Abstract: A fuel for a fuel cell system comprising hydrocarbon compounds, which fuel has distillation properties of the initial boiling point (initial boiling point 0) in distillation of 24° C. or higher and 40° C. or lower, the 10 vol. % distillation temperature (T10) of 25° C. or higher and 50° C. or lower, the 90 vol. % distillation temperature (T90) of 45° C. or higher and 130° C. or lower, and the final boiling point in distillation of 55° C. or higher and 150° C. or lower.

Abstract: A composition and use of economical, high efficient burning and environmentally friendly self-propelled liquid fuel for domestic, commercial and industrial application is provided. The fuel could be self-contained for application in small and isolated locations. The fuel is characterized by containing light hydrocarbons as a propellant and low value, heavier hydrocarbon by-products from the refining operations.

Abstract: A method for preparing low toxicity Fischer-Tropsch fuels suitable for use in a diesel engine and Fischer-Tropsch derived fuel compositions having low toxicity suitable for use in diesel engines characterized by a boiling range distribution wherein the 5 weight percent point is at a temperature of 570 degrees F. or less and the 95 weight percent point is at or above a temperature of 680 degrees F.; a kinematic viscosity at 40 degrees C. of less than 5.5 cSt; and a cloud point of less than ?18 degrees C.

Abstract: A fuel for a fuel cell system comprises wherein said fuel has distillation properties, the initial boiling point (initial boiling point 0) in distillation of 24° C. or higher and 50° C. or lower, the 10 vol. % distillation temperature (T10) of 35° C. or higher and 70° C. or lower, the 90 vol. % distillation temperature (T90) of 100° C. or higher and 180° C. or lower, and the final boiling point in distillation of 130° C. or higher and 210° C. or lower. The fuel for a fuel cell system has a high power generation quantity per weight, a high power generation quantity per CO2 emission, a low fuel consumption, a small evaporative gas (evapo-emission), small deterioration of a fuel cell system comprising such as a reforming catalyst, a water gas shift reaction catalyst, a carbon monoxide removal catalyst, fuel cell stacks and the like to maintain the initial performances for a long duration, good handling properties in view of storage stability and inflammability, and a low preheating heat quantity.

Abstract: A fuel for internal combustion-powered tools, especially for setting tools for fastening elements and based on a liquefied, combustible gas or gas mixture with a vapor pressure of 2 to 15 bar absolute at 20° C., and at least one combustible compound, which is soluble in the gas or gas mixture and is a liquid at 20° C. and atmospheric pressure, and which is used as an agent for improving the combustion behavior.

Abstract: A distillate fuel composition boiling in the range of about 190° C. to 400° C. with a T10 point greater than 205° C., and having a sulfur level of less than about 100 wppm, a total aromatics content of about 15 to 35 wt. %, a polynuclear aromatics content of less than about 3 wt. %, wherein the ratio of total aromatics to polynuclear aromatics is greater than about 11.

Abstract: A method of reducing smoke and particulate emissions from an exhaust gas from a compression-ignited reciprocating engine by adding a fuel additive that contains an oil-soluble iron compound and an over-based magnesium compound to liquid petroleum fuel.

Abstract: A blend useful as a diesel fuel, as well as a method for its production, comprising a high quality Fischer-Tropsch derived distillate boiling in the range of a diesel fuel blended with a cracked stock boiling in the range of a diesel fuel wherein the final blend contains 10-35 wt. % aromatics and 1-20 wt. % polyaromatics and produces low regulated emissions levels.

Abstract: Feed oil is subject to atmospheric distillation, to thereby be separated into light oil or light distillate and atmospheric residue oil. The light distillate is catalytically contacted with pressurized hydrogen in the presence of a catalyst, resulting in a first hydrotreating step being executed. In this instance, various fractions of the light distillate produced in the atmospheric distillation are subject to hydrotreating in a lump. The atmospheric residue oil is then separated into a light matter and a heavy matter. The light matter is subject to second hydrotreating in the presence of a catalyst to produce refined oil (light matter), which is mixed with refined oil produced in the first hydrotreating to prepare a mixture. The mixture is used as gas turbine fuel oil.

Abstract: A stable distillate fuel blend useful as a fuel or as a blending component of a fuel that is suitable for use in turbine engine, said fuel blend prepared from at least one highly paraffinic distillate fuel component having low to moderate branching and at least one conventional petroleum-derived distillate fuel component and a process for preparing same involving the blending of at least two components having antagonistic properties with respect to one another.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process for forming a low-sulfur motor gasoline and the product made therefrom. In one embodiment, process involves separating a catalytically cracked naphtha into at least a light fraction boiling below about 165° F. and a heavy fraction boiling above about 165° F. The light fraction is treated to remove sulfur by a non-hydrotreating method, and the heavy fraction is hydrotreated to remove sulfur to a level of less than about 100 ppm.

Abstract: A wide cut Fischer-Tropsch derived diesel fuel is produced wherein the distillate boils in a wider range than a conventional diesel fuel while providing favorable low temperature properties and environmentally beneficial effects. In particular, the fuel comprises a hydrocarbon distillate derived from the Fischer-Tropsch process having T90 greater than 640° F. (338° C.) but less than 1000° F. (538° C.) and a cold filter plugging point less than or equal to +5° C.

Abstract: A diesel fuel comprising a mixture of normal paraffins and branched paraffins. The normal paraffins present in the diesel fuel is less than about 99% by weight; and the aromatic content in the diesel fuel is less than about 10% by weight. The diesel fuel has a cetane number of at least 40 and a sulfur content of less than about 100 ppm. Optionally, the diesel fuel may further include cycloparaffins, i.e., naphthenes. To increase the lubricity of the diesel fuel, a lubricity additive, such as fatty acid methyl ester, can be added to the diesel fuel.

Abstract: A process for producing distillate boiling range streams that are low in both sulfur and aromatics. A distillate feedstock is treated in a first hydrodesulfurization stage in the presence of a hydrogen-containing treat gas and a hydrodesulfurization catalyst, thereby resulting in partial desufurization of the stream. The partially desulfurized distillate stream is then treated in a second hydrodesulfurization stage, also in the presence of a hydrogen-containing treat gas and a hydrodesulfurization catalyst. The hydrogen-containing treat gas is cascaded from the next downstream reaction stage, which is an aromatics hydrogenation stage.

Abstract: Metal hydride compounds, which are prepared by mixing together from about 1 to about 10 parts by molecular weight of at least one metal selected from the group consisting of silicon, aluminum, tin, and zinc; from about 1 to about 3 parts by molecular weight of an alkali metal hydroxide; and from about 5 to about 10 parts by molecular weight of water and allowing this mixture to stand for a time sufficient to form a metal hydride, can be used for making fuel additives, treating sour gas, enhancing oil refining, extracting oil from tar sands and shale, increasing production of hydrogen from a hydrogen plant, treating oil and gas wells to enhance production, eliminate PCBs, cleaning soil contaminated by hydrocarbons and/or heavy metals, controlling odors, cleaning polluting stack emissions, extracting edible and essential oils, and eliminating bacteria, fungicides, and parasites from vegetation.

Abstract: The invention relates to an additive for improving the cold-flow properties of crude and distillate oils, where the additive is obtainable by extraction of crude oil with supercritical gas.

Abstract: The present invention addresses the processing of waste and low-value products to produce useful materials in reliable purities and compositions, at acceptable cost, without producing malodorous emissions, and with high energy efficiency. In particular, the invention comprises a multi-stage process that converts various feedstocks such as offal, animal manures, municipal sewage sludge, tires, and plastics, that otherwise have little commercial value, to useful materials including gas, oil, specialty chemicals, and carbon solids. The process subjects the feedstock to heat and pressure, separates out various components, then further applies heat and pressure to one or more of those components. Various materials produced at different points in the process may be recycled and used to play other roles within the process. The invention further comprises an apparatus for performing a multi-stage process of converting waste products into useful materials, and at least one oil product that arises from the process.

Abstract: The present invention provides a process for the production of a fuel composition having a NACE corrosion rating of between 0% and 25%, comprising the steps of: (i) contacting a fuel with a corrosion inhibitor of formula (I) to provide an initial fuel composition 1

Abstract: A composition comprising a promoter, a metal oxide, a support component, and a silicon-containing material, wherein at least a portion of the promoter is present as a reduced valence promoter and methods of preparing such composition are disclosed. The thus-obtained composition is employed in a desulfurization zone to remove sulfur from a hydrocarbon stream.

Abstract: This invention relates to a process for production of middle distillates having biodegradability properties. More particularly, this invention relates to a process for production of middle distillates produced from a mainly paraffinic synthetic crude which is produced by the reaction of CO and H2, typically by the Fischer-Tropsch (FT) process. The middle distillate produced according to the process of the invention may be a diesel fuel, having an aromatics content of less than 9%, as determined by the ASTM D 5186 or IP 391 test method. The paraffinic chains of the middle distillate may be predominantly isoparaffins.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a stable, low sulfur, olefinic distillate fuel blend component derived from a Fischer-Tropsch process and a process for producing this stable, low sulfur, olefinic distillate fuel blend component. The stable, low sulfur, olefinic distillate fuel comprises olefins in an amount of 2 to 80 weight percent, non-olefins in an amount of 20 to 98 weight percent wherein the non-olefins are predominantly paraffins, oxygenates in an amount of less than 1 weight percent, and sulfur in an amount of less than 10 ppm by weight. A distillate fuel comprising the above blend component forms less than 5 ppm peroxides after storage at 60° C. for four weeks.

Abstract: Embodiments include processes for producing streams containing organic molecules (for example, diesel fuels and diesel fuel blending agents) including ultra-low severity hydrotreatment of at least a portion of a hydrocarbon synthesis product stream. Also, streams containing organic molecules (for example, diesel fuels and diesel fuel blending agents) produced by the processes are described.

Abstract: Process for transforming a gas-oil fraction that makes it possible to produce a fuel that has a quality according to stringent requirements in terms of sulfur content, aromatic compound content, cetane number, boiling point, T95, of 95% of the compounds and density, d15/4, at 15° C. This process comprises a hydrorefining stage and a hydrocracking stage, whereby the latter uses a catalyst that contains at least one zeolite. The conversion of products that have a boiling point of less than 150° C. is, throughout the two stages of hydrocracking and hydrorefining, less than 40% by weight and, for the hydrorefining stage, between 1 and 15% by weight. The temperature, TR2, of the hydrocracking stage is less than the temperature, TR1, of the hydrorefining stage, and the variation between temperatures TR1 and TR2 is between 0 and 80° C.

Abstract: A stable distillate fuel blend useful as a fuel or as a blending component of a fuel that is suitable for use in an internal combustion engine, said fuel blend prepared from at least one highly paraffinic distillate fuel component and at least one highly aromatic petroleum-derived distillate fuel component and a process for preparing same involving the blending of at least two components having antagonistic properties with respect to one another.

Abstract: The present invention relates to an olefinic naphtha and a process for producing lower olefinc from this naphtha. In the process of the present invention for producing lower olefins, preferably ethylene, at least a portion of a hydrocarbon asset is converted to synthesis gas and at least a portion of the synthesis gas is converted to an olefinic naphtha by a Fischer-Tropsch process. At least a portion of the olefinic naphtha is converted in a naphtha cracker to a product stream comprising lower olefins, and at least a portion of the lower olefins from the product stream of the cracker are recovered.

Abstract: A kerosene composition useful as heating fuels is provided containing at least 99 wt % of n-paraffins which have from 7 to 18 carbon atoms and/or iso-paraffins which have from 7 to 18 carbon atoms along with cyclo-paraffins which have from 9 to 18 carbon atoms and/or alkyl derivatives thereof.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a liquid fuel blended by dissolving crude pentane into the heavy oil with different proportions, and applied to different combustion system respectively; the fuel thus formed is easily dissolved, volatilized, atomized and vaporized into fine vapor articles, so it will burn completely to not only increase the heat value but also reduce the pollution without producing the dense smoke like common heavy oil combustion furnace. In addition, alkanes with low price, low octane value and high volatility substitute or blend with the crude pentane to become a liquid fuel having suitable initial boiling point, viscosity and fluidity as well as low price and low pollution, which is much better than common diesel oil.

Abstract: The use of a Fischer-Tropsch derived fuel in a fuel composition that improves the responsiveness of a compression ignition engine, such as a turbocharged direct injection diesel engine, and/or a vehicle which is powered by such engine, is provided. A method of improving the responsiveness of such an engine and/or vehicle powered by such an engine by replacing in such engine a fuel composition which contains no Fischer-Tropsch derived fuel by a Fischer-Tropsch derived fuel or a fuel composition which contains a Fischer-Tropsch derived fuel is also provided.

Abstract: A blend useful as a diesel fuel, as well as a method for its production, comprising a high quality Fischer-Tropsch derived distillate boiling in the range of a diesel fuel blended with a cracked stock boiling in the range of a diesel fuel wherein the final blend contains 10-35 wt. % aromatics and 1-20 wt. % polyaromatics and produces low regulated emissions levels.

Abstract: Attrition resistant, sorbent compositions for the removal of elemental sulfur and sulfur compounds, such as hydrogen sulfide and organic sulfides, from cracked-gasoline and diesel fuels are prepared by the impregnation of a sorbent support comprising zinc oxide, expanded perlite, and alumina with a promoter such as nickel, nickel oxide or a precursor of nickel oxide followed by reduction of the valence of the promoter metal in the resulting promoter metal sorbent support composition.

Abstract: A description follows of an aqueous dispersion of heavy oil residues, suitable for undergoing combustion with a low emission of SOx, comprising: (a) a heavy oil residue; (b) a dispersing agent; (c) a desulfurizing agent selected from CaCO3, MgCO3, dolomite and relative mixtures; (d) a desulfurizing agent with stabilizing and anti-corrosive properties selected from MgO, Mg(OH)2, CaO, Ca(OH)2 and relative mixtures; (e) water; the weight percentage of (e) with respect of the sum of (a) + (e) being at least 15%.

Abstract: A sorbent composition is provided which can be used in the desulfurization of a hydrocarbon-containing fluid such as cracked gasoline or diesel fuel. The sorbent composition contains a support component and a promoter component with the promoter component being present as a skin on said support component. Such sorbent composition is prepared by a process of impregnating a support component with a promoter component, wherein the promoter component has been melted under a melting condition, followed by drying, calcining, and reducing to thereby provide the sorbent composition. A process for the removal of sulfur from a hydrocarbon stream, wherein the hydrocarbon stream is a combination of cracked gasoline and diesel fuel, is also disclosed.

Abstract: A method for preparing low toxicity Fischer-Tropsch fuels suitable for use in a diesel engine and Fischer-Tropsch derived fuel compositions having low toxicity suitable for use in diesel engines characterized by a boiling range distribution wherein the 5 weight percent point is at a temperature of 570 degrees F. or less and the 95 weight percent point is at or above a temperature of 680 degrees F.; a kinematic viscosity at 40 degrees C. of less than 5.5 cSt; and a cloud point of less than −18 degrees C.

Abstract: An aviation gasoline composition comprising at least one tri-methyl pentane hydrocarbon and at least one C4 or C5 alkane wherein the amount of the at least one tri-methyl pentane in said composition is 10 to 90 vol %, the composition is substantially free of any lead compounds and the composition has a motor octane number of at least 92 and less than 98. The composition of the present invention may be made by blending together one or more process streams and may be used in a spark ignition aviation engine.

Abstract: A Fischer-Tropsch derived distillate fraction is blended with either a raw virgin condensate fraction or a mildly hydrotreated virgin condensate to obtain a stable inhibited distillate fuel.

Abstract: The formation of deposits on the injectors of gasoline direct injection engines controlled by combustion in said engine of a fuel comprising a gasoline containing about 12 to 65 vol % aromatics when the aromatics present in the fuel are attributable to the presence in the fuel of light fluid cat cracker stream product, reformate or a mixture thereof, preferably predominantly reformate.

Abstract: Embodiments of the present invention are directed toward systems and methods of providing a low-emissions diesel fuel for use in cold climates. Such fuels may be prepared by a Fischer-Tropsch process and include a pour point depressant. Furthermore, the fuel is used in conjunction with a heated fuel delivery system so that low cloud points are not necessary. Fuels prepared according to embodiments of the present invention may be produced in higher yields than otherwise possible because a higher paraffin wax content can be tolerated, thus obviating the need to remove or exclude the wax. These fuels are characterized by a sulfur content less than 1 ppm, a cetane number greater than 60, an aromatics content less than 1 wt %, and a difference between the cloud and pour points that is greater than about 5° C. The present fuel may be prepared by a Fischer-Tropsch synthesis from any number of carbon-containing sources such natural gas, coal, petroleum products, and combinations thereof.

Abstract: A composition comprising a promoter and a metal oxide selected from the group consisting of a gallium oxide, an indium oxide, and combinations of any two or more thereof, wherein at least a portion of the promoter is present as a reduced valence promoter and methods of preparing such composition are disclosed. The thus-obtained composition is employed in a desulfurization zone to remove sulfur from a hydrocarbon stream.

Abstract: Embodiments of the present invention are directed to methods for hydroprocessing Fischer-Tropsch products. The embodiments in particular are related to integrated methods for producing liquid fuels from a hydrocarbon stream provided by a Fischer-Tropsch synthesis process. The methods involves separating the Fischer-Tropsch products into a light fraction and a heavy fraction. The light fraction is pre-conditioned to remove contaminants such as CO2 prior to being subjected to hydroprocessing, either separately, or after having been being recombined with the heavy fraction. Any of the hydroprocessing steps may be accomplished in a single reactor.

Abstract: A composition comprising a promoter and a metal oxide selected from the group consisting of a niobium oxide, a tantalum oxide, and combinations thereof, wherein at least a portion of the promoter is present as a reduced valence promoter and methods of preparing such composition are disclosed. The thus-obtained composition is employed in a desulfurization zone to remove sulfur from a hydrocarbon stream.

Abstract: A composition comprising a promoter and a metal oxide selected from the group consisting of tungsten oxide, a molybdenum oxide, and combinations of any two or more thereof, wherein at least a portion of the promoter is present as a reduced valence promoter and methods of preparing such composition are disclosed. The thus-obtained composition is employed in a desulfurization zone to remove sulfur from a hydrocarbon stream.

Abstract: A composition comprising an iron oxide and a promoter, wherein at least a portion of the promoter is present as a reduced valence promoter and methods of preparing such composition are disclosed. The thus-obtained composition is employed in a desulfurization zone to remove sulfur from a hydrocarbon stream.

Abstract: Clean distillate useful as a jet fuel or jet blending stock is produced from Fischer-Tropsch wax by separating wax into heavier and lighter fractions; further separating the lighter fraction and hydroisomerizing the heavier fraction and that portion of the light fraction above about 475° F. The isomerized product is blended with the untreated portion of the lighter fraction to produce high quality, clean, jet fuel.

Abstract: The invention is directed to a method and formula for producing a fuel having reduced particulate emissions from an internal combustion engine. The fuel taught herein is characterized as having a cetane number ranging from about 45 to about 65, a T95 distillation property of less than about 370° C.

Abstract: A blended fuel, useful as a diesel fuel, wherein the fuel blend contains an undercut conventional diesel fuel, blended with a Fischer-Tropsch derived diesel fuel, such that the blend demonstrates better than expected emissions and a reduced sulfur content. In particular, the blend is an asymmetric diesel fuel blend comprising a Fischer-Tropsch derived hydrocarbon distillate having a T95 of at least 600° F., blended with a petroleum derived hydrocarbon distillate having an initial boiling point and a T95 no greater than 640° F.

Abstract: The invention provides a process for the production of a synthetic naphtha fuel suitable for use in compression ignition (CI) engines, the process including at least the steps of hydrotreating at least a fraction of a Fischer-Tropsch (FT) synthesis reaction product of CO and H2, or a derivative thereof, hydrocracking at least a fraction of the FT synthesis product or a derivative thereof, and fractionating the process products to obtain a desired synthetic naphtha fuel characteristic. The invention also provides a synthetic naphtha fuel made by the process as well as a fuel composition and a Cloud Point depressant for a diesel containing fuel composition, said fuel composition and said depressant including the synthetic naphtha of the invention.

Abstract: Disclosed is a process for opening naphthenic rings of naphthenic ring-containing compounds, along with catalysts which can be used in that process. The ring opening is accomplished using a ring opening catalyst system which combines an Ir ring opening catalyst with a Pt and Pd catalyst. The combination of the Pt and Pd-containing catalyst with an Ir-containing catalyst incorporates desirable isomerization activity and also results in substantial ring opening activity that enables Ir to be loaded at a level that is substantially below that of Ir-only ring opening processes.

Abstract: Disclosed is a process for opening naphthenic rings of naphthenic ring-containing compounds, along with catalysts which can be used in that process. The naphthene ring opening catalyst is a catalyst which comprises at least one of a Group VIII metal selected from Ir, Pt, Pd, Rh, and Ru in an amount effective to ring open naphthene rings on naphthene ring-containing compounds, the metal being supported on a substrate comprising at least one Group IB, IIB, and IVA metal in an amount effective to moderate cracking of a naphthene ring-containing feed to form methane.

Abstract: The present invention relates generally to a composition and method for increasing the amount of cetane in fuel. More specifically, it was discovered that the amount of cetane in fuel can be increased by mixing a fuel additive comprising &bgr;-carotene that was prepared in an inert atmosphere.

Abstract: The present invention relates to the use of deactivatable biocides for hydrocarbonaceous products, in particular, rapidly biodegradable hydrocarbonaceous products. The present invention also relates to methods of inhibiting growth and reproduction of microorganisms in hydrocarbonaceous products, in particular, in rapidly biodegradable hydrocarbonaceous products, containing minor amounts of aqueous liquids. The deactivatable biocides of the present invention may be derived from a Fischer-Tropsch process.