatigue properties of structures which have dislocations or deformed regions in the surface layers. Solute is diffused into this surface region and inhibits the atomic movements which lead to initiation and growth of fatigue cracks. The deformed regions can be produced by pre-cyclic straining of the structures. The process is applicable to metals and crystallographic mterial that are susceptible to fatigue failure. Moreover, cyclic straining of polymers and glasses will produce defect structures in the surface layers and solute diffused, as in the case of above, will also impede further development of defects and reduce the susceptibility of the structure or object of fatigue failure.

Abstract: A boron-containing magnesium hydroxide coating is electrolytically applied to a boron-containing electrical steel through the use of an electrolyte at 90.degree. C. which is an aqueous solution of magnesium formate and magnesium metaborate containing magnesia as a solid second phase and having a pH in the range from 8.0 to 9.0.

Abstract: A relatively thin coat of calcium metaborate is electrolytically-applied from a solution of calcium formate with boric acid directly to the surface of a boron-containing electrical steel and a substantially thicker overcoat of Mg(OH).sub.2 is electrolytically-deposited on the calcium metaborate coating to provide a duplex coating about 0.2 mil thick.

Abstract: A boron-containing electrical steel sheet is provided with an electrolytically-deposited boron-containing Mg(OH).sub.2 primary coating about 0.05 mil thick and a secondary coating of electrolytically-deposited Mg(OH).sub.2 about 0.15 mil thick. Magnesium formate is employed as the water-soluble magnesium salt in preparing the electrolytes.

Abstract: Cast superalloys of the formula P.sub.x Q.sub.y R.sub.z wherein P is an element selected from the group consisting of Fe, Ni, Cr, Co or mixtures thereof, wherein Q is a refractory element selected from the group consisting of Mo, W, Ta or a mixture thereof wherein R is a reactive element selected from the group consisting of Al, Ti, Cb or mixtures thereof, x is from about 65 to about 95 atomic percent, y is from about 1 to about 10 atomic percent, z is from about 1 to about 18 atomic percent and x+y+z is equal to about 100 in the form of thin foil are made ductile by the presence of appreciable amounts of amorphous phase and micro-crystalline, metastable single phase and subsequently boron is deposited as nickel, iron or cobalt boride on the surface of the foil at a temperature below the crystallization temperature of the superalloy. Such foil is especially suited for preplacement in a joining operation such as brazing.

Abstract: An improvement in a process for applying a weldable coating to a metallic substrate which process comprises applying to said substrate having a clean surface(I) a first coating containing a hexavalent chromium component and/or a phosphate component and an electroconductive pigment and thereafter curing said coating and(II) applying over said cured first coating a second coating which is a weldable coating containing a high molecular weight epoxy or phenoxy resin, a diluent and an electroconductive pigment and subsequently curing same;The improvement residing in replacing at least 70 weight percent of said high molecular weight epoxy or phenoxy resin in said second coating with a coating composition comprising(A) a low molecular weight epoxy resin or mixtures thereof having an average of more than one vicinal epoxy group per molecule,(B) a hydroxyl-containing or thiol-containing material or mixture of such materials which is (1) a polyhydric phenolic or thiophenolic compound or (2) the product of reacting (a)

Abstract: A process for producing electromagnetic silicon steel having a cube-on-edge orientation. The process includes the steps of: preparing a melt of silicon steel containing from 0.02 to 0.06% carbon, from 0.015 to 0.15% manganese, from 0.005 to 0.05% of material from the group consisting of sulfur and selenium, from 0.0006 to 0.0080% boron, up to 0.0100% nitrogen, up to 1.0% copper, less than 0.005% antimony, less than 0.009% aluminum and from 2.5 to 4.0% silicon; casting; hot rolling; cold rolling; decarburizing; applying a refractory oxide base coating; and final texture annealing. During final texture annealing the steel is heated from a temperature of 1700.degree. F. to a temperature of 1900.degree. F. at an average rate of less than 30.degree. F. per hour, and subsequently maintained at a temperature in excess of 2000.degree. F. for a period of time sufficient to effect a purification of the steel.

Abstract: A carburizing alloy steel and case-hardened articles made therefrom, having high core impact strength and fracture toughness combined with high case hot hardness and temper resistance at 400.degree. F. (204.degree. C.), containing 0.06-0.16% carbon, 0.2-0.7% manganese, 0.5-1.5% silicon, 0.5-1.5% chromium, 1.5-3% nickel, 1-4% copper, 2.5-4% molybdenum, up to 0.4% vanadium, and the balance iron and incidental impurities. The alloy may also contain small amounts of phosphorus, sulfur, nitrogen, aluminum, columbium, titanium, zirconium, and calcium.

Abstract: This invention relates to a novel chemical apparatus, the inner surfaces of which are constituted by titanium material. The invention solves the problems of crevice corrosion and embrittlement of the material by taking in hydrogen, and discloses a method of solving such problems.The prior art methods of preventing crevice corrosion in apparatus prepared from titanium metal and also preventing the titanium of such apparatus from becoming fragile due to absorption of hydrogen include a method , in which an element of the platinum group is deposited on the surface of the titanium material and diffused thereinto. Alternatively, a Ti-Pd alloy is used as the material of the apparatus. Such methods, however, complicate the manufacture of the apparatus and are also disadvantageous in view of the cost of the great quantity of the platinum group element such as palladium which is consumed.

Abstract: A process for case hardening martensitic stainless steels comprising the steps of forming non-explosive and neutral or weakly reducing atmosphere consisting essentially of 97.5% to 95% by volume of nitrogen gas, 0.5% to 1.5% by volume of carbon monoxide and 2% to 3.5% by volume of hydrogen gas. The carbon monoxide and hydrogen gases are produced by heat decomposition of an organic solvent mixed with the nitrogen gas. The martensitic stainless steel is heated in this atmosphere at a solution heat treatment temperature in the range 900.degree. C. to 1100.degree. C. for a period required to cause nitriding of a surface thereof to a predetermined depth. The steel is then quenched at a temperature within the range of 150.degree. C. to room temperature, the quenching gas being selected from the group consisting of nitrogen gas and the resulting gaseous atmosphere. As a result of this process, resistance against planar pressure by loads and the strength of the martensitic stainless steel are increased.

Abstract: A method of depositing a hard metal alloy is described wherein a volatile halide of titanium is reduced off the surface of a substrate and then reacted with a volatile halide of boron, carbon or silicon to effect the deposition on a substrate of an intermediate compound of titanium in a liquid phase. The liquid compound on the substrate is then reacted in the presence of hydrogen to produce a hard deposit containing titanium and boron, carbon or silicon. Also described are products which may be produced by the above method.

Abstract: A method is provided for forming an anti-corrosive oxide layer on steel. The steel surface is subjected to superheated steam for a period of one to several hours. Before subjecting the steel to the superheated steam, the steel surface is initially subjected to a gaseous formic acid atmosphere at a raised temperature of up to 480.degree. C. The treatment with superheated steam takes place during a further heating period in which a temperature between 450.degree. C. and 520.degree. C. is maintained under steam flow-through conditions in which the steam flow has a Reynolds number greater than 900.

Abstract: Since primers can be applied to metal substrates prior to subsequent operation, including metal deformation, they are often applied in coil coating operation. The potential for the removal of primer coating during metal deformation is a drawback to early coating application. There is now provided a lubricant composition particularly adapted to meet this problem. The composition comprises metallic stearate, emulsifier, titanium dioxide and Xanthomonas hydrophilic colloid, all in aqueous medium.

Abstract: Metal substrates, and particularly ferrous metal substrates, are now protected by having on their surface composite coatings wherein the base coating comprises a water-insoluble phosphatized coating from an organic phosphatizing composition. Over the phosphatized base coating there is then deposited a topcoating that is typically a paint topcoating. However, a rinse coating, such as a chromic acid solution, may be used on the base coating prior to a paint coating. A highly desirable adherent, corrosion-resistant and water-insoluble composite coating thereby protects the substrate metal.

Abstract: Aluminum diffusion can be effected from continuous coatings of leafing-type aluminum particles and such leafing coatings in very thin layers are more effective than coatings of non-leafing aluminum, with or without diffusion. Other protective metals in flake or leaf form can be substituted for or added to the leafing aluminum. Adhesion of the flakes to the substrate is greatly improved and can be effected at lower temperatures if the flakes are applied from a dispersion containing a volatilizable halogen-type carrier or an ammonium chromate. The leafing coatings can be sprayed on from aqueous dispersion containing wetting agents and if desired a polyethylenetrtrafluoroethylene and/or mixtures of phosphoric acid, chromic acid and magnesium, aluminum, calcium or zinc salts of these acids.

Abstract: A compound steel material of high corrosion resistance is manufactured by alloying a carrier material of deep-drawing grade with a carbide and nitride forming substance, compounding the alloyed carrier material with a chromium steel material of normal carbon content, followed by annealing the compound steel material at a temperature and for a time period sufficient for the carbon content of the ferritic chromium steel coating layer to be reduced to between 0.001 and 0.003% so as to increase the corrosion resistace of the chromium steel material to that of a superferritic material. Prior to annealing, the compound steel material may be rolled to a fine sheet. The carrier material used in the method of the invention is a deep-drawing steel of at most 0.12% of carbon, while the ferritic chromium steel material has at most 0.1% of carbon prior to the annealing. The carbide and nitride forming substance may be titanium whose content in the alloyed carrier material is preferably between 0.5 and 2%.

Abstract: Microcrystalline zinc phosphate coatings and compositions for their formation are provided, which can be applied to metals at low temperatures, the coating compositions containing as principal ingredients a specific balance of calcium and zinc together with phosphates, nitrates, and nitrites. Processes for preparing and using the coating compositions are also provided.

Abstract: In the fabrication of an exhaust system of an internal-combustion engine, a tube-bank heat exchanger, a ducted-plate solar collector, saline water reclamation plant and enameled kitchenware, the improvement which comprises the use of a wrought aluminum alloy consisting essentially of:0.8 to 2.2% by weight manganese,0.1 to 0.5% by weight zirconium,0 to 1.0% by weight iron,0 to 0.6% by weight silicon,0 to 0.5% by weight copper,0 to 0.1% by weight magnesium,Balance aluminum and unavoidable impurities.

Abstract: Surface-hardening of a steel article which is to be mated with a separate article so as to make a sliding or rolling face-to-face contact is accomplished by heating the steel article in ammonia gas containing from 1 to 10% by volume of air. The treated article has an oxidized layer as an outmost part of a nitride layer. The oxidized layer abrades more readily than the nitride layer, so that the article has the property of smoothly fitting a separate article practically from the start of use and exhibits a good wear resistance during subsequent use.

Abstract: An annealing separator for use on grain-oriented silicon steel strip comprises a magnesium oxide base composition containing rare earth metal oxides. The rare earth metal oxides are present in an amount of 0.8 to 30% by weight of the composition; but in the lower range of 0.8 to 5% by weight, and preferably up to 7% by weight, the oxides have a particle size of less than 325 mesh, and a fraction of 35-55% by weight smaller than 500 mesh. Alkali metal silicate may be present in an amount 5 to 45% by weight. Strip coated with annealing separator of the invention is characterized in that the coating is almost totally free of surface cavities, in that the denitriding and desulfuring rates are greatly accelerated, in that the surface resistivity of the coating is substantially increased, and in that the coating adheres more strongly to the strip.

Abstract: The process of coating epitaxial films of lead chalcogenide materials with s.sub.2 S.sub.3 to insulate the films from the effects of oxygen upon exposure to air.

Abstract: A heat radiation element has a substrate and a heat radiation layer formed on the substrate by oxides of a chromium-containing alloy. The oxides contain at least 35% by weight of chromium based on the total weight of the metals constituting the oxides.

Abstract: Hardened machined parts are manufactured from rolled or forged steel which consists essentially of 0.05 to 0.15 wt % of C, up to 0.50 wt % of Si, up to 1.5 wt % of Mn, 0.30 to 1.0 wt % of Cr, 0.50 to 1.0 wt % of Mo, one or more of elements selected from the group consisting of 0.10 to 0.40 wt % of V, 0.03 to 0.20 wt % of Ti, 0.03 to 0.20 wt % of Nb and 0.0005 to 0.0050 wt % of B, the balance being Fe, in the following steps: cooling the steel in air from 900.degree. C to 1,000.degree. C; machining the cooled steel; and subjecting the machined steel to a nitriding treatment at 500.degree. to 650.degree. C for 2 to 8 hours.

Abstract: A boron-containing magnesium hydroxide coating is electrolytically applied to a boron-containing electrical steel through the use of an electrolyte at 90.degree. C which is an aqueous solution of magnesium acetate and magnesium metaborate containing magnesia as a solid second phase and having a pH in the range from 8.0 to 9.0.

Abstract: A bearing part comprises an age hardened cobalt alloy having a bearing surface exposed to bearing friction provided with a boride covering layer. The bearing part is manufactured by forming a ductile age hardening alloy of cobalt and ageing it by heat treatment and meanwhile depositing a layer of boride onto the bearing portion of the alloy at a temperature of from between 550.degree. to 900.degree. C by diffusion from a vapor phase or a solid phase.

Abstract: A baseball bat made of a light alloy having on its surface a plating of heat hardened nickel-phosphorus or nickel-boron alloy.

Abstract: A uniform and high adhesive heat-resistant insulating film can be formed on a silicon steel sheet by applying an annealing separator consisting mainly of magnesia and containing 1-10% of titanium oxide having such a particle size that at least 99.5% of the agglomerated particles passes through 325-mesh sieve and having a dispersion degree in water of at least 85%.

Abstract: Solution and procedure of depositing a coating on the surfaces of zinc-coated ferrous metal parts which protects against corrosion in the presence of water. The solution is made up by adding to water, per liter of final solution, of 1 to 40 grams of sodium metasilicate, 14 to 40 milliliters of phosphoric acid, density 1.71 g/ml, from 1 to 40 grams of sodium nitrate, from 10 to 50 grams of anhydrous zinc chloride and the pH is adjusted to a value between 2.3 and 3.8. Preferably nickel chloride is added. For use, the solution is heated to a temperature ranging from 15.degree. to 75.degree. C and brought into contact with the parts to be treated for a period from 20 to 72 hours. The deposit is continuous, hard, resistant to shocks and abrasion and imparts an efficient and lasting protection to galvanized parts in corrosive waters. The invention is useful for the protection of piping in the building industry.

Abstract: Solution and procedure for depositing a coating, comprising hydrated zinc pyrophosphate, on the surfaces of galvanized steel parts, to protect against corrosion in the presence of water. The aqueous solution contains, per liter of final solution, hexametaphosphate equivalent to 10 to 70 grams of sodium hexametaphosphate, metasilicate equivalent to 1 to 40 grams of sodium metasilicate, an amount of orthophosphoric acid equivalent to 15 to 40 milliliters of orthophosphoric acid having a density of 1.71 g/ml, zinc chloride in an amount equivalent to 10 to 50 grams of anhydrous zinc chloride, and calcium carbonate sufficient to bring the pH of the solution to between 2.0 and 3.0. Nickel, equivalent to 0.5 to 20 grams per liter of final solution of hexahydrated nickel chloride, and chlorate, equivalent to up to 20 grams of sodium chlorate per liter, may be added. The solution is used by contacting it with the parts to be treated for a time determined on the one hand by the solution temperature (between 10.degree.

Abstract: A method is disclosed for producing a non-crystalline, light weight tightly adherent coating of calcium phosphate on ferrous metal surfaces. In this method, the ferrous metal surface is treated with a coating solution containing calcium phosphate together with an oxidizing agent at a pH which closely approaches but does not exceed the saturation point of the calcium phosphate in solution. In practicing the method of this invention, the calcium phosphate content of the coating bath is preselected from the range of from about 0.01 to about 1.0 moles per liter as measured by the Ca.sup.++ cation. Next, a bath temperature of from about 50.degree. F. to about 160.degree. F. is selected. The pH of the bath is raised to a pH approaching but not exceeding the saturation point of calcium phosphate at the selected temperature and the bath is brought to the selected temperature.Coating of the ferrous metal with the calcium phosphate solution is accomplished by conventional dip or spray methods.

Abstract: Addition compounds of sulfur dioxide and Schiff bases from primary aliphatic or araliphatic amines and aromatic aldehydes can be used for the sealing of the surface of phosphated mild steel. As a result of this the corrosion resistance of the steel and the adhesion of paint coatings on the treated steel are increased substantially. The addition compounds may have three different structures depending on the components used. They can be prepared easily by passing a stream of SO.sub.2 through the solution of the Schiff base.

Abstract: A process for producing electromagnetic silicon steel having a cube-on-edge orientation and a permeability of at least 1870 (G/O.sub.e) at 10 oersteds. The process includes the steps of: preparing a melt of silicon steel containing from 0.02 to 0.06% carbon, from 0.0006 to 0.0080% boron, up to 0.0100% nitrogen, no more than 0.008% aluminum and from 2.5 to 4.0% silicon; casting said steel; hot rolling said steel; cold rolling said steel; decarburizing said steel; applying a refractory oxide coating containing both boron and an oxide less stable than SiO.sub.2 at temperatures up to 2150.degree. F; and final texture annealing said steel.

Abstract: Cemented carbide elements with working faces bearing a thin multilayer or stratified coating of nonuniform composition of wear-resistant materials exhibit superior wear-resistance for improved performance and service life under severe service conditions as in the case of inserts for cutting tools and wire drawing dies.

Abstract: A process for producing an extremely hard, non-brittle, strongly-adhering mixed carbide layer consisting of vanadium and chromium on carboniferous ferrous materials by means of annealing to improve their specific properties such as wear resistance and corrosion resistance.

Abstract: Composite coatings, established on metal substrates, now exhibit enhanced film integrity, such as when exposed to chemicals, solvents and salt. Additional desirable coating characteristics are also maintained. The undercoating of the composite contains a hexavalent-chromium-providing substance. Included in the topcoating applied over the uncured undercoating is a hydroxyl-containing resin and isocyanate adduct. Subsequent heating fully develops the undercoat curing while concomitantly curing the topcoating.

Abstract: An improved aluminum alloy, temper insensitive to color anodizing, consists essentially of, by weight, 0.40-0.60% Si, 0.20-0.40% Fe, 0.30-0.60% Mn, the balance essentially aluminum and incidental elements and impurities in an amount insufficient to render the alloy temper sensitive to anodizing.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a selective absorption surface of a solar collector in which a coating layer consisting of the predetermined composition of metal oxide is tightly adhered to a substrate having the mirror-like surface in the predetermined thickness.The composition of metal oxide consists of those comprising 0.001 - 0.15 wt % of C, 0.005 - 3.00 wt % of Si, 0.005-10.00 wt % of Mn, 11.00 - 30.00 wt % of Cr, 0.005 - 22.00 wt % of Ni, optionally, 0.75 - 5.00 wt % of Mo and the balance being Fe or those comprising instead of Cr, 0.001 - 5.0 wt % of at least one of metals selected from the group of N, Cu, Al, V, Y, Ti, Nb, Ta, U, Th, W, Zr, and Hf, the atom ratio of Metal/Carbon + additional element being more than 5.0. An acidic oxidation method and an alkaline oxidation method are applied to manufacture oxide of the metal compositions.It has been observed that the superior selective absorption surface showing high energy absorption factor at a wave length of 0.3 - 2.5 .mu.

Abstract: A relatively thin coat of calcium metaborate is electrolytically-applied directly to the surface of a boron-containing electrical steel and a substantially thicker overcoat of Mg(OH).sub.2 is electrolytically-deposited on the calcium metaborate coating to provide a duplex coating about 0.2 mil thick.

Abstract: An annealing separator for silicon steel sheets comprising not less than 90.00% by weight of an MgO and 0.01 to 2.0% by weight of B.sub.2 O.sub.3 in the form of nMgO.B.sub.2 O.sub.3 with the balance being unavoidable impurities.

Abstract: A duplex coating and method for making same wherein a primary layer of metals or metal alloys is deposited on a superalloy substrate to seal the substrate against oxidation. A second layer of low density oxide is deposited on the surface of the primary layer. The primary layer has a rough surface so as to provide an adherent surface for the oxide layer.

Abstract: An aluminum layer such as an intraconnect on an integrated circuit semiconductive device is passivated by oxidizing the aluminum layer to form a thin layer of amorphous alumina thereon. The alumina layer is coated with a surface active agent to form a hydrophobic surface on the aluminum oxide to inhibit the creation and growth of ALOOH on the oxide layer. The hydrophobic surface is coated with a conventional passivating material such as silicon dioxide, epoxy or the like.

Abstract: A layer of near stoichiometric magnesium oxide on a conducting substrate forms a dynode. The dynode is formed by preparing a layer of oxidized magnesium on a conducting substrate, heating the oxidized magnesium layer in a vacuum between about 400.degree. and about 500.degree. C., and treating the layer to render it more nearly stoichiometric. One method of treating the layer is to expose it to oxygen at about room temperature for about ten to twenty minutes at a pressure between about 10.sup.-6 to 10.sup.-5 torr. Another method of treating the layer is to impinge a noble gas, such as argon, at a pressure suitable for sputter etching, such as between 10.sup.-6 and 10.sup.-3 torr, to remove between ten and twenty atomic layers from the surface of the layer. The layer is then exposed to oxygen at room temperature for about ten to twenty minutes at a pressure between about 10.sup.-6 and 10.sup.-5 torr.

Abstract: A method for improving the selectivity of a black copper oxide absorber surface which comprises treating the surface with a solution containing chromate ions and ammonium ions. Copper black surfaces when so treated and solar absorbers with such surfaces are included.

Abstract: Austenitic iron base alloys containing nickel and with relatively high aluminum and chromium contents within ranges which are critical to the formation of an aluminum oxide protective film when the alloys are exposed to oxidizing environments at temperatures up to about 1700.degree. F. The alloys exhibit excellent high temperature strength and oxidation resistance.

Abstract: An enameling steel sheet characterized by a manganese content of 0.50 wt.% or under and the elimination of annealing after the final cold rolling. A satisfactory enamel adhesive property can be obtained by enameling and baking said enameling steel sheet in as-cold-rolled state after only degreasing and drying.

Abstract: The invention relates to a novel chemical apparatus, the inner surfaces of which are constituted by titanium material. The invention solves the problems of crevice corrosion and embrittlement of the material by taking in hydrogen, and discloses a method of solving such problems.The prior-art methods of preventing crevice corrosion in apparatus prepared from titanium metal and also preventing the titanium of such apparatus from becoming fragile due to absorption of hydrogen include a method in which an element of the platinum group is deposited on the surface of the titanium material and difffused thereinto. Alternatively, a Ti-Pd alloy is used as the material of the apparatus. Such methods, however, complicate the manufacture of the apparatus and are also disadvantageous in view of the cost of the great quantity of the platinum group element such as palladium which is consumed.

Abstract: A process for producing liquid compatible metals and a heat pipe manufactured by that process. One example of the process comprises the formation of an aluminum oxide surface layer on an aluminum bearing steel alloy by heating the steel to a high temperature in an oxidizing environment.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a titanium and titanium alloy surface preparation method, in which the surface to be treated is subjected to a preliminary degreasing and scouring operation and then immersed in a bath containing fluorides in an acid medium, after which the surface is rinsed in demineralized water at a temperature of at least 50.degree. C. A nondestructive test is performed by means of a scanning electron miscroscope on the surface of the parts at certain stages in their processing in order to check for elimination, at the end of the treatment, of residual elements appearing in the course of the treatment. Parts prepared in accordance with this method can be bonded in strong and time-resistant fashion.

Abstract: A liquid composition, containing methylene chloride, can provide phosphate coatings on metal articles. In addition to the methylene chloride, the composition contains a phosphatizing proportion of phosphoric acid and a solubilizing solvent capable of solubilizing phosphoric acid in methylene chloride. Most critically, the composition contains water in an amount exceeding the proportion of phosphoric acid, yet, the water-containing liquid composition maintains liquid phase homogeneity. Phosphatized coatings of desirable water insolubility are thereby obtained.

Abstract: A slurry of ferrosilicon powder is applied to both sides of a low carbon steel strip. The particle size of the ferrosilicon powder is controlled so that, after the slurry coatings are dried, there exists on each side of the steel strip at least a single layer of closely packed particles. The coated strip is then compacted. It is next heated in a protective environment to cause uniform diffusion of silicon throughout the strip.