Abstract: A server including a rack, at least one chassis, a plurality of electronic modules, and a cable module is provided. The rack has an opening. The chassis is movably disposed in the rack along a first axis, and moves in and out the rack through the opening. The electronic modules are vertically and detachably disposed in the chassis. A plurality of channels parallel to a second axis and each of the channels is disposed between two adjacent electronic modules, and the first axis is perpendicular to the second axis. The cable module is disposed at a side of the chassis. The cable module is connected to at least one of the electronic modules. When the chassis is moved out from the rack, the electronic module connected to the cable module is next to the opening of the rack.

Abstract: An enclosure includes a bracket with a bottom wall, a circuit board mounted to the bottom wall but spaced from the bottom wall, an electronic element mounted to the circuit board, a fan arranged on the bottom wall and facing the space between the circuit board and the bottom wall, and a guiding member attached to the circuit board to block the space between the circuit board and the bottom wall.

Abstract: A fan fixing device for fixing fan units includes two parallel first sidewalls, two parallel second sidewalls, and a number of fixing members. Each first sidewall defines a number of vent ports and includes a vertical plate, a lower plate, and an L-shaped engagement member. The lower plate and the engagement member are positioned at opposite sides of the vertical plate. The second sidewalls are connected between the first sidewalls. The second sidewalls and the first sidewalls cooperatively form a receiving room. The fixing members engage with between the engagement members of the first sidewalls, the fixing member is configured for securing the fan units to the two first sidewalls in the receiving room.

Abstract: An electronic device is provided. The electronic device includes a mechanism, a circuit module and a fixing element. The circuit module is disposed inside the mechanism. The circuit module includes a circuit board and a fan. The circuit board has at least one edge and a fixing hole. The fan has a first lateral side and a second lateral side. The first lateral side has a first hook buckled on the edge. The second lateral side has at least one screwed board, wherein the screwed board has a screwed hole. The fixing element is screwed on the screwed hole and the fixing hole to screw the fan on the circuit board.

Abstract: An air guiding device is mounted on a main board. The air guiding device and the main board cooperatively form an air passage therebetween for allowing cooling air to pass therethrough. The air passage includes an inlet at a first end of the air guiding device, a first outlet at an opposite second end of the air guiding device, and a second outlet. The air guiding device includes a top wall, two sidewalls, and a shielding assembly. The top wall includes the second outlet therein at an intermediate portion thereof. The second outlet opens toward the second end. The sidewalls extend downwardly from opposite sides of the top wall. The shielding assembly is positioned on the top wall for regulating a size of the second outlet.

Abstract: A heat dissipation device and a heat dissipation method are provided. The device is disposed in a case having a first opening and a fan for generating a first cooling air flow. The device includes a heat dissipation element and an air-guiding plate. The heat dissipation element has a first region and a second region, and the first cooling air flow flows from the first region towards the second region. The air-guiding plate is disposed in the first region of the heat dissipation element and used for reducing a cross-sectional area of the first cooling air flow flowing in the first region along a flow direction of the first cooling air flow, so as to draw air outside the case into the second region via the first opening to generate a second cooling air flow, thereby lowering a temperature of the case located below the heat dissipation element.

Abstract: A cooling mechanism includes a first heat exchanger, a first fluid-flow port, and a second fluid-flow port. The first heat exchanger includes a forced-fluid driver and is configured to pump heat from inside an enclosed area to outside of the enclosed area. Furthermore, the first fluid-flow port is configured to accommodate a first fluid flow into the enclosed area and the second fluid-flow port is configured to accommodate a second fluid flow from the enclosed area. Note that the first fluid-flow port and the second fluid-flow port are approximately coplanar. In addition, a given fluid-flow port, which may be either or both of the fluid-flow ports, is tapered to have an associated cross-sectional area which is smaller at an edge of the given fluid-flow port that is proximate to the outside of the enclosed area than at an edge of the given fluid-flow port that is proximate to the inside of the enclosed area.

Abstract: Heat sinks for distributing a thermal load are disclosed that include: a bottom plate; a front top plate; a back top plate; and a plurality of heat-dissipating fins connected to the bottom plate, the front top plate, and the back top plate, wherein the front top plate and the back top plate are separated by a predetermined distance.

Abstract: Disclosed is an installation structure for a dustproof net to be arranged in a machine, which has an engine, a cooling fan for producing cooling air to cool the engine, plural heat exchangers arranged on an upstream side of the cooling fan, and a compartment with the engine, cooling fan and plural heat exchangers accommodated therein, such that the dustproof net is arranged at a position on a side upstream of the heat exchanger located most upstream among the plural heat exchanger relative to a flow of air drawn in by the cooling fan and in isolation from the most upstream heat exchanger to remove dust contained in the air drawn in by the cooling fan. The dustproof net is provided with a support structure for supporting the dustproof net on members that form the compartment.

Abstract: A reversible air flow fan system is described. A fan tray assembly is coupled with a chassis and a removable fan and bracket assembly that is oriented in a first direction. This removable fan and bracket assembly is configured to be removable from the fan tray assembly and being recoupled with the fan tray assembly in a second direction opposite the first direction. An air duct is coupled with and enables the exchange of air between the removable fan and bracket assembly and a first surface of the chassis. A sensor coupled with the fan tray assembly is configured for coupling with at least one bracket of the removable fan and bracket assembly when the removable fan and bracket assembly is oriented in the first direction.

Abstract: A server cabinet adapted for receiving servers therein includes a top plate, a bottom plate opposite to the top plate, a left side plate and a right side plate connecting with the top and bottom plates respectively, and a front side plate disposed between the top and bottom plates. The front side plate defines through holes therein. A total area of the through holes in an upper half portion of the front side plate is different from a total area of the through holes in a lower half portion of the front side plate. The front side plate is rotatable in a plane defined by the front side plate.

Abstract: An air cooled condensing tower system has a framework supporting a fan deck, a plurality of steam headers running longitudinally above the fan deck, a plurality of condensing coils extending downward and at an angle from the steam headers, and above the fan deck, a plurality of collector tubes disposed at the bottom of the condenser coils and above the fan deck. At least one substantially non-porous side wall is disposed on at least one side of the tower spanning from a height generally proximate the steam supply headers downward to a height generally proximate the fan deck. A downwardly and outwardly projecting substantially non-porous elongated upper air guide extends downwardly and outwardly from the side wall.

Abstract: An exemplary server system includes a server cabinet, racks arranged in the server cabinet, servers mounted on the racks, and a heat dissipation device. The heat dissipation device includes a heat exchanger arranged over the racks, a first fan module arranged under the racks for drawing cooling air from the heat exchanger to the servers to exchange heat, and a second fan module including drawing fans respectively arranged on the racks for drawing up heated air from the servers to the heat exchanger.

Abstract: An air-cooled condenser for receiving and condensing steam has at least one first, corner module and at least one second, intermediate module. The first module has a four-sided profile in plan view and a respective vertical tube bundle panel located on each of two adjacent sides of the first module. The second module has a four-sided profile in plan view and a vertical tube bundle panel on one of its sides, and an internal tube bundle panel disposed inside of the second module. Steam is supplied to all of the tube bundle panels.

Abstract: Apparatuses, methods, and systems directed to efficient cooling of data centers. Some embodiments of the invention allow encapsulation of cold rows through an enclosure and allow server fans to draw cold air from the cold row encapsulation structure to cool servers installed on the server racks. In other particular embodiments, the systems disclosed can be used to mix outside cool air into the cold row encapsulation structure to cool the servers. In some embodiments, the present invention involves using multiple cold row encapsulation structures to cool the servers installed on the racks.

Abstract: A vehicle cabin air conditioning apparatus including an airflow selecting mechanism movable between a first position to provide a first airflow mode and a second position to provide a second airflow mode. The airflow selecting mechanism restricts first airflow from flowing from a first airflow conduit to a second airflow conduit when in the first position, and permits the first airflow from flowing from the first airflow conduit to the second airflow conduit when in the second position. An electronic control unit is configured to control a first blower based on a user set front cabin airflow level and a second blower based on a user set rear cabin airflow level when in the first airflow mode. The electronic control unit controls the first blower based on the user set front cabin airflow level and the user set rear cabin airflow level when in the second airflow mode.

Abstract: A machine includes a heat exchanger for an engine having a heat exchanger core and a filtration system. The filtration system includes a flexible filter sheet coupled with at least one take-up roller and a filter cleaner adapted to clean the filter via compressed air. A method of operating a machine cooling system includes rotating a rotatable drive element coupled with a filter, and cleaning the filter by directing compressed air therethrough.

Abstract: A communications cabinet includes a housing defining a location for mounting communications equipment, the housing having a wall formed of a first material with a first penetration resistance, a vent opening in the wall, and a door. At least one plate of material having a second penetration resistance greater than or about equal to the first penetration resistance is mounted between the vent opening and the location for mounting the communications equipment, and the plate is positioned to stop projectiles larger than a given size from traveling in a straight line from the at least one vent opening to the location for mounting communication equipment while leaving an airflow path from the vent opening to the location for mounting the communications equipment that passes around at least one edge of the plate of material through a gap between the at least one plate and the wall.

Abstract: A cooling system comprises a fan in a fan duct, a housing, electrical components, an air intake, an air outlet, and a cooling passage. The housing is mounted on the exterior of the fan duct. The electrical components are mounted on interior sides of the housing, for cooling. The cooling passage is located inside the sides of the housing on which the electrical components are mounted. The air intake draws air into the cooling passage from a region of the fan duct downstream of the fan. This air passes through the cooling passage, cooling the electrical components while remaining fluidly isolated from the interior of the housing. Air from the cooling passage is released by the air outlet into the environment, or into a region of the fan duct upstream of the fan.

Abstract: A display device according to the present invention comprises a housing having a waterproof structure and provided with an accommodation room formed therein, a ventilation part defined outside the accommodation room and leading to outside of the housing, a display panel arranged inside the accommodation room and including a display screen viewable from a front surface side of the housing, and one or a plurality of heat pipes arranged on a rear surface side of the display panel. The heat pipe passes through a side surface wall forming the accommodation room and extends from inside of the accommodation room to inside of the ventilation part.

Abstract: The present invention provides for repeatedly pulsing coolant through a first channel exposed to heat-generating computer components. The pulsing involves a relatively low baseline coolant flow rate with repeated excursions to a relatively high expulsion coolant flow rate.

Abstract: A comfort system outdoor unit with a heat exchanger coil and a fan in its top opening has an orifice structure and an insert registerable with the orifice structure to streamline the inward flow of air that passes over a lower end of the orifice structure. The insert may be fastened directly to the orifice structure lower end, or it may be installed so as to extend substantially from an upper edge of the coil to the orifice structure lower end.

Abstract: A centrifugal fan includes a housing and an impeller rotatably received in the housing. The housing defines an air inlet in a top plate thereof and an air outlet in a sidewall thereof. The air inlet is perpendicular to the air outlet. The impeller includes a hub and a plurality of blades extending outwardly from a sidewall of the hub. Each of the blades includes an inner blade section connected with the sidewall of the hub and an outer blade section extending outwardly from the inner blade section. An upper portion of the inner blade section is curved upwardly and forwardly from a curved lower portion of the inner blade section towards an adjacent front blade. The curved lower portion has a curvature smaller than that of the upper portion.

Abstract: A self-propelled, low-emission vehicle includes an internal combustion engine, a vehicle cooling assembly, and an engine exhaust assembly disposed within an engine compartment. The vehicle cooling assembly includes an enclosure and a powered fan to vent the enclosure by drawing a stream of cooling air therethrough. The engine exhaust assembly carries exhaust gas through exhaust lines from the engine, which is disposed outside of the enclosure, through an exhaust treatment device, which is disposed inside of the enclosure, and out to the environment. A fan shroud assembly defines an outlet margin of the enclosure and includes a shroud body defining a pair of passageways through which the exhaust lines pass. The fan shroud assembly includes an insulated connection assembly disposed adjacent each passageway to provide sealing connection between the respective exhaust line and the shroud body while prohibiting direct contact between the respective exhaust line and the shroud body.

Abstract: A fan is enclosed in the enclosure of an electronic apparatus. The fan discharges air out of a ventilation opening of the fan. Heat radiating fins are located in an air passage extending from the ventilation opening. A dust catcher is removably mounted on an outside surface of the enclosure into an opening of the enclosure. The dust catcher is located in the air passage between the heat radiating fins and the ventilation opening. The dust catcher serves to catch the dust in the air passage. The dust catcher is removed from the enclosure along with the dust.

Abstract: A modular cooling system includes a positive displacement compressor and a microchannel heat exchanger for cooling a heat generating device such as a semiconductor.

Abstract: A cooling apparatus has a heat sink thermally connectable to a heat source an air outlet opening at least two air intake openings, and a fan adapted to draw in air into the cooling apparatus through the air intake openings and to discharge the air from the cooling apparatus through the air outlet opening, wherein, upon operation of said fan, an air flow from at least one of the air intake openings forces an air flow from at least another one of the air intake openings to the heat sink.

Abstract: A monolithic combination radiator grill and retention structure for computer add-in cards includes a longitudinally extending rectangular frame defining a longitudinally extending rectangular aperture. Transversely extending crossbars traverse the aperture. The crossbars are spaced so as to leave transversely extending gaps therebetween. The crossbars have transversely extending and upwardly facing grooves. Each of the grooves is dimensioned for receiving and retaining an end of a computer add-in card or extension to an add-in card.

Abstract: An apparatus for conveying a cooling air flow for at least one motor vehicle heat exchanger has a fan frame, a fan wheel, a fan control unit, and a cooling body. The fan frame has a frame opening, which the fan wheel rotates within. The fan control unit is arranged in an edge region of the frame opening. The cooling body cools the fan control unit and has cooling domes. A first cooling dome is arranged entirely radially exterior to the frame opening and a second cooling dome is located partially radially within the frame opening and partially radially exterior to the frame opening. The first cooling dome exchanges heat with an auxiliary flow that flows radially exterior to the frame opening with respect to the center of the fan wheel when the fan wheel rotates.

Abstract: A cabinet for a solar power inverter is described. A solar power inverter receives DC current from a solar panel and transforms the DC current into AC current. To cool the inverter equipment, an air inlet receives ambient air drawn into the cabinet by an air pressurizer. The ambient air is urged into a pressurized air plenum, from which two ports channel the air into at least two air paths to flow over the equipment in the cabinet. The equipment in the cabinet is arranged such that the air passes over more heat-sensitive equipment before reaching less heat-sensitive equipment. The equipment in the cabinet can be separated by grounded, metal walls to contain and diminish electromagnetic interference. The equipment may be accessed from a single, front side of the cabinet.

Abstract: An electronic device includes a fan including a frame, an enclosure, and many fixing members engaged with the enclosure to fix the fan in the enclosure. The frame includes many mounting holes positioned in corners of the frame, respectively. The enclosure includes many sidewalls and many fixing members corresponding to the mounting holes. Each fixing member includes a base, a fixing portion extending from a top surface of the base, an angle shaped clasping portion extending from a sidewall of the base. Each base includes a locating block received in a corresponding locating member, and at least one fixing arms abuts against the corresponding locating member. Each fixing portion extends through the locating member and is received in a corresponding mounting hole. Each clasping portion extends through the corresponding locating member and clasps an inner wall of the corresponding mounting hole.

Abstract: A cooling device (1) using pulsating fluid for cooling of an object, comprising: a transducer (2) having a membrane adapted to generate pressure waves at a working frequency (fw), and a cavity (4) enclosing a first side of the membrane. The cavity (4) has at least one opening (5) adapted to emit a pulsating net output fluid flow towards the object, wherein the opening (5) is in communication with a second side of the membrane. The cavity (4) is sufficiently small to prevent fluid in the cavity (4) from acting as a spring in a resonating mass-spring system in the working range. This is advantageous as a volume velocity (u1) at the opening is essentially equal to a volume velocity (u1?) at the second side of the membrane, apart from a minus sign. Thus, at the working frequency the pulsating net output fluid can be largely cancelled due to the counter phase with the pressure waves on the second side of the membrane resulting in a close to zero far-field volume velocity.

Abstract: A handheld power tool, including a housing wall and a fan device with an air intake and an air outlet in the housing wall. The fan device has an air guide, and an outflow space is delimited between, on the one hand, the housing wall at the air outlet and, on the other hand, an outflow side of the air intake, as well as laterally by a first surface contour and by a second surface contour of the air guide. The first surface contour and the second surface contour each extend from the housing wall to the outflow side of the air-intake means, and the air-guiding element is shaped in such a way that the size of the cross-sectional surface of the outflow space increases continuously crosswise to the outflow direction of the air intake in the outflow direction.

Abstract: An apparatus with some embodiments is described having ducts positioned above and below a main device housing to provide cooling air flow to at least a portion of the top and bottom surfaces of the associated computing device. In some embodiments, the device is a mobile computing device. In some embodiments, air may be drawn through inlets located on at least one side of the device. The inlet air may be supplied via upper and lower air ducts to an air mover positioned on an opposite side of the device. In some embodiments, air discharged from the air mover may be supplied to a main housing of the device in which heat producing components may be located. Other embodiments are described.

Abstract: A pumped refrigerant cooling system for use in a row of equipment racks is configured to contain electronic equipment. The system includes a communication network and a refrigerant distribution unit in fluid communication with a chilled refrigerant supply and a heated refrigerant return. A cooling module is in fluid communication with the refrigerant distribution unit by a supply line and a return line. The cooling module is coupled to the communication network, and includes an evaporator and a fan configured to direct air over the evaporator. A sensor package is configured to monitor temperature and pressure reference points provided in the pumped refrigerant cooling system and the equipment racks. The system further includes a controller forming part of the cooling module and coupled to the communication network and the sensor package.

Abstract: A first conduit is externally attached to one of two opposing sidewalls of electronic equipment and a second conduit is externally attached to the other of the opposing sidewalls. Each conduit has an open end, a closed end, and a side having a vent that is aligned with a vent in the sidewall of the electronic equipment to which that conduit is attached. The first conduit takes air in through its open end, channels the air in a direction substantially orthogonal to the direction of air flowing through the electronic equipment, and directs the air into the electronic equipment through its aligned vents. The second conduit receives air from the electronic equipment through its aligned vents, channels the air in a direction that is substantially orthogonal to the direction of air flowing through the electronic equipment, and exhausts the air through the open end of the second conduit.

Abstract: A turbo fan includes a main plate for rotation in a rotational direction about a rotational axis and a plurality of blades arranged at intervals around the rotational axis of the main plate. At least one blade includes: a first blade section having a leading end and a trailing end; a second blade section having a leading end and a trailing end, wherein the first blade section is between the main plate and the second blade section; and a third blade section having a leading end and a trailing end, wherein the third blade section is between the first blade section and the second blade section.

Abstract: An air conditioner is disclosed which includes a case including an external air inlet opening formed in a side of the case, a heat exchanger provided in the case, and a guide part which guides external air which enters the case through the external air inlet opening into an interior of the heat exchanger.

Abstract: A radiator element in a motor vehicle is disclosed, the motor vehicle including a body, a driver's space with at least one door for access to the driver's space, and a step element with at least one step and situated below the door. An engine cooling system includes a radiator element in which a circulating coolant is cooled by an airflow flowing through the radiator element. The radiator element is positioned close to the step element. An air inlet aperture is positioned between or behind the steps. The radiator element is a second radiator element of the vehicle, operable when the first radiator element cools insufficiently.

Abstract: A combined carrying, cooling and support device for a portable electronic unit is provided, the device including: a flexible cushioned cooler having a base portion, an angled side portion disposed at an acute angle relative to the base portion, and an integrated cooling fan; an attachment mechanism disposed about the periphery of the flexible cushioned cooler; and an upper cover removably attachable to the flexible cushioned cooler by the attachment mechanism, wherein the flexible cushioned cooler is configured to form an elongated cooling air channel between its base portion, its at least one angled side portion, and a bottom surface of the portable electronic unit.

Abstract: The invention relates to a cooling apparatus for an electric component such as a CPU, a memory or power semiconductor, such as transistors or LEDs, or a processor. The cooling apparatus comprises a heatsink, an impeller that coaxially encloses the heatsink, and a drive motor for the impeller. The heatsink takes the form of a stationary hub having a base for introducing heat from the electronic component that is to be cooled, the hub widening towards the base. Cooling fins are thermally coupled to the hub, the cooling fins being given a spiral-like curve similar to the blades of the impeller. Due to the special design of the hub and the cooling fins as well as the use of a radial flux motor, a highly efficient, particularly compact cooling apparatus can be realized.

Abstract: A tandem fan system with an airflow-straightening heat exchanger removes heat from an airflow while providing optimal airflow pressure. The tandem fan system includes a first fan assembly and a second fan assembly, wherein each fan assembly has an inlet face and an outlet face, and includes at least one fan configured to propel a flow of air from the inlet face to the outlet face. The tandem fan system also includes a heat exchanger coupled between the first and second fan assemblies, wherein the heat exchanger includes at least one fin array and one or more heat pipes. The fin array and heat pipe combination is configured to draw heat from a flow of air that flows through the heat exchanger, and to straighten the flow of air so that the flow is perpendicular to the inlet face of the second fan assembly.

Abstract: A cellular cooling part includes a number at least one movable part, that can be the removable flap or movable cover for a fan. The fan, for example, can be moved or opened to expose it. A flap can also be opened. In addition, different covering structures can be used.

Abstract: A gas ejector capable of effectively dissipating heat generated from a heater while inhibiting noise generation as little as possible, an electronic device equipped with the gas ejector, and a gas-ejecting method are offered. A gas ejector (1) according to the present invention includes a vibrator (25) and ejects gas in a form of a pulsating flow such that vibration of the vibrator allows sound waves respectively generated upon ejection of the gas ejected from nozzles (23) and (24) to deaden out each other. Also, a control section (20) optimizes the frequency of the vibrator (25), hence, by increasing the gas ejection quantity as much as possible while inhibiting noise generation, heat of a heater is effectively dissipated.

Abstract: A heat dissipation apparatus adapted for simultaneously cooling a first electronic component and a second electronic component includes a heat sink adapted for being thermally attached to the first electronic component, a fan duct receiving the heat sink therein and a fan mounted to the fan duct. The fan duct comprises a top plate and two side plates extending from two opposite sides of the top plate. A receiving space is defined in the fan duct between the top plate and a top of the heat sink and adapted for receiving the second electronic component. Airflow from the fan is guided by the fan duct to blow towards the heat sink and the second electronic component, simultaneously.

Abstract: A cooling system for turbine engines for controlling cooling of rotor cooling air and heating of fuel gas is disclosed. The cooling system may be formed from a housing formed from a main plenum, a rotor air cooler positioned at least partially in the main plenum and a fuel gas heater positioned at least partially in the main plenum downstream from rotor air cooler. The cooling system may include a by-pass plenum for returning used cooling air back to a region upstream of the rotor air cooler. An exhaust fluid control device may control fluid flow out of the first exhaust opening at the second end of the main plenum, and a by-pass fluid control device may control fluid flow into the by-pass inlet opening of the by-pass plenum. The control devices and a fan may control circulation of cooling fluids through the main plenum.

Abstract: An electronic device includes a casing, a centrifugal blower and sidewall received in the casing. The casing is adapted for accommodating electronic components therein, and includes a bottom cover and an opposite top cover. The centrifugal blower is surrounded by the sidewall and includes a sleeve directly mounted to the bottom cover, a bearing member mounted in the sleeve, a stator mounted to the sleeve and an impeller rotatably supported by the bearing member. The bottom cover of the electronic device functions as a bottom plate of the centrifugal blower.

Abstract: To increase air flow, an air intake/outtake (i.e., intake, outtake, or both) is positioned on a front surface of a housing, such as a rack-mounted computer network switch housing. The front surface includes jacks, controls, plugs, receptacles or other input/output for connection with the processor in the housing. The air intake/outtake is one or more openings on the front surface with the input/output components. In one embodiment, to avoid interference with the input/output components and increasing the height of the housing, the air intake/outtake is a slot extending most of or all of the distance between the sides of the housing and being above or below the input/output. An intermediate plate may be used to form and support the air intake/outtake.

Abstract: There is provided an axial fan apparatus including an axial-flow impeller, a drive unit, and a housing. The axial-flow impeller is capable of rotating and includes a plurality of blades inclined with respect to a rotational axis direction. The drive unit rotates the axial-flow impeller. The housing is mounted with the drive unit, and includes a sidewall, and a plurality of slits that circulate gas. The sidewall is provided around the axial-flow impeller. The plurality of slits are provided to the sidewall and inclined with respect to the rotational axis direction in a direction opposed to a direction in which the plurality of blades incline.

Abstract: An air conditioner is provided. A location of, an angle between, or a distance between, a heat exchanger and a blower may be varied based on whether or not the air conditioner is operating. A number of drivers for moving the heat exchanger and/or the blower may be reduced and reliability of the driver be enhanced. Size of the air conditioner may be reduced, and efficiency may be improved.