Abstract: An ozone water producing apparatus comprises: a gas-liquid mixing vessel having a water-discharging port near the bottom and a gas-discharging port at an upper portion; an inner vessel inside the gas-liquid mixing vessel, having an upper opening positioned lower than the gas-discharging port; a main conduit having one end extending into the gas-liquid mixing vessel and opening at a lower portion inside the inner vessel, and having an end connected to a pressure source of water via a water-supplying valve; a gas-induction conduit having one end connecting to the main conduit, and having an end connected to a gas-induction valve; a gas-discharging conduit having one end connected to the gas-discharging port, and having an end connected to a gas-discharging valve; a communicating conduit connecting the gas-induction valve and the gas-discharging valve; an ozone generator connected to the communicating conduit; and an ozone-decomposing catalyst vessel connected to the communicating conduit.

Abstract: A device for electrolysis of an aqueous solution of an organic fuel. The electrolyte is a solid-state polymer membrane with anode and cathode catalysts on both surfaces for electro-oxidation and electro-reduction. A low-cost and portable hydrogen generator can be made based on the device with organic fuels such as methanol.

Abstract: An electrochemical cell for separating oxygen from the ambient air can be manufactured in a simple manner and inexpensively and both the electrodes and the electrolyte can be manufactured as thin layers. The electrochemical cell has a metallic housing plate (7), a gas-permeable carrier plate (11) located on the housing plate (7), a system of layers on the carrier plate (11), including a first electrode (13), an electrolyte (15) and a second electrode (17) exposed to the ambient air, wherein the oxygen generated is drawn off via a discharge opening at the housing plate (7).

Abstract: This invention relates to an electrochemical cell having a high-temperature low-hydration (HTLH) ion exchange membrane serving as an electrolyte layer. The membrane may be a non-fluorinated ionomer membrane, such as an acid-doped polybenzimidazole (PBI) membrane. The HTLH membrane is sandwiched by an anode having a hydrogen-carrying fluid feed chamber with an inlet for receiving a hydrogen-carrying fluid, and a cathode having a hydrogen product chamber with an outlet for discharging a hydrogen product gas. The anode and cathode are electrically couplable to an electric current source for powering the electrochemical cell to produce hydrogen gas in a reduction reaction at the cathode. The hydrogen-carrying fluid may be water, in which case the electrochemical cell serves as an electrolyzer; or, the hydrogen carrying fluid may be a hydrogen gas, in which case the cell serves as a hydrogen pump.

Abstract: A device for charging and activating hydrogen storage canisters made of hydrogen storage alloy includes a container for receiving and retaining the canisters. Cold and hot water tanks are respectively connected to the container for supplying cold and hot water to and through the container in order to maintain desired temperatures of the canisters. A vacuum pump is connected to the canisters for discharging residual hydrogen from the canisters in an activating process. Hot water is supplied from the hot water tank to the container to heat the canisters during the discharging process. A hydrogen supply source is connected to the connectors via a distribution and charge control unit for supplying and distributing hydrogen to each individual canister. Cold water is supplied from the cold water tank to the container for removing excessive heat of the canisters in order to maintain a proper charging rate of hydrogen.

Abstract: The invention describes an electrochemical half-cell, in particular for the electrolysis of aqueous solutions of hydrogen chloride, at least comprising a gas space, the gas space having a gas feed and a gas discharge as well as a liquid outlet, and a gas diffusion electrode which rests on an electrically conductive current distributor and makes an electrically conductive contact with the current distributor, the current distributor having a free area in the range from 5 to 65%, preferably from 10 to 60%, particularly preferably from 15 to 50%, based on the total area of the current distributor, and a thickness of from 0.3 mm to 5 mm, preferably from 0.35 to 0.6 mm.

Abstract: A method for operating an electrolysis cell at a range of pressures and current densities, the cell having an ultrathin composite membrane, preferably comprising an expanded polytetrafluoroethylene base material impregnated with a hydrogen conducting ionomer. The resulting membrane is unexpectedly durable and efficient when used in an electrolysis cell operating at high membrane pressure differentials, thereby allowing greater cell current densities and efficiency.

Abstract: This invention is directed to an integrated onboard hydrogen (H2) production and utilization system for all watercraft, which yields environmentally benign vessel power production without new infrastructure requirements. Water (H2O) is supplied to a vessel, whether ashore, docked or underway, and is systematically converted into hydrogen and oxygen. The energy required for this process may be provided by any renewable or non-renewable source. The H2 produced is either utilized at once or stored. Energy is released from the H2 by one or more power plants.

Abstract: Solid membranes comprising an intimate, gas-impervious, multi-phase mixture of an electronically-conductive material and an oxygen ion-conductive material and/or a mixed metal oxide of a perovskite structure are described. Electrochemical reactor components, such as reactor cells, and electrochemical reactors are also described for transporting oxygen from any oxygen-containing gas to any gas or mixture of gases that consume oxygen. The reactor cells generally comprise first and second zones separated by an element having a first surface capable of reducing oxygen to oxygen ions, a second surface capable of reacting oxygen ions with an oxygen-consuming gas, an electron-conductive path between the first and second surfaces and an oxygen ion-conductive path between the first and second surfaces. The element may further comprise (1) a porous substrate, (2) an electron-conductive metal, metal oxide or mixture thereof and/or (3) a catalyst.

Abstract: The invention relates to an electrochemical half cell (1) which consists of at least one membrane (4), an electrode (3) as anode or cathode which optionally produces gas, optionally an outlet (8; 16) for the gas and a support structure (12) linking the electrode which optionally produces gas with the back wall (15) of the half cell. The support structure (12) divides the interior (13) of the half cell (1) into vertically arranged channels (5, 9). The electrolyte (14) flows upwards in the electrode channels (9) facing the electrode (3) and flows downwards in the channels (5) facing away from the electrode (3). The electrode channels (9) and the channels (5) facing away from the electrode (3) are interlinked at their upper and lower ends.

Abstract: A production apparatus of hypochlorite solution includes an electrolytic cell having a housing the interior of which is subdivided by a partition membrane to form therein anode and cathode chambers, and positive and negative electrodes respectively disposed within the anode and cathode chambers and opposed to each other through the partition membrane, wherein the positive and negative electrodes are applied with DC voltage to effect electrolysis of chloride solution such as sodium chloride solution or potassium chloride solution supplied into both the anode and cathode chambers, and wherein acid water and alkaline water respectively produced in the anode and cathode chambers are mixed to produce hypochlorite solution.

Abstract: There is provided an electrolysis gas converter, which prevents excessive gas generation and can maintain a constant amount of gas conversion even if outside air conditions such as humidity changes. The converter, which provides DC current to a jointed electrochemical device 8 comprising a solid polymer electrolytic film 3 between an anode 1 and a cathode 2 having a catalytic layer on a base substrate of conductive porous material, comprises means 11 and 17 which provide a fixed current to the jointed electrochemical device 8.

Abstract: The present invention provides an ozone generation and delivery system that lends itself to small scale applications and requires very low maintenance. The system preferably includes an anode reservoir and a cathode phase separator each having a hydrophobic membrane to allow phase separation of produced gases from water. The hydrogen gas, ozone gas and water containing ozone may be delivered under pressure.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are electrochemical cell systems, pressure control systems, and methods for operating those systems. In one embodiment, the electrochemical cell system comprises: an electrochemical cell stack; a phase separation apparatus in fluid communication with the electrochemical cell stack; a water discharge in fluid communication with the phase separation apparatus; a first flow control device and a second flow control device disposed in fluid communication between the phase separation apparatus and water discharge; and a control device in operable communication with a sensor, the first flow control device, and the second flow control device. In one embodiment, the pressure regulating system comprises: means for generating hydrogen; means for sensing a liquid level within a phase separation apparatus disposed in fluid communication with the means for generating.

Abstract: A system having a fluid source and a pasteurizer coupled with a disinfectant unit in flow communication with the fluid source for use in disinfecting dental or other water lines. The combination of pasteurizer and disinfectant unit is adapted to receive water from the fluid source. A fluid delivery unit is provided in flow communication with the pasteurizer and disinfectant unit combination. The disinfectant unit has a means for supplying hydrogen and oxygen and a means for generating hydrogen peroxide in flow communication with the means for supplying hydrogen and oxygen.

Abstract: The invention relates to an electrochemical gas generator including a substrate for providing a surface for electrode deposition, a first electrode deposited on the surface for providing an electrical connection with a conducting medium, a second electrode deposited on the substrate for generating a gas, and a plurality of members extending from at least one side of the first electrode placed alternately with a plurality of extensions protruding from at least one side of the second electrode for improving generator efficiency.

Abstract: The present invention provides an ozone generation and delivery system that lends itself to small scale applications and requires very low maintenance. The system includes an anode reservoir and a cathode phase separator each having a hydrophobic membrane to allow phase separation of produced gases from water. The system may be configured to operate passively with no moving parts or in a self-pressurizing manner with the inclusion of a pressure controlling device or valve in the gas outlet of the anode reservoir. The hydrogen gas, ozone gas and water containing ozone may be delivered under pressure.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for water treatment. The method comprises supplying an oxygen-containing gas to cathode 6 to yield hydrogen peroxide, supplying an inorganic acid to anode 5 through an acid solution addition opening 4 to yield an oxidation product, e.g., hypochlorous acid, and using both the hydrogen peroxide and oxidation product thus generated to treat a liquid to be treated. The atmosphere around the cathode surface is kept neutral to acidic due to the acidity of the coexisting oxidation product to thereby inhibit the deposition of metal hydroxides.

Abstract: A hydrogen source system delivers a controlled fuel stream to applications, using wicking to control the contact between a mixture of NaBH4, NaOH and H2O and a hydrolyzing catalyst to create a feedback mechanism to automatically maintain a constant pressure production supply of hydrogen. A small compact device packaged for storage, the system operates in any orientation and is mobile. The system is a small portable packaged hydrogen generator for small fuel cells to power applications that are currently powered by batteries. These packaged devices have higher energy per unit mass, higher energy per unit volume, are more convenient for energy users, environmentally less harmful, and less expensive than conventional power sources.

Abstract: An electrochemical cell stack comprising stack walls and a plurality of electrolytic cells within the stack walls, each cell comprising cell members selected from an anode a cathode; a membrane separator frame formed of a non-conductive material and having a frame first planar peripheral surface; a frame second planar peripheral surface; and a central portion defining a membrane-receiving aperture; a membrane within the aperture to provide an anolyte circulation chamber and a catholyte circulation chamber distinct one from the other within the frame, an impermeable cell end wall formed of a non-conductive material between the anode and cathode and the anodes and cathodes of adjacent cells of said stack; wherein each of said anode, said cathode, said separator frame and said end wall has a portion defining an anolyte flow inlet channel, a catholyte flow inlet channel, a spent anolyte channel and a spent catholyte channel; said anolyte flow inlet channel and said spent anolyte channel are in communication with

Abstract: An electroplating apparatus prevents anode-mediated degradation of electrolyte additives by creating a mechanism for maintaining separate anolyte and catholyte and preventing mixing thereof within a plating chamber. The separation is accomplished by interposing a porous chemical transport barrier between the anode and cathode. The transport barrier limits the chemical transport (via diffusion and/or convection) of all species but allows migration of ionic species (and hence passage of current) during application of sufficiently large electric fields within electrolyte.

Abstract: Electrochemical cell comprises, in one embodiment, a proton exchange membrane (PEM), an anode positioned along one face of the PEM, and a cathode positioned along the other face of the PEM. To enhance electrolysis, platinum catalysts are present between the anode and the PEM and between the cathode and the PEM. A multi-layer metal screen for defining a first fluid cavity is placed in contact with the outer face of the anode, and an electrically-conductive, spring-like, porous pad for defining a second fluid cavity is placed in contact with the outer face of the cathode. The porous pad comprises a mat of carbon fibers having a density of about 0.2-0.55 g/cm3. Cell frames are placed in peripheral contact with the metal screen and the compression pad for peripherally containing fluids present therewithin. Electrically-conductive separators are placed in contact with the metal screen and the compression pad for axially containing fluids present therewithin.

Abstract: The method of producing O2 from water, that includes subjecting water to electrolysis, to produce H2 and O2, returning H2 to a water storage zone, drying the produced O2, using air as a drying agent, flowing a stream of that drying agent air to the cathode side of fuel cell, flowing a stream of produced hydrogen to the anode side of the fuel cell, for reaction with O2 in the agent air to produce water electrical energy and heat, and using electrical energy produced by fuel cell in the electrolysis.

Abstract: A fan flow sensor for a hydrogen generating proton exchange member electrolysis cell includes a switching device and a sail slideably disposed on the switching device. The sail is configured to actuate the switching device in response to an airflow from a fan. The switching device may be actuatable in response to a magnet disposed on the sail.

Abstract: In an electrolysis appliance or a reversible fuel cell which can be operated optionally as a fuel cell or as an electrolysis appliance, a gas reservoir is in the form of a one-piece or two-piece, tubular hollow body. The gas reservoir is open at the top and is split into a reservoir area and an expansion area by a separating plug having an immersion tube which passes through it and points downward. In a region of the reservoir area, the gas reservoirs are each fitted directly to the end plates, or are formed integrally with them. Each of the half-cells are connected to a respective reservoir area and to the electrolyte located in it via channels in the end plate and openings in the respective gas reservoir. The electrolysis appliances or fuel cells which are configured to have an integrated gas reservoir formed in such a way are strong and sturdy, are configured to save space, are easy to handle and can be produced at low cost.

Abstract: The present invention provides for the electrochemical generation of ozone for use in “point-of-use” applications. The electrochemical ozone generators or systems of the present invention may be used to provide disinfected water, ozone-containing water, and/or ozone gas. Disinfected water may be produced by introducing ozone gas into a potable or purified water source for the purpose of disinfecting or controlling the microorganisms in the water source. Ozonated water or ozone gas may be produced and provided for various anti-microbial and cleansing applications of the consumer, such as washing food, clothing, dishes, countertops, toys, sinks, bathroom surfaces, and the like. Furthermore, the ozone generator may be used to deliver a stream of ozone-containing water for the purpose of commercial or residential point-of-use washing, disinfecting, and sterilizing medical instruments and medical equipment.

Abstract: The invention relates to a gas diffusion electrode (1) comprising a hydrophobic gas diffusion layer (3b), a reaction layer (3a), and a hydrophilic layer (5) arranged in the mentioned order wherein the reaction layer (3a) is arranged to a barrier layer (4), which barrier layer (4), on its opposite side, is arranged to the hydrophilic layer (5). The invention also relates to a method for manufacturing such a gas diffusion electrode (1), and to an electrolytic cell, and use thereof.

Abstract: A hydrogen replenishment system for providing hydrogen to a hydrogen-receiving apparatus, the system comprising (i) an electrolytic cell for providing source hydrogen; (ii) a compressor means for providing outlet hydrogen at an outlet pressure; (iii) means for feeding the source hydrogen to the compressor means; (iv) means for feeding the outlet hydrogen to the hydrogen-receiving apparatus; (v) central processing unit means for controlling the cell and the compressor; and (vi) user activation means for operably activating the central processing unit means. The invention provides a practical user interface in the treatment of data provided, computed, measured and stored, to offer a convenient, essentially self-contained, hydrogen fuel replenishment system for vehicles based on water electrolysis. The apparatus has virtually no stored hydrogen and provides pressurized hydrogen on the demand of a user.

Abstract: A device for electrolysis of an aqueous solution of an organic fuel. The electrolyte is a solid-state polymer membrane with anode and cathode catalysts on both surfaces for electro-oxidization and electro-reduction. A low-cost and portable hydrogen generator can be made based on the device with organic fuels such as methanol.

Abstract: A self-contained hydrogen recharging system (5) for a fuel cell metal hydride storage canister (100). A water reservoir (10) provides water (15) to an electrolyzer (20), where the water is converted into hydrogen gas (22) and oxygen gas (24). The hydrogen gas is dried (26) and then stored in an accumulator (30). When the metal hydride storage canister is ready to be refilled, it is connected by the user to the recharging system. A heat exchanger (55) heats the fuel cell hydride storage canister prior to transfer of the stored hydrogen gas, and then cools the fuel cell hydride storage canister during transfer of the stored hydrogen gas. The hydrogen gas stored in the accumulator is rapidly transferred to the hydride storage canister by means of a pump (60) and stowed in the canister as a metal hydride.

Abstract: The invention describes a method for the direct connection of fuel cells to electrolyzers of electrochemical plants producing hydrogen as a by-product. The by-product hydrogen is fed to the fuel cells and the electric energy thereby produced is transferred to the electrolyzers, with the consequent saving of the overall energy consumption. The direct coupling avoids the need for DC/AC converters or voltage adjusters and may be effected either in series or in parallel. In the latter case the fuel cell are assembled in modules, the number and voltage of which is regulated by means of interrupters activated by a computerised control and supervision system. As an alternative, the voltage of the modules may be varied by varying the pressure of the air fed to the fuel cells.

Abstract: A method for operating an electrolysis cell at a range of pressures and current densities, the cell having an ultrathin composite membrane, preferably comprising an expanded polytetrafluoroethylene base material impregnated with a hydrogen conducting ionomer. The resulting membrane is unexpectedly durable and efficient when used in an electrolysis cell operating at high membrane pressure differentials, thereby allowing greater cell current densities and efficiency.

Abstract: A conditioning system for reducing an oxygen content of water carried in a subsystem of an industrial plant includes an electrolysis unit having a hydrogen side, an anode, and a cathode. The anode and cathode are connected to the subsystem to decompose water into hydrogen and oxygen. A hydrogen/oxygen recombination catalyst is connected to the subsystem. The hydrogen/oxygen recombination catalyst follows the anode and cathode on the hydrogen side. A method for reducing an oxygen content of water carried in a subsystem of an industrial plant, includes the steps of electrolytically decomposing water from a subsystem of an industrial plant into hydrogen and oxygen, and using the hydrogen generated at the same time for recombining the oxygen contained in the water.

Abstract: A mediated electrochemical oxidation process is used to treat, oxidize and dispose of biological waste materials. Waste materials are introduced into an apparatus for contacting the waste with an electrolyte, which comprises one or more oxidizing species in their higher valence states in aqueous solution. The electrolyte, which can be regenerated, is used to oxidize specific molecules of the waste materials, breaking them down and preventing the formation of dioxins. The waste treatment process takes place at a temperature range from room temperature up to a temperature slightly below the boiling point of the electrolyte solution (usually the temperature will be below 100° C.), and can be altered by adding ultraviolet radiation.

Abstract: Service water is filtered by an active carbon pre-filter. The pre-filtered water is forced into a reverse osmosis membrane by a pump to produce pure water, and the pure water is processed to remove specific substances that consume ozone. Then, an ion-exchange resin treats a part of the low-ozone-consuming water and removes electrolytes from it to produce proper ultrapure water, which is supplied through a gas-liquid separating vessel to an electrolysis cell to produce ozone-containing gas. Another portion of the liquid in a lower space in the vessel is sent through a line to a separate temperature-controlled container. The returned liquid is mixed with the gas from the electrolysis cell by using an aspirator and ejector. Part of the high-concentration ozone water can be supplied through the temperature controlled container, a solenoid valve and a needle valve to an ozone water discharge device.

Abstract: A method of manufacturing a thin film electrochemical apparatus is disclosed. A near net shape ceramic element is molded including a planar base region and a plurality of tubular regions. The planar base region is infiltrated with a non-conductive material. Each of the tubular regions is infiltrated with a porous conductive material. A porous catalytic electrode material is applied onto the infiltrated regions to form one of a cathodic and anodic surface. A ceramic electrolyte coating is deposited onto the porous catalytic electrode material. A porous catalytic electrode material is applied onto the deposited ceramic electrolyte coating. A porous conductive material is deposited onto the porous catalytic electrode to form the other of the cathodic and anodic surface.

Abstract: An electrolytic cell using an oxygen cathode, for use in an ion-exchange membrane electrolytic soda process or the like, the electrolytic cell having; a structure, wherein, for effective supply and discharge of a caustic liquid and for an effective handling of a caustic liquid leakage, provided on an outer-side edge of the electrolytic cell are an upper chamber as a caustic liquid discharge outlet, a lower chamber as a caustic liquid introduction inlet, and a caustic-liquid room frame connected via a caustic liquid passage to thereby reduce a caustic liquid leakage; a structure, wherein a lower gas chamber is provided at the lower outer end of a cathode element to thereby handle a caustic liquid leakage from a gas diffusion electrode to a gas room; or a structure which uses a gas-liquid permeating gas diffusion electrode to supply an oxygen gas from an upper chamber communicating with a gas room and discharge a gas and a caustic liquid into a lower chamber.

Abstract: An electrochemical treating apparatus comprising an electrolytic cell comprising an anode and a cathode spaced apart from the anode, the anode including an electrode material made of diamond and the cathode including an electrode material made of diamond. Also disclosed is an electrochemical treating method for electrochemically decomposing a substance contained in a gas or solution, which comprises introducing a gas or solution containing a substance to be treated into the electrolytic cell, passing an electric current through the electrolytic cell, and recovering a treated gas or solution. In a preferred embodiment, the electrolytic cell comprises an anode including an electrode material made of diamond, a cathode including an electrode material made of diamond and an ion exchange resin or an ion exchange membrane as an electrolyte disposed between the anode and the cathode.

Abstract: An electrode (10, 112) containing platinum has its surface modified with sulfur, tellurium, or selenium, or compounds thereof, which renders the surface highly selective for the conversion of oxygen to hydrogen peroxide. The high selectivity of the electrode, and its ability to function in acidic electrolytes make it suitable to a variety of electrochemical processes. In a preferred embodiment, an oxygen concentration device (A) incorporating the electrode as a cathode (10) also includes an anode (12) and a selective membrane (14), formed from a solid polymer electrolyte material, between the anode and the cathode. An oxygen-containing atmosphere is brought into contact with the cathode where it is converted to hydrogen peroxide. The hydrogen peroxide passes through the membrane to the anode where it is reconverted to purified oxygen.

Abstract: An apparatus for generating electrolytic products, including chlorine and ozone, that includes an electrolytic cell having a cathode in a cathode chamber, an anode in an anode chamber, an electrode chamber separating element disposed between the cathode and anode and sight tubes for visualizing the amount of catholyte and anolyte in the electrolytic chambers is provided. The cathode and the anode include first sides, that are contained within the electrode chambers and participate in the cell's oxidation-reduction reactions, and second sides that project outside of the electrode chambers and which may serve as replacement surfaces for the first sides.

Abstract: A portable apparatus for generating chlorine from common salt preferably includes a base with a passageway in it, a first liquid-holder extending upward from the base in fluid communication with one end of the passageway, and a second liquid-holder extending upward from the base in fluid communication with the other end of the passageway. An anode and a cathode are disposed in the passageway, with an ion-selective membrane positioned between them. The electrodes preferably include an electrolyte-contacting portion positioned in the passageway, and an electrical connection portion that extends outward away from the passageway. An electrode-holder effective to prevent liquid from leaking out of the passageway is preferably included on each electrode. Sight tubes to facilitate observation of the liquid levels in the liquid-holders are also preferably included, as is a handle to facilitate carrying and/or hanging the generator.

Abstract: A sodium chloride electrolytic cell is provided, comprising a gas diffusion electrode that allows smooth supply and discharge of catholyte for electrolyzing sodium chloride and allows oxygen gas to come in good contact therewith. The sodium chloride electrolytic cell comprises an anode chamber having an anode into which an aqueous solution of sodium chloride and a cathode chamber having the foregoing gas diffusion electrode for producing an alkaline aqueous solution, the anode chamber and the cathode chamber being divided by an ion exchange membrane. The sodium chloride electrolytic cell is arranged to effect electrolysis in such a manner that there occurs no pressure differential between the catholyte chamber and the gas chamber in the gas diffusion electrode. Further, a nickel mesh substance is fitted in a concave portion having the same size as that of the gas diffusion electrode formed in the central portion of a thin nickel plate.

Abstract: An electrochemical cell for separating oxygen from the ambient air can be manufactured in a simple manner and inexpensively and both the electrodes and the electrolyte can be manufactured as thin layers. The electrochemical cell has a metallic housing plate (7), a gas-permeable carrier plate (11) located on the housing plate (7), a system of layers on the carrier plate (11), including a first electrode (13), an electrolyte (15) and a second electrode (17) exposed to the ambient air, wherein the oxygen generated is drawn off via a discharge opening at the housing plate (7).

Abstract: The present invention provides an electrochemical deposition system that is designed with a flexible architecture that is expandable to accommodate future designs and gap fill requirements and provides satisfactory throughput to meet the demands of other processing systems. The electrochemical deposition system generally comprises a mainframe having a mainframe wafer transfer robot, a loading station disposed in connection with the mainframe, one or more processing cells disposed in connection with the mainframe, and an electrolyte supply fluidly connected to the one or more electrical processing cells. Preferably, the electrochemical deposition system includes a spin-rinse-dry (SRD) station disposed between the loading station and the mainframe, a rapid thermal anneal chamber attached to the loading station, and a system controller for controlling the electrochemical deposition process and the components of the electrochemical deposition system.

Abstract: A gas/liquid phase separator for an electrolysis cell includes a vessel and a float in operable communication with each other. The vessel includes a fluid inlet and first and second fluid outlets. A fluid stream comprising gas and liquid is received in the vessel through the fluid inlet, and at least a portion of the gas exits the vessel through the second fluid outlet. The float is configured to interface with the first fluid outlet and either maintain or prevent fluid communication across the first fluid outlet when the float is in at least partial contact with the first fluid outlet.

Abstract: A fan flow sensor for a gas generating proton exchange member electrolysis cell includes a switching device and a sail disposed in communication with the switching device. The sail is pivotally mounted and movable in response to an airflow from a fan. The sail is further configured to actuate the switching device in response to the airflow from the fan.

Abstract: A cup-type plating apparatus includes a plating tank having a support section provided on an upper end thereof for holding a wafer; a solution feed section provided at the center of a bottom portion of the plating tank; an anode disposed within the plating tank; and a diaphragm for separating the anode from the wafer. The diaphragm is slanted upward from the solution feed section toward the periphery of the plating tank. A gas release port is provided in the plating tank at such a position as to release bubbles collected under an upper end portion of the diaphragm.

Abstract: Apparatus for the reduction of nitrogen oxides in gas streams are disclosed comprising an oxygen ion-conducting substrate, an anode disposed on the substrate, a cathode disposed on the substrate, and a voltage source connected to the anode and the cathode in which the cathode is comprised of gold so that the nitrogen oxides are adsorbed and dissociated on the cathode, nitrogen may recombine into nitrogen gas on the cathode, and oxygen ions are transported through the substrate from the cathode to the anode. Methods for the reduction of nitrogen oxides in gas streams are also disclosed.

Abstract: Electropurification of contaminated aqueous media, such as ground water and wastewater from industrial manufacturing facilities like paper mills, food processing plants and textile mills, is readily purified, decolorized and sterilized by improved, more economic open configuration electrolysis cell designs, which may be divided or undivided, allowing connection as monopolar or bipolar cells. When coupled with very narrow capillary gap electrodes more economic operation particular when treating solutions of relatively low conductivity is assured. The novel cell design is also useful in the electrosynthesis of chemicals, such as hypochlorite bleaches and other oxygenated species.

Abstract: A device for electrolysis of an aqueous solution of an organic fuel. The electrolyte is a solid-state polymer membrane with anode and cathode catalysts on both surfaces for electro-oxidization and electro-reduction. A low-cost and portable hydrogen generator can be made based on the device with organic fuels such as methanol.