Abstract: A coke oven of a horizontal construction of the non-recovery or heat recovery type is shown. The oven has at least one coking chamber, in which laterally vertical downcomers as well as horizontal bottom flues extend underneath the coking chamber for indirect reheating of the coking chamber. At least a part of the interior walls of the coking chamber is configured as a secondary heating source by coating it with a high-emission coating (HEB) that shows an emission degree equal to or higher than 0.9, and consists of the substances Cr2O3 or Fe2O3 or a mixture containing these substances, with the portion of Fe2O3 amounting to at least 25% by weight in the mixture, and with the portion of Cr2O3 amounting to at least 20% by weight in the mixture.

Abstract: A pyrolysis apparatus and method for pyrolyzing plastic wastes to form a fuel and generating energy is described.

Abstract: The invention relates to a horizontally designed, non-heat recovery-type coke oven comprising at least one coking chamber, downcomers that are laterally disposed relative to the coking chamber, and bottom ducts which are horizontally arranged below the coking chamber in order to indirectly heat the coking chamber. One or more heating elements are located in the gas chamber which is not filled with solid matter when the coke oven is appropriately used.

Abstract: A method of replacing a damaged portion of a wall of a coke oven, the coke oven wall having a height h and a length l, the damaged coke oven wall portion having a height h and a length l1, comprises removing the damaged wall portion from the coke oven, casting, outside of the oven, a replacement wall section having a length equal to the length l1 of the damaged coke oven wall portion and a height equal to the height h of the damaged coke oven wall portion, and positioning, inside the coke oven, the replacement wall section.

Abstract: The invention provides a method and apparatus for decreasing gas flow rates in a sole flue gas system for a coke oven during at least an initial coking operation after charging a coking oven with coal. The method includes providing a duct system between a first coke oven having a first coking chamber and a second coke oven having a second coking chamber to direct at least a portion of gas from a gas space in first coking chamber to the second coke oven thereby reducing a gas flow rate in the first sole flue gas system of the first coke oven. Reduction in sole flue gas flow rates has a beneficial effect on product throughput, the life of the coke oven and environmental control of volatile emissions from coke ovens.

Abstract: Large size cast monolithic refractory repair modules which may be used to replace existing silica bricks within a coke oven heating wall. The modules are formed from a castable refractory mix having very high dimensional stability over a wide range of temperatures. Each of the modules is a rectangular parallelepiped having one or more vertically extending flues formed therein, one end of a module being adapted to conform to the end shape of the damaged heating wall, the other end of the module being adapted to interfit with existing brickwork. The modules are assembled by initially removing damaged brickwork from the heating wall and then placing in the new modules of this invention which are mortared in place.

Abstract: According to the invention the heating system for regenerative coke oven batteries that can be heated with rich gas and/or lean gas or mixed gas is provided comprising vertical flues cooperating in pairs, each vertical flue being connected to a regenerator for preheating the air and, in the case of lean gas operation, for preheating the lean gas or mixed gas. High and low combustion stages, as well as structure defining an internal flue gas return at levels above a flue base are provided. Discharge openings are provided at at least three levels for supplying each flue. A base discharge opening is provided at the flue base directly connected to regenerators. Hollow communicating channels are defined for connecting the regenerators to discharge openings located above the flue base. The hollow communicating channels are preferably formed in each communicating wall connected to a discharge opening leading only to one adjacent flue.

Abstract: An improved coke oven wall constructed for refractory brick and having generally vertically extending gas flues formed therein employs different shaped brick to form the portion of the wall defining the flues in alternate courses of brick with the refractory brick in each course being shaped and arranged so that no mortar joint between two adjacent brick in any course is contained in a single vertical plane from a flue to the adjacent oven.

Abstract: The invention provides a construction block useful in the construction of coke oven combustion chamber assemblies. The construction block is a rectangularly-shaped unit comprises:(a) an upper and lower wall surface, wherein the construction block's upper wall surface comprises at least one ridge or groove running along at least a portion of the longitudinal axis of the construction block's upper wall surface, and wherein the construction block's lower wall surface comprises at least one ridge or groove running along at least a portion of the longitudinal axis of the construction block's lower wall surface,(b) a left and right side wall surface, and(c) two end wall surfaces, wherein at least one of the two end wall surfaces is offset along the longitudinal axis of said construction block's upper and lower wall surfaces to define one-half of a horizontally-oriented, L-shaped lap joint.

Abstract: The heating flues in an oven are equipped with refractory components to control the feed and mixture of combustion air and gas into each heating flue. In one embodiment, the refractory component forms a plurality of passageways through which air and gas flow into mixture. Initially, the gas is mixed with small amounts of air to obtain substoichiometric combustion in the refractory component. Additional combustion air is supplied to the resulting partially combusted gases and unburned gas to complete the combustion of air and gas in the heating flue. This arrangement serves to optimize the flame control and the heat discharge over the height of the heating flue. In a second embodiment, the refractory component forms a plurality of passageways through which combustion air is supplied to the gas along the passageway outlets which are located at preselected positions along the length of the heating flue.

Abstract: NO.sub.x -content in a flue gas during heating of coking oven with heating trains cooperating in pairs, high and low lying combustion stages, and flue gas return at a height of a heating train sole in a circulating stream, is reduced by adjusting a circulating stream rate defined by a volume stream of a returned flue gas divided by a flue gas volume stream without returned flue gas to between 20% and 50%, maintaining a stage ratio for a stage number greater than or equal to 2 defined as an air volume stream of a lower stage divided by a total air volume stream, at between 80/I% and 140/I% wherein I is a number of stages, arranging an upper combustion stage at a height of (45.+-.10%).times.(I-1) of the heating train height.

Abstract: Coking system, wherein the coking blends particularly based on hard coal, are fed batchwise to a reactor (1), which is heated indirectly by heat recovery in regenerators (I, II) or recuperators, whereby the reactor is built as a high-capacity coking reactor (100), several high-capacity coking reactors are combined to form a reactor block and the high-capacity coking reactors are built as mutually independent modules, whereby each module can be operated or optionally replaced independently of the neighboring modules, with little or no impairment of the operation of the neighboring modules. The individual reactors are independently operatable in terms of statics and heat supply. The regenerators, or recuperators (I, II, R, R') can be arranged laterally or underneath the reactor chamber. Neighboring reactors can have a common intermediate wall (2). The reactor chambers have a width of at least 0.7 m, a height of at least 8.5 m and a length of at least 18 m.

Abstract: A coke oven battery has a refractory brick structure comprising a row of coking chambers (1) between an oven roof (9) and a regenerator roof (10) and a row of regenerative chambers (2) between the regenerator roof (10) and a regenerator floor (11). In order to provide protection (e.g. for an external steel frame) against leakage of inflammable gas, cladding (16-24) of metal foil is provided at both the pusher side and the coke side. This cladding makes a substantially gas tight seal with the refractory brick. The foil preferably has a thickness of 0.05 to 0.25 mm.

Abstract: In regenerative coking ovens having vertical heating flues cooperating in pairs, high level and low level combustion stages and means arranged at the bottoms of respective heating flues to recirculate the flue gas, the following measures insure a substantially reduced generation of NO.sub.x contents in the flue gas: the recirculation current rate is between 20% and 50%, the combustion stage ratio is between 40% and 70% and the second combustion stage is arranged between 35% and 55% of the height of the heating flue.

Abstract: A pair of adjacent horizontal coking chambers of a coke-oven battery are separated by a longitudinal wall with a multiplicity of vertical heating ducts, the wall being built from blocks which form two parallel frameworks defining the ducts between them. Each framework consists of longitudinal and transverse refractory blocks--preferably of silica--leaving rectangular apertures open toward the ducts and the chambers, these apertures being occupied by refractory plates of lower thermal resistance than the blocks. The transverse blocks of the two frameworks extend overlappingly between the ducts and have interfitting formations holding the frameworks together.

Abstract: Coking chambers in a coke oven battery are disposed in an alternate relationship with heating flues. At the top of each coking chamber there is a top arch having an inner-arched surface defined by a segment of a circle whose diameter is greater than the internal width of the coking chamber. The coking chamber is bounded by two heating walls which are extended to the spring of the arch where wall portions extend in an inclined manner upwardly and outwardly to form a mushroom-shaped gas-collecting chamber above the coke oven chamber. These wall portions extend at an angle of approximately 30.degree. to 50.degree. to the horizontal. The diameter of the arched wall portions for the arch is approximately between 30% and 60% greater than the internal width of the coking chamber.

Abstract: A construction for a battery of coke ovens and to a method for repairing m in which a continuous vertical joint plane is provided in the walls of the piers separating the ovens of the batteries, which walls are constructed of courses and headers and stretchers, the plane extending along one of the lateral faces of the headers, with one of the two adjacent stretchers of the course immediately above and below the header being longer than the other stretchers in the wall and the other being shorter so that the joint between them is located in the same vertical plane as the said faces of the headers.

Abstract: A horizontal coke oven battery in which heating chambers between coking chambers are divided by midfeathers or header walls into vertically-extending heating flues. Extending upwardly through the midfeathers are feed flues which communicate with the regenerators of the coke oven battery and have feed flue outlets disposed at different heights in the heating flues. In this invention, the feed flue outlets comprise one or more vertically-extending elongated slots which facilitate "soft" combustion and flame formation, greatly reducing temperature peaks and nitrogen oxide formation.

Abstract: Hollow shaft members with orifices at different elevations throughout their heights are located in the heating flues of a coke oven battery. The shafts receive preheated gaseous combustion-supporting agents from the regenerators. Advantages include decreased midfeathers thickness, greater heating area, and having the possibility of rich-gas heating in which the flame is distributed over the whole height of the heating flue.

Abstract: A method and a device for feeding purging and degraphitizing air into pipes for rich gas leading to the heating walls of coke ovens. In the device a first cross-sectional opening is connected to a pipe for rich gas. This opening can be opened and closed with a first gate and is adapted to initially release only a relatively small cross-sectional aperture for passing purging air therethrough. A second cross-sectional opening is provided in the device, which is connected to the pipe for rich gas. The second opening can be opened and closed with a second gate and is adapted to release successively, with a time delay after the first cross-sectional opening, a relatively larger cross-section for passing degraphitizing air therethrough. An exchangeable screen can be placed in the aperture in the first cross-sectional opening. The degraphitizing air enters the pipe for burning off the graphite deposits resulting from the rich gas.

Abstract: A heating wall construction for horizontal chamber coke ovens comprises spaced apart stretcher stone walls with header walls extending therebetween and being spaced from each other to define vertical heating flues therebetween. The header walls are hollow or have a hollow portion which defines a vertical heating flue for their fuel supply and they have transfer slots in the walls which connect at various levels for transferring the heating gases from the hollow central portion to the flues. The runner stones of the heating walls have a thickness of less than 110 mm and the hollow headers are over 200 mm wide at their widest point in the central region of the heating flue and they are much wider than 100 mm at their abutting or tie in point in the stretcher stone walls.

Abstract: A horizontal coke oven battery construction in which a pusher is mounted to extend into the batteries from one side and push coke out of the batteries on the opposite side, comprises a plurality of coke oven batteries disposed in a row. A first waste gas flue extends along the pusher side of the batteries and a second waste gas flue extends along the coke side. A stack flue at one end of the batteries is connected to the first and second waste gas flues. The construction includes means for directing the heating gases into each oven battery during operation so that, in respect to the pusher and coke size, approximately one-half of the batteries is heated by upward burning and the other half is heated by downward burning. For example, all odd numbered batteries may be heated in the same direction and all even numbered batteries heated in the same direction.

Abstract: In a horizontal type coke oven, high temperature waste gas generated in a heating flue chamber and containing nitrogen oxides is discharged into a regenerator. There are provided nozzle openings for injecting ammonia or ammonia precursor to the high temperature waste gas at a position where the temperature of the waste gas is about 750.degree.-1000.degree. C. so as to reduce the nitrogen oxides in the waste gas with the ammonia or ammonia precursor.

Abstract: A heating wall of a coking oven, particularly a horizontal coking oven, separates the coking chamber of the coking oven from the heating flues through which a heating medium flows to heat a charge of coking coal which is contained in the coking chamber. The heating wall is provided with a plurality of individual compartments which are separated from each other and also from the coking chamber and from the heating flues, the compartments being situated between the coking chamber and the heating flues and increasing the rate of heat transmission through the heating wall. Depending on the desired heat-transmission properties of different portions of the heating wall, the compartments may be distributed either uniformly or nonuniformly, or may have the same or different dimensions. The heating wall is constituted by refractory blocks and the enclosed compartments are provided in these refractory blocks.

Abstract: A heating wall for coke ovens with horizontal coking chambers comprises vertical heating flues arranged in pairs, every pair of adjoining heating flues being separated by a partition formed with a flow port in the upper portion. Lateral sides of the flow port are provided with vertical slot-like guides which accommodate projections of a slide gate. The guides are formed in their upper portion with stepped recesses the vertical extent of which exceeds the length of the slide gate projections. The slide gate center of gravity is shifted with respect to the longitudinal axis of its projections in the direction opposite to the stepped recesses. The slide gate is provided with means for introducing a hook and vertically moving the slide gate into its uppermost and lowermost position in the flow port. As a result, the flow port vertical position is changed substantially without changing the clear opening of the flow port.

Abstract: Studs projecting downwardly from the decking carrying a battery of underjet coke ovens, all received in recesses in support walls which extend only in a parallel direction to the heating walls for the over chambers. Dampers are provided between the studs and the vertical surfaces of the recesses in the support walls for absorbing forces such as those developed during earthquakes which act parallel to the heating walls of the coking chambers. Strip members project downwardly from the decking along the sides of the support walls. Dampers are interposed between the strip members and support walls to absorb forces acting in a direction normal to the longitudinal heating walls of the coking chambers. The decking includes individual decking portions with adjoining boundary surfaces having interlocking projections.

Abstract: Vertical heating flues between adjacent coke oven chambers include rich-gas burners extending essentially to progressively increasing elevations in the flues in a manner such that the burner exit zones increase from flue-to-flue to a maximum elevation at the pusher side of each oven chamber. At the pusher side, the coke oven chamber has a minimum width which increases to a maximum width at the coke side where the rich-gas burners have exit zones at the lowest elevation in the heating flues. Such a rich-gas burner arrangement may additionally include rich-gas burners with exit zones at the soles of alternate heating flues while the remaining heating flues contain the burners extended to progressively increasing elevations. When the coke oven chambers are heated by twin-heating flues, the rich-gas burners extend vertically from the soles of only one heating flue in each of the twin-heating flues.

Abstract: A valve chamber which communicates through flue openings with bottom flues has therein a pair of dosing frames, each mounted on a pivot and movable thereby between a closed position against the openings and an open position withdrawn from the openings. Each pivot is attached to one end of an elongated eccentric member to the other end of which is attached a spring which urges the respective dosing frame to the closed or open position thereof. One or two pull rods are attached to the eccentrics to sequentially move the closed dosing frame away from the openings to the open position thereof, and to then move the open dosing frame to the openings to the closed position thereof.

Abstract: A damaged part of a coke oven such as a heating wall is restored by selecting masonry bridging material with an essentially low thermal expansion property to close the heating flue and support the heating wall. The selected masonry bridging material may take the form of bridging bricks or castable concrete material. Such masonry bridging material is arranged to close and support the existing masonry which is to remain as part of the heating wall for continued use. The masonry bridging material forms flat connecting surfaces used to provide lateral expansion joints which are aligned from course-to-course. The expansion joint compensates for length changes of the renewed part of the heating wall formed by stretcher bricks having the usual relatively high thermal expansion property. The masonry bridging material reforms an internal crosswall that defines part of a heating flue chamber within a heating wall.

Abstract: A single regenerative coke oven battery is constructed and operated as a plurality of individual and separate groups of heating walls, each group capable of independent reversal and heating cycles. During slow-down operations, one or more of the individual groups of heating walls is shut down for a preselected time period, with no flow of combustion air, fuel and waste gas in the heating walls, while the remainder of the groups are operated at substantially full air and gas flow. The battery is capable of a slow-down operation while avoiding uneven coking and variations in the amount of byproduct coke oven fuel gas generated.

Abstract: A method of prolonging the life of a carbon anode ring furnace is disclosed wherein portions of the confronting refractory brick flue walls of the furnace which have partly collapsed can be readily straightened. The refractory bricks of the collapsed portion of a flue wall are urged back into the plane of the wall by interposing a hydraulic jack between the closely spaced flue walls and actuating the jack to apply opposing forces to the wall. The jack is positioned and actuated in a number of locations corresponding to a predetermined circular pattern about a deformation zone to successively reduce the deviation of the bricks of the deformation zone. A tie brick is thereafter inserted between the walls to maintain them in their normal spaced relation.

Abstract: This disclosure relates to reinforced support walls arranged to extend transversely of the length of a battery of coke ovens in a cellar for supporting battery decking of underjet coke ovens. Ducts extend in the cellar for supplying gaseous combustion media to the heating flues of the heating walls and control members are arranged in the cellar to control the flow of the combustion media in the individual ducts. A foundation slab includes reinforcement members bonded to reinforcement members within the support walls. Expansion joints, including slip plates, are arranged between the support walls and the battery decking. The decking may include a projection extending downwardly along the center line of the battery for bonding engagement with the support walls.

Abstract: In one embodiment valve means are provided in the pipe connecting the fuel gas main and air supply main to the respective headers to simultaneously supply a portion of the air to the headers associated with the "on" flues and a portion of the air to the headers associated with the "off" flues. The air supplied to the headers associated with the "on" flues mixes with and dilutes the rich fuel gas to suppress the tendency to deposit carbon in the vertical riser ducts of the "on" flues. The air supplied to the headers associated with the "off" flues removes the carbonaceous material deposited in the vertical riser ducts of the "off" flues. In another embodiment induction or recirculation ducts are provided between the vertical riser ducts of interconnected flues to admix a portion of the waste gas from the "off" flues with the rich fuel gas flowing upwardly through the vertical riser ducts of the "on" flues.

Abstract: A coke oven and method of heating a coke oven are provided in which the coke oven has coking chambers with a low burner heating wall on one side of the coking chamber and a high burner heating wall on the other side of the coking chamber. Heating takes place by only low burners in one heating wall and only high burners in the other heating wall.

Abstract: Novel shapes of refractory jamb bricks are disclosed which are readily removable and replaceable without tearing down and rebuilding the novel jamb structure of a heating wall of a coke oven battery.