Abstract: A bio-organic composition includes residues of a vegetable oil, residues of a first epoxide or glycol, and the residues of a second epoxide. The vegetable oil is characterized by the viscosity at room temperature. The first epoxide or glycol and second epoxides are present in a sufficient amount that the room temperature viscosity of the bio-organic composition is lower than the room temperature viscosity of the vegetable oil prior to formulation and/or the first epoxide or glycol and second epoxides are present in a sufficient amount that the pour point of the bio-organic composition is lower than the pour point of the vegetable oil prior to formulation.

Abstract: The present invention is generally directed to methods for making fuels from biomass comprising triglyceride species, whereby the biomass is subjected to partial hydrodeoxygenation and (optionally) catalytic isomerization. The partial-hydrodeoxygenation of the triglyceride species produces a fuel that retains some oxygenates for enhanced lubricity.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a stable blended diesel fuel comprising an olefinic diesel fuel blending stock. The olefinic diesel fuel blending stock of the invention comprises olefins in an amount of 2 to 80 weight percent, non-olefins in an amount of 20 to 98 weight percent wherein the non-olefins are substantially comprised of paraffins, oxygenates in an amount of at least 0.012 weight percent and sulfur in an amount of less than 1 ppm. To provide acceptable stability, the blended diesel fuel comprising the olefinic diesel fuel blending stock comprises a sulfur-free antioxidant. The blended diesel fuel comprising the olefinic diesel fuel blending stock and sulfur-free antioxidant added has a peroxide content of less than 5 ppm when stored at 60° C. for 4 weeks. The present invention also relates to processes for making the stable blended diesel fuel and olefinic diesel fuel blending stocks as defined above.

Abstract: A method of desulfurizing/refining a hydrocarbon oil by which sulfur compounds are diminished to an extremely low concentration at a relatively low equipment cost and operating cost. The method of desulfurizing/refining a hydrocarbon oil comprises bringing a hydrocarbon oil containing at least one sulfur compound selected from the group consisting of thiophene compounds, benzothiophene compounds, and dibenzothiophene compounds and optionally further containing aromatic hydrocarbons into contact with a solid acid catalyst and/or an activated carbon having a transition metal oxide supported thereon to thereby desulfurize the oil. The solid acid catalyst preferably is a solid ultrastrong-acid catalyst selected among sulfuric acid radical/zirconia, sulfuric acid radical/alumina, sulfuric acid radical/tin oxide, sulfuric acid radical/iron oxide, tungstic acid/zirconia, and tungstic acid/tin oxide.

Abstract: The present invention relates to polyethers which are obtainable from 1 -butene oxide and an alcohol using a double metal cyanide compound as a catalyst and have a content of unsaturated components of 6 mol% or more, to a process for preparing such a polyether and also to the use of a polyether according to the invention as a carrier oil or in a carrier oil formulation, in particular in additive packages for gasoline fuels, and furthermore also to carrier oil formulations and also to fuels comprising a polyether according to the invention.

Abstract: The present invention provides a process for the treatment of crude oil or aged crude oil residue comprising the steps of (a) contacting the oil or residue with a phenol resin and with a diluent, to provide a diluted phenol resin treated oil or residue; and (b) optionally removing solid material from the diluted phenol resin treated oil or residue.

Abstract: Contact of a crude feed with a hydrogen source in the presence of an inorganic salt catalyst produces a total product that includes a crude product. The crude feed has a residue content of at least 0.2 grams of residue per gram of crude feed. The inorganic salt catalyst may include one or more alkali metals. The crude product is a liquid mixture at 25° C. and 0.101 MPa. One or more properties of the crude product may be changed by at least 10% relative to the respective properties of the crude feed.

Abstract: Contact of a crude feed with a hydrogen source in the presence of an inorganic salt catalyst produces a total product that includes a crude product. The crude feed has a residue content of at least 0.2 grams of residue per gram of crude feed. The inorganic salt catalyst includes one or more alkali metals. The crude product is a liquid mixture at 25° C. and 0.101 MPa. One or more properties of the crude product may be changed by at least 10% relative to the respective properties of the crude feed.

Abstract: A process for hydroprocessing a distillate stream to produce a stream exceptionally low in sulfur, with total aromatics and polynuclear aromatics being moderately reduced. A distillate stream is hydrodesulfurized in a first hydrodesulfurization stage. The product stream thereof is passed to a first separation stage wherein a vapor phase product stream and a liquid product stream are produced. The liquid phase product stream is passed to a second hydrodesulfurization stage and the product stream thereof is passed to a second separation stage wherein a vapor phase product stream and a liquid product stream low in sulfur are produced. At least a portion of the vapor product stream from said second separation stage can be cascaded to the first hydrodesulfurization stage.

Abstract: The present invention generally relates to a method for producing an isoparaffinic product useful as jet fuel from a renewable feedstock. The method may also include co-producing a jet fuel and a liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) fraction from a renewable feedstock. The method includes hydrotreating the renewable feedstock to produce a hydrotreating unit heavy fraction that includes n-paraffins and hydroisomerizing the hydrotreating unit heavy fraction to produce a hydroizomerizing unit heavy fraction that includes isoparaffins. The method also includes recycling the hydroisomerizing unit heavy fraction through the hydroisomerization unit to produce an isoparaffinic product that may be fractionated into a jet fuel and an LPG fraction. The present invention also relates to a jet fuel produced from a renewable feedstock having improved cold flow properties.

Abstract: The present invention relates to an olefinic naphtha and a process for producing lower olefinc from this naphtha. In the process of the present invention for producing lower olefins, preferably ethylene, at least a portion of a hydrocarbon asset is converted to synthesis gas and at least a portion of the synthesis gas is converted to an olefinic naphtha by a Fischer-Tropsch process. At least a portion of the olefinic naphtha is converted in a naphtha cracker to a product stream comprising lower olefins, and at least a portion of the lower olefins from the product stream of the cracker are recovered.

Abstract: A method for manufacturing bio-diesel oil in the present invention uses single-carbon alkane compounds to reform into intermediate alkanes to achieve a synthetic alkylation matter. The synthetic alkylation matter is mixed with plant oil or mixed with alkyl fatty acid derivative from fatty acid of the plant oil into a mixture. Additionally, additives such stabilizer, preservatives, etc.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a process and apparatus for the production of carboxylic acid esters and/or biodiesel fuel from feedstocks containing fatty acids, glycerated fatty acids, and glycerin by reactive distillation. Specifically, in one embodiment, the present invention relates to the production of biodiesel fuels having low glycerin, water, and sulfur content on an industrial scale.

Abstract: The invention relates to oil refining, more particularly to a composition of a light fuel oil for use in medium-speed diesel engines of marine power units. The inventive light fuel oil comprises, in % by wt.: black oil—(4-10), tar—(2-10), light catalytic cracking gas oil—(10-30), heavy catalytic cracking gas oil—(5-10), a straight-run diesel fuel—(8-10), a viscosity breaking residuum of a heavy oil fraction—the rest. The selected component ratio will enable to improve the fuel stability in transportation and storage, expand the range of available fuels and increase the production volumes of quality fuels, while rationally using poor-quality products readily available at refineries.

Abstract: The invention describes a method for decreasing the viscosity of crude oils and residuum utilizing a combination of thermal and acidic treatment. Further, the invention describes a method for making a water-in-oil emulsion, or a solids-stabilized water-in-oil emulsion with a reduced viscosity. The emulsion can be used in enhanced oil recovery methods, including using the emulsion as a drive fluid to displace hydrocarbons in a subterranean formation, and using the emulsion as a barrier fluid for diverting flow of fluids in the formation.

Abstract: Supports for Fischer-Tropsch catalysts are formed by forming a particulate material from titania, alumina and optionally silica. A cobalt compound is incorporated into the particulate material which then is calcined to convert at least part of the alumina to cobalt aluminate.

Abstract: An aviation gasoline composition comprising at least one tri-methyl pentane hydrocarbon and at least one C4 or C5 alkane wherein the amount of the at least one tri-methyl pentane in said composition is 10 to 90 vol %, the composition is substantially free of any lead compounds and the composition has a motor octane number of at least 92 and less than 98. The composition of the present invention may be made by blending together one or more process streams and may be used in a spark ignition aviation engine.

Abstract: Improving the beneficial use of waste material from a vegetation source, a biomass is fermented to produce a bio-fuel and carbon. The bio-fuel can be at least ethanol and bio-diesel and the resulting carbon can used to produce ink for printers. When the biomass is tree matter, a biocatalyst can extracted from the tree matter prior to fermentation. A component of the biocatalyst is used to cleanse internal combustion engine exhaust emissions by spraying the biocatalyst onto a exhaust emission gas. The sprayed exhaust emission gas can be filtered and the filtration by-product can be collected.

Abstract: A process for reducing the metal corrosion of a hydrocarbonaceous liquid which causes corrosion as measured by NACE Standard TM0172-2001, said process comprising blending with the hydrocarbonaceous liquid at least 0.1 weight percent of an acidic Fischer-Tropsch product in sufficient proportion to produce a hydrocarbonaceous blend displaying reduced metal corrosion as measured by NACE Standard TM0172-2001 when compared to the hydrocarbonaceous liquid and a hydrocarbonaceous blend prepared by the process.

Abstract: A system includes an apparatus for catalytic production of diesel oil from organic residue, and a vehicle, wherein the apparatus is arranged on the vehicle to thereby render the apparatus mobile. The catalytic apparatus includes a fuel supply line which is fluidly connected to a drive unit of the vehicle. Diesel oil produced by the apparatus can thus be used for operating the vehicle.

Abstract: A process for the production of a synthetic low sulphur diesel fuel and a low soot emission aviation fuel is disclosed. The process includes fractionation of a Low Temperature Fischer-Tropsch feedstock into a light kerosene fraction and a heaver diesel fraction in a volumetric ratio of at least 1:2 to form the light kerosene fraction having a smoke point greater than 50 mm, a freezing point of below ?47° C., a BOCLE lubricity wear scar less than 0.85 mm, and an anti-oxidant additiveless thermal stability tube deposit rating at 260° C. of less than 1 useable as a low soot emission aviation fuel and/or an aviation fuel blend stock, and the heavier diesel fraction having CFPP according to IP309 of below ?5° C., a density@20° C. of at least 0.78 kg/l, and a viscosity@40° C. of above 2 cSt useable as a synthetic low sulphur diesel fuel and/or a diesel fuel blend stock.

Abstract: Process for transforming a gas-oil fraction that makes it possible to produce a fuel that has a quality according to stringent requirements in terms of sulfur content, aromatic compound content, cetane number, boiling point, T95, of 95% of the compounds and density, d15/4, at 15° C. This process comprises a hydrorefining stage and a hydrocracking stage, whereby the latter uses a catalyst that contains at least one zeolite. The conversion of products that have a boiling point of less than 150° C. is, throughout the two stages of hydrocracking and hydrorefining, less than 40% by weight and, for the hydrorefining stage, between 1 and 15% by weight. The temperature, TR2, of the hydrocracking stage is less than the temperature, TR1, of the hydrorefining stage, and the variation between temperatures TR1 and TR2 is between 0 and 80° C.

Abstract: Tagged products (including tagged petroleum products) and methods of detecting the same are disclosed. The tagged petroleum products are tagged with a violanthrone, e.g., a substituted violanthrone and/or an isoviolanthrone, e.g., a substituted isoviolanthrone.

Abstract: The present invention provides a process for the production of a fuel composition having a NACE corrosion rating of between 0% and 25%, comprising the steps of: (i) contacting a fuel with a corrosion inhibitor of formula (I) to provide an initial fuel composition wherein m and n are each independently an integer from 0 to 10; wherein R1 is an optionally substituted hydrocarbyl group; wherein either R2 is OR4 and R3 is OR5, wherein R4 and R5 are selected from hydrogen and hydrocarbyl-OH and wherein at least one of R4 and R5 is hydrogen; or R2 and R3 together represent —O—, and (ii) contacting the initial fuel composition with a caustic material to provide the fuel composition without subsequent addition of a corrosion inhibitor.

Abstract: The present invention is generally related towards enhancing the yield and/or cold-flow properties of certain hydrocarbon products, increasing the degree of isomerization in a diesel product and/or increasing the production rate of a diesel product. The embodiments generally include reducing the residence time of lighter hydrocarbon fractions during hydrocracking, thereby decreasing secondary cracking, by various configurations of introducing at least two hydrocarbon feedstreams of different boiling ranges at different entry points in a hydrocracking unit. A method further includes forming a hydrocarbons stream comprising primarily C5+ Fischer-Tropsch hydrocarbon products; fractionating hydrocarbons stream to form at least a wax fraction and an intermediate fraction which serve as separate feedstreams to a hydrocracking unit comprising at least two hydroconversion zones.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a liquid fuel blended by dissolving crude pentane into the heavy oil with different proportions, and applied to different combustion system respectively; the fuel thus formed is easily dissolved, volatilized, atomized and vaporized into fine vapor articles, so it will burn completely to not only increase the heat value but also reduce the pollution without producing the dense smoke like common heavy oil combustion furnace. In addition, alkanes with low price, low octane value and high volatility substitute or blend with the crude pentane to become a liquid fuel having suitable initial boiling point, viscosity and fluidity as well as low price and low pollution, which is much better than common diesel oil.

Abstract: The invention includes a process for producing synthetic middle distillates and synthetic middle distillates produced therefrom. In one embodiment, the process comprises fractionating a hydrocarbon synthesis product to at least generate a light middle distillate, a heavy middle distillate, and a waxy fraction; thermally cracking the waxy fraction; and isomerizing the heavy middle distillate. A synthetic diesel or blending component is formed by the combination of at least a portion of the light middle distillate; at least a portion or fraction of the thermally cracked product; and at least a portion or fraction of the isomerized product. In some embodiments, the hydrocarbon synthesis product and/or the thermally cracked product may be hydrotreated. In other embodiments, a synthetic middle distillate comprises at least two fractions: a light fraction with not more than 10% branched hydrocarbons, and a heavy fraction with at least 30% branched hydrocarbons.

Abstract: The present invention includes a method for adjusting a fluid density. In one embodiment, a method for upgrading a petroleum-derived hydrocarbonaceous fraction comprises providing a synthetically-derived hydrocarbonaceous fraction, wherein the synthetically-derived hydrocarbonaceous fraction is derived from synthesis gas, and further wherein the synthetically-derived hydrocarbonaceous fraction and the petroleum-derived hydrocarbonaceous fraction have a difference in density at 15° C. of at least about 60 kg/m3; and blending both fractions so as to form a blend suitable for use as a diesel or diesel blendstock, wherein the blend has a density at 15° C. equal to or more than about 800 kg/m3; alternatively or additionally, equal to or less than about 860 kg/m3. The blending is also effective in reducing the sulfur content of the petroleum-derived hydrocarbonaceous fraction. In preferred embodiments, the synthetically-derived hydrocarbonaceous fraction is a Fischer-Tropsch diesel.

Abstract: A method for obtaining heavy oil is disclosed. The method includes mixing a material including heavy oil (e.g., oil sand) with a solvent including biodiesel to form a mixture and separating the mixture into a oil-enriched solvent phase and a residual sand phase. The method also can include introducing a solvent including biodiesel into an in-situ geological formation including heavy oil and collecting a mixture including biodiesel and heavy oil from the formation. For example, the mixture can be collected after the solvent travels through at least a portion of the formation by gravity. A method for producing biodiesel also is disclosed. The method includes microbially digesting asphaltenes to form a liquor including a fatty acid and reacting the fatty acid with an alcohol to produce biodiesel. This method can be used to convert petroleum asphaltenes and/or coal asphaltenes into biodiesel.

Abstract: Process for transforming a gas oil fraction that makes it possible to produce a fuel that has a quality according to stringent requirements in terms of sulfur content, aromatic compound content, cetane number, boiling point, T95, of 95% of the compounds and density, d15/4, at 15° C. This process comprises a hydrorefining stage and a subsequent stage, whereby the latter uses a catalyst that is selected from the group that consists of hydrorefining catalysts and catalysts that comprise at least one mixed oxide, a metal of group VIB, and a non-noble metal of group VIII. The conversion of products that have a boiling point of less than 150° C. is, for the hydrorefining stage, between 1 and 15% by weight. The temperature, TR2, of the subsequent stage is less than the temperature, TR1, of the hydrorefining stage, and the variation between temperatures TR1 and TR2 is between 0 and 80° C.

Abstract: A stable distillate fuel blend useful as a fuel or as a blending component of a fuel that is suitable for use in turbine engine, said fuel blend prepared from at least one highly paraffinic distillate fuel component having low to moderate branching and at least one conventional petroleum-derived distillate fuel component and a process for preparing same involving the blending of at least two components having antagonistic properties with respect to one another.

Abstract: The present invention relates to Compositions of fuels for transportation are disclosed, particularly organic compositions which are liquid at ambient conditions. More specifically, it relates to transportation fuels comprising suitable organic distillates, as a predominant component, and limited, but essential, amounts of a component comprising oxygen-containing organic materials, which materials are typically derived from natural petroleum. Beneficially, the oxygen content of these transportation fuels is at least 0.02 percent by weight. Preferably the oxygen content these transportation fuels is in a range from about 0.2 percent to about 10 percent by weight.

Abstract: This invention relates to process for producing middle distillates having good cold flow properties, such as the Cold Filter Plugging Point (CFPP) measured in accordance with the IP method 309, and a high Cetane number, as well as to a process for production of such distillates. More particularly, this invention relates to a process in which middle distillates are produced from a mainly paraffinic synthetic crude which is produced by the reaction of CO and H2, typically by the Fischer-Tropsch (FT) process. The middle distillates produced by the process of the invention are predominantly isoparaffinic, the isoparaffins being methyl, ethyl and/or propyl branched.

Abstract: The process for desulfurizing a gas oil fraction according to the invention comprises a low-boiling gas oil fraction hydrodesulfurization step (I) wherein a low-boiling gas oil fraction is desulsurized under the condition of a H2/Oil ratio of 70 to 200 Nm3/kl to obtain a treated oil, a high-boiling gas oil fraction hydrodesulfurization step (II) wherein a high-boiling gas oil fraction is desulsurized under the condition of a H2Oil ratio of 200 to 800 Nm3/kl to obtain a treated oil, and a step (III) wherein the treated oil obtained in the step (I) is mixed with the treated oil obtained in the step (II), and in this process, at least a part of a gas containing unreacted hydrogen in the step (II) is used for the hydrodesulfurization of the step (I).

Abstract: Feed oil is subject to atmospheric distillation, to thereby be separated into light oil or light distillate and atmospheric residue oil. The light distillate is catalytically contacted with pressurized hydrogen in the presence of a catalyst, resulting in a first hydrotreating step being executed. In this instance, various fractions of the light distillate produced in the atmospheric distillation are subject to hydrotreating in a lump. The atmospheric residue oil is then separated into a light matter and a heavy matter. The light matter is subject to second hydrotreating in the presence of a catalyst to produce refined oil (light matter), which is mixed with refined oil produced in the first hydrotreating to prepare a mixture. The mixture is used as gas turbine fuel oil.

Abstract: This invention relates to a process for production of middle distillates having biodegradability properties. More particularly, this invention relates to a process for production of middle distillates produced from a mainly paraffinic synthetic crude which is produced by the reaction of CO and H2, typically by the Fischer-Tropsch (FT) process. The middle distillate produced according to the process of the invention may be a diesel fuel, having an aromatics content of less than 9%, as determined by the ASTM D 5186 or IP 391 test method. The paraffinic chains of the middle distillate may be predominantly isoparaffins.

Abstract: An alternative fuel source, preferably for use in a boiler, is provided. The fuel source is comprised of a partially hydrogenated vegetable oil and diesel fuel. Preferably, the partially hydrogenated vegetable oil has a Iodine Value (IV) ranging from approximately 50 to approximately 120.

Abstract: Bimetallic catalyst precursors are manufactured from a plurality of molybdenum atoms and a plurality of atoms of a secondary transition metal (e.g., one or more of cobalt, iron, or nickel). The molybdenum atoms and the secondary transition metal atoms are each bonded with a plurality of organic anions (e.g., 2-ethyl hexanoate) to form a mixture of an oil-soluble molybdenum salt and an oil-soluble secondary transition metal salt. The molybdenum and/or the secondary transition metals are preferably reacted with the organic agent in the presence of a strong reducing agent such as hydrogen. To obtain this mixture of metal salts, an organic agent is reacted with the molybdenum at a temperature between about 100° C. and about 350° C. The secondary transition metal is reacted with the organic agent at a different temperature, preferably between 50° C. and 200° C. The metal salts are capable of forming a hydroprocessing metal sulfide catalyst in heavy oil feedstocks.

Abstract: This invention relates to a diesel fuel composition having enhanced lubricity, said composition comprising a major amount of a diesel fuel as base fuel blended with a minor amount of a nitrogen rich fraction characterised in that the nitrogen rich fraction is derived from a source material selected from (i) a solvent extract of a solid or semi-solid natural fossil, or, (ii) a refinery process stream or blend, the sulphur to nitrogen atom ratio in the nitrogen rich fraction being less than 4. The nitrogen rich fraction has an absolute nitrogen content of at least 1000 ppm by weight and this fraction is (re)blended with the base fuel is no more than 1% by weight of the total fuel composition. Methods of separating, recovering and reblending such naturally occurring nitrogen compounds can be installed or retrofitted at existing refinery and crude oil processing facilities without any substantial increase in production costs.

Abstract: The invention is directed to a method and formula for producing a fuel having reduced particulate emissions from an internal combustion engine. The fuel taught herein is characterized as having a cetane number ranging from about 45 to about 65, a T95 distillation property of less than about 370° C., and having NR, AR, cetane number and T95 defined by the relation: PEI=156+Z1×(cetane#?49)+Z2×(NR?14)+Z3×(AR?25)+Z4×(T95?315° C.) Where Z1 ranges from abut 0.67 to about 1.06, Z2 ranges from about 0.9 to about 1.28, Z3 ranges from about 2.54 to about 2.80, Z4 ranges from about 0.1 to about 0.4, NR is a defined correlation of the naphthene rings content in the fuel, and AR is a defined correlation of the aromatic rings content in the fuel.

Abstract: An alternative fuel source, preferably for use in a boiler, is provided. The fuel source is comprised of a partially hydrogenated vegetable oil and diesel fuel. Preferably, the partially hydrogenated vegetable oil has a Iodine Value (IV) ranging from approximately 50 to approximately 120.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a stable, low sulfur, olefinic distillate fuel blend component derived from a Fischer-Tropsch process and a process for producing this stable, low sulfur, olefinic distillate fuel blend component. The stable, low sulfur, olefinic distillate fuel comprises olefins in an amount of 2 to 80 weight percent, non-olefins in an amount of 20 to 98 weight percent wherein the non-olefins are predominantly paraffins, oxygenates in an amount of less than 1 weight percent, and sulfur in an amount of less than 10 ppm by weight. A distillate fuel comprising the above blend component forms less than 5 ppm peroxides after storage at 60° C. for four weeks.

Abstract: Tuning fuel composition delivered to a spark ignition, internal combustion engine as a function of driving cycle conditions results in improvements in one or more of fuel efficiency and combustion emissions.

Abstract: Additives and methods for reducing or eliminating odor in oil based media. The additives comprise an essential oil, an essential oil component, or mixtures thereof.

Abstract: A stable distillate fuel blend useful as a fuel or as a blending component of a fuel that is suitable for use in an internal combustion engine, said fuel blend prepared from at least one highly paraffinic distillate fuel component and at least one highly aromatic petroleum-derived distillate fuel component and a process for preparing same involving the blending of at least two components having antagonistic properties with respect to one another.

Abstract: Reformulated diesel fuels for automotive diesel engines which meet the requirements of ASTM 975-02 and provide significantly reduced emissions of nitrogen oxides (NOx) and particulate matter (PM) relative to commercially available diesel fuels.

Abstract: This invention relates to a fuel composition comprising a base fuel having a final boiling point above 150° C. and an anti-foam, characterised in that the anti-foam comprises di-isobutylene in an amount greater than 2.5% by volume based on the total fuel composition. The addition of this anti-foam reduces the break-up time for any foam formed significantly.

Abstract: It is an object of the present invention to provide a fuel oil composition for diesel engines showing good CFPP and lubricity, efficiently controlling PM emissions and containing sulfur at 0.05 wt. % or less. The present invention provides a fuel oil composition for diesel engines comprising a base stock which has normal paraffin compounds having a carbon number of 20 or more at 4.0 wt. % or less, specific carbon number distribution in the high-boiling normal paraffin compounds and polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbon compounds at 8.0 vol. % or less, contains sulfur at 0.05 wt. % or less, and is incorporated with 0.01 to 0.1 wt. % (as the active component) of an FI and 0.002 to 0.1 wt. % (as the active component) of a lubricity improver.

Abstract: A fuel for a fuel cell system comprising hydrocarbon compounds, which fuel has distillation properties of the initial boiling point (initial boiling point 0) in distillation of over 40° C. and 100° C. or lower, the 10 vol. % distillation temperature (T10) of over 50° C. and 120° C. or lower, the 90 vol. % distillation temperature (T90) of 110° C. or higher and 180° C. or lower, and the final boiling point in distillation of 130° C. or higher and 210° C. or lower.

Abstract: Total combustion and evaporative emissions from gasoline pump fuels can be controlled with total emissions no higher than those currently allowed by the addition of an evaporative factor such as RVP to the model predicting emissions, based on a number of considerations including the sensitivity of emission parameters (toxics, hydrocarbons, CO and NOx) as related to the variables in the predictive model (oxygenate content, sulfur, T90, T50, aromatics, olefins, benzene and RVP). The present pump gasolines will normally have compositions including T10 no greater than 140° F., T90 no greater than 330° F., RVP no greater than 7 psi and usually lower and sulfur no greater than 50 ppmw. Oxygenates may be eliminated, permitting T50 values to increase which is not unfavorable from the viewpoint of total emissions provided other parameters are held within specified limits. Aromatics, olefins and benzene are normally held to maximum of 35, 10 and 1 vol % respectively to achieve satisfactorily low total emissions.