Abstract: The treatment of biological masses to produce a solid material which can be used as an agricultural fertilizer and/or conditioner includes the subjecting of the biological mass, which is in the fluid state and is composed of a solid phase and an aqueous phase, to a combined heat and chemical treatment involving heating, acidification, and chlorinating oxidation so as to dissolve insoluble metallic and non-metallic compounds in the biological mass and transfer them from the solid phase to the aqueous phase, pasteurize the micro-organisms, disinfect the mass as regards pathogenic germs, and sterilize seeds. After this combined treatment, the solid phase is separated from the aqueous phase and recovered.

Abstract: The present invention describes a novel method and apparatus for treating and/or disinfecting water and/or wastewater wherein the contact vessel is sealed and under greater than atmospheric pressure having a detention time of no more than 5 minutes.

Abstract: Biocide treatment of the water system of a papermaking process comprising the steps of encapsulating the biocide as the core of the capsule in a water suspension, in which the shell is degradable at high water dilution, and introducing the microcapsules into the water stream to undergo dilution release.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method of reducing the content of halogenated organic compounds in the spent bleach liquor from the bleaching of lignocellulose-containing material with compounds containing halogen, wherein the spent bleach liquor, in a stage where no essential delignification or bleaching of the pulp takes place, is maintained at a pH of from 2.5 up to about 10, and wherein the residence time and the temperature are selected such that the amount of dissolved halogenated organic substances in the spent bleach liquor is reduced by at least 30%.

Abstract: This invention relates to a process for reducing the biological activity in water by feeding a solution of BrCl stabilized by a hydrohalic acid or an aqueous halide salt into the water to be treated in an amount sufficient to effect the reduction of biological activity in the water thus treated.

Abstract: Zebra Mussels can be controlled by treating the waters in which they grow with a composition comprising the combination of a chlorine solution and a bromide salt capable of releasing bromide ions to the chlorine solution.

Abstract: A method for sanitizing swimming pool water comprises introducing in controlled amounts, a bromide donor and an oxidizing agent therefor to provide the desired sanitizing action in the pool, measuring the levels of both active bromine and bromide in the treated water and regulating the quantity of materials introduced into the pool accordingly.

Abstract: A process for inhibiting the adhesion of bacterial cells to solid surfaces in aqueous systems and thus controlling biological fouling comprising adding a water-soluble ionene polymer to the aqueous systems in an amount ranging from about 0.5 ppm to about 50 ppm based on the weight of aqueous liquid in the system.

Abstract: A tap water processing apparatus comprises a water tank for storing tap water, and an ultrasonic oscillator disposed inside the water tank and emitting ultrasonic waves. The tap water contains hypochlorous acid components produced through a chlorine disinfecting process. When processed by the ultrasonic waves generated by the ultrasonic oscillator, the hypochlorous acid components are removed from the tap water.

Abstract: The present invention describes a novel method and apparatus for treating and/or disinfecting water and/or wastewater wherein the contact vessel may be sealed and may be under greater than atmospheric pressure having a detention time of no more than 5 minutes.

Abstract: A process for treatment of waste aqueous process streams from industrial process containing both cyanide ions and dissolved ammonia to reduce the cyanide content, comprising the consecutive steps: (a) adding a halogenating agent to the solution while maintaining the pH of the solution at greater then 7; (b) removing ammonia from the solution by aeration; (c) acidifying the solution to a pH of less then 7; (d) substantially neutralizing the solution; and (e) removing the ammonia from the solution by aeration.

Abstract: A process for treating wastewater the improvement which comprises admixing with the wastewater at least 0.5 percent by weight of a solution consisting of hypochlorous acid having a pH of less than 3 to prepare disinfected wastewater having substantially no available chlorine residual.The novel process of the present invention provides rapid, intimate mixing of the highly pure, highly acidic hypochlorous acid solution with the wastewater stream to disinfect wastewater bodies while minimizing unwanted side effects. The process eliminates the need for storing and handling pressurized gaseous or liquid chlorine.

Abstract: A process for sanitizing impotable water the improvement which comprises admixing with the impotable water a solution consisting of hypochlorous acid containing at least 0.5 percent by weight of HOCl and having a pH of less than 3 to prepare potable water having an available chlorine residual.

Abstract: A simple, low cost continuous process for separating and purifying zirconium and hafnium which eliminates liquid waste and facilitates the management of RCRA and LLW wastes is provided. An aqueous zirconium and hafnium--containing feed solution is prepared and fed to a continuously rotating annular chromatograph containing a bed of acid exchange resin. An acid eluant, such as hydrochloric acid, nitric acid, phosphoric acid or the like, is fed through the acid exchange bed while chromatograph is rotating, which separates the feed into substantially pure zirconium and hafnium fractions and into RCRA and LLW waste fractions. The zirconium and hafnium are processed further into nuclear quality zirconium and hafnium metals. The acid eluant is recycled for reuse in the chromatograph, and the RCRA and LLW waste fractions are disposed of in solid form.

Abstract: A method and system for treating water containing hydrogen sulfide. The system includes the demineralizing the water to remove mineral impurities. The demineralized water is then treated with chlorine to convert the hydrogen sulfide in the demineralized water to hydrochloric acid and sulfuric acid while dropping the water's pH level. The water is then neutralized either by using a marble contact bed and/or by the addition of sodium hydroxide. By demineralizing the water prior to adding chlorine, the pH level of the water is lowered when chlorine is added and elemental sulfur is prevented from forming.

Abstract: A water treatment unit uses an electrolytic cell generating chlorine and ozone. The electrolyte is brine, and the separation between the anode and the cathode of the cell is 2-30 cm. The generated chlorine and ozone are added to a stream of water to be treated, with the interposition of a turbulence promoting arrangement. The unit operation is automatically regulated from the working times of the cell and volume of water to be treated, and/or electrometrical probes as chlorine detectors.

Abstract: Polymeric quaternary ammonium trihalides, preferably triiodides, and use of polymeric quaternary ammonium trihalides to inhibit the growth of microorganisms in aquatic systems, to disinfect or sanitize surfaces and to disinfect the skin of animals, including humans.

Abstract: A method for detoxifying ammonia in an ammonia-containing aquatic system comprises adding to the system a novel composition comprising an amine-based ammonia detoxifying solution in an amount effective to detoxifying substantially all of the ammonia, where the solution is non-toxic and has a pH suitable for aquatic life. Further, a method for detoxifying contaminants selected from the group consisting of ammonia, chlorine and chloramine from a contaminated aquatic system comprises adding to the system a novel composition contaminant according to the present detoxifying solution in an amount effective to detoxifying the contaminants, the solution comprising an amine-based ammonia detoxifying compound and a dechlorinator, where the solution is stable, non-toxic and has a pH suitable for aquatic life. In addition, methods for preparing the ammonia detoxifying and contaminant detoxifying compositions and the compositions produced thereby are disclosed.

Abstract: A process for high-load treatment of carbohydrate-containing waste water comprises the steps of separating a yeast appearing in the waste water, subjecting the separated yeast to large-quantity culture, and treating the waste water by a high-load operation using the cultured yeast as a seed fungus under the conditions of a volume load of 10 to 80 kg-BOD/m.sup.3 .multidot.day and a yeast load of 1.0 to 5.0 kg-BOD/kg-yeast.multidot.day, whereby it is possible to treat the high-concentration waste water efficiently with a small volume for treatment. To obviate the conflict between the yeast and bacteria, it is recommendable to add Cl.sub.2 to a reservoir in an amount of 10 to 50 mg/l. Upon the treatment of the waste water, a surplus of yeast is generated, which contains proteins and vitamins in high contents and, therefore, is capable of being taken by a fodder company as fodder or fertilizer; thus, the disposal cost associated with the surplus yeast is saved.

Abstract: According to the invention, the oil is passed through a pulverulent material, such as an earth or clay, in the presence of an acid. The pulverulent material can be placed beforehand on a filter or can be mixed with the oil before filtration. If necessary, the oil is recycled through the filter up to complete decontamination.Application to the radioactive decontamination of oils used in the nuclear industry.

Abstract: A process for removing color and oxidizable organic matter from thermally conditioned sludge liquor is disclosed. The process comprises treating the liquor with 250 to 430 mg/l chlorine which removes 20 to 70 percent of the color and produces a chlorine residual in the liquor. The chlorine-treated liquor is mixed with a small volume of untreated thermal conditioning liquor to remove the chlorine residual, and the dechlorinated mixture is returned to the treatment plant influent for additional treatment.

Abstract: The ability of a waste treatment process to remove selenium from a waste stream is improved by pretreating the waste with a compound selected from the group having the formulaX(ZO.sub.a).sub.b,Q.sub.m O.sub.n,ClO.sub.3,Cl.sub.2 O.sub.6,Br.sub.3 O.sub.8,I.sub.2 O.sub.5, andmixtures thereof, wherein X is a cation, Z is halogen selected from the group consisting of chlorine, bromine, and iodine, a is an integer from 1-3, b is an integer equal to the valence of X, Q is chlorine or bromine, and m and n are each 1 or 2, provided than m+n equals 3.

Abstract: A method is disclosed for decolorizing a water body particularly for clarifying the water and removing algae stains in a swimming pool, by establishing in the water body EDTA compound and ammonium ions by the addition of appropriate compounds, and a composition for decolorizing such a water body containing EDTA compound and ammonium salt.

Abstract: Process for the purification of an aqueous alkali metal chloride solution from iodine compounds and ammonium compounds, in which the operation is carried out in two successive stages comprising a first stage in which the iodine compounds are oxidized to molecular iodine which is removed from the solution on a halogenated basic anion exchange resin, and a second stage in which the ammonium compounds are oxidized to form nitrogen which is removed in a stream of inert gas.

Abstract: A process for decomposing a solution of a hydroxylammonium compound includes raising the pH of the solution to about 8 or higher and reacting the alkaline solution with a source of hypohalite ions. The process decomposes solutions of hydroxylammonium salts in a manner which produces benign liquid and gas effluents which can be readily disposed of or discharged.

Abstract: An apparatus for cleansing gray water from showers and the like and reclaiming the cleansed water for reuse comprises a receptacle and a conduit for delivering gray water to the receptacle. A sensor detects flow of gray water into the receptacle and injects cleansing agents into the flow in response to such detection. A drain conduit communicates with the upper portion of the receptacle for extracting floating contaminants from the surface of gray water therein and a valved conduit communicates with the bottom of the receptacle for selectively extracting sinking contaminates thereform. A pump is adapted to draw the resulting cleansed gray water from the receptacle and deliver it to a remote location for reuse as, for example, in flushing toilets.

Abstract: A device for dispensing a chemical solution into a pipeline transporting a liquid under pressure irrespective of whether the liquid pressure varies between a maximum and a minimum or is subsantially constant. The volume of solution dispensed is varied at times when the liquid pressure is varying by selection of an aperture from a plurality of apertures at varying axial positions, for placing the interior of the pipeline in communication with the interior of the enclosure above the solution level, at times when the level drops axially to the selected apertures; or, at times when the liquid pressure is substantially constant, by adjustment of the amount of liquid permitted to enter the device.

Abstract: A treating process is shown for removing cloggants from the pores and surfaces of aeration diffuser elements used in an activated sludge treatment process or the like. In this process, an acid solution is made to fill the aeration piping network, is fed through the plenum chambers that support the respective elements to be treated, and into the pores in said elements for reacting with the cloggants to be removed. The process is performed so that the acid solution fills the pores and contacts the surfaces of the diffusers and the plenums and the submerged piping network. The acid solution is reacted with the cloggants and is then agitated in contact with the diffusers and with the cloggants in the pores and on the surfaces of the diffusers to rejuvenate these elements.

Abstract: A process for recovering sulfuric acid from an aqueous sulfuric acid solution containing ferrous sulfate is disclosed, which comprises electrolyzing the aqueous sulfuric acid solution containing ferrous sulfate to thereby oxidize ferrous ion dissolved in the solution to ferric ion, and then removing the ferric ion by solvent extraction using a solvent and an extractant.

Abstract: A method of treating a liquid effluent or groundwater containing organic contaminants is provided. The liquid effluent or groundwater containing the organic contaminants is contacted with hydrogen peroxide and transition metal ions. The hydrogen peroxide and transition metal ions are present in effective amounts based on the concentration of the organic contaminants in the liquid effluent or groundwater. The liquid effluent or groundwater is then irradiated with UV light having a poly- chromatic output between about 200 to 400 nm to decompose the organic contaminants. The ratio of hydrogen peroxide to transition metal ions is selected so as to favor the absorption of UV light by the hydrogen peroxide in the irradiation step.

Abstract: A process is provided for controlling the emission of nitrogen dioxide from, and the growth of living organisms in, steam condensate cooling towers and catch basins used in conjunction with steam and condensate of steam derived from ammonia and geothermal brine containing dissolved iron. The process comprises contacting the condensate, in a substantially continuous manner, with a small, substantially less-than-stoichiometric amount of an oxidizing biocide, such as trichloroisocyanuric acid or 1-bromo-3-chloro-5,5-dimethyl-hydantoin, which results in the oxidation of said nitrite formed by activity of bacterial in the condensate to a non-reactive nitrate, and which slows the growth of said bacteria in the cooling tower and catch basin. The process additionally includes periodically introducing into the condensate with amounts of a second biocide, such as dodecylguanidine hydrochloride or isothiazalone, which provides most of the control or organism growth in the cooling tower and catch basin.

Abstract: A process for abating the emission of hydrogen sulfide from a condensate of steam, derived from a sulfide-containing geothermal brine, comprising introducing an oxidizing agent into the condensate in an amount less than that which would be required to directly oxidize all the sulfide to sulfate. The process optionally provides for periodically introducing a biocide into the condensate to control the growth of organism therein.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for delivering disinfectant in a liquid form to a well of a water system is disclosed including a venturi having a suction side in fluid communication with a source of disinfectant such as chlorine. A flow of water is provided through the venturi between the pressurized side of the water system and the well when a pump is drawing water from the well and delivering the water to the pressurized side of the water system. Specifically, a solenoid valve is provided in the lines between the pressurized side of the water system and the venturi and is electrically controlled by the pressure switch which also controls the pump. In the preferred form, a timer is provided electrically intermediate the solenoid valve and the pressure switch to allow water flow through the solenoid valve only during selected times of pump actuation to allow adjustment of the rate at which the disinfectant is delivered.

Abstract: A method is provided for oxidizing arsenic in an arsenic-containing solution. The method comprises contacting the solution containing arsenic in a +3 oxidation state with an amount of a specific type of oxidizing agent, i.e., an agent containing at least one ##STR1## wherein X is a halogen to effect substantially complete oxidation of the arsenic to the +5 oxidation state. The amount of oxidizing agent used is substantially less than that which would theoretically be required. In accordance with a particularly preferred embodiment, the oxidized arsenic is reacted with a metal to form a substantially water-insoluble precipitate, preferably an iron or calcium arsenate.

Abstract: A method for regulating the residual free chlorine in drinking water, characterized in that the regulation is carried out by introduction of a quantity of chlorine determined as a function of the chlorine demand at "the head" of the line, that is upstream of the water treatment or storage line, while obtaining in the distribution network, water having an acceptable residual free chlorine content. The chlorine demand of the water at the inlet of the treatment, or storage line is rapidly determined by accelerating, the reactions tied to disinfection by heating so as to obtain over a short period (from 5 to 10 minutes) water having a residual free chlorine content corresponding to the required value.

Abstract: A method and system for biofouling control of fluid containing structure of susceptible biofouling, wherein chlorine, hot water and/or some other control agent is injected by plural stages into the boundary layer, and chlorine residual, water temperature, or some other respective control parameter is maintained in the boundary layer just upstream of the next injection point.

Abstract: A method of treating and removing volatile organic contaminants from ground water by treating the water with effective amounts of a water-soluble polymeric sequesterant comprising polymers derived from acrylic acid or organic acid, followed by the addition of a biocide, e.g., chlorine, and then subsequently passing the treated water through a packed column or air stripper wherein the volatile organic contaminants are removed by passing air in a counter-direction to the flow of water at temperatures ranging from about 40.degree. to about 200.degree. F.

Abstract: A method of enhancing the efficacy of anti-microbial chemical compounds in an aqueous medium comprising adding an anionic chemical species to the medium. The anion acts as a competing electron receptor of the terminal cellular reduction reaction. This results in a weakening of the microorganism leaving it more vulnerable to effective action by the anti-microbial chemical.

Abstract: An improved process is disclosed for killing and inhibiting growth and reproduction (aftergrowth) of microorganisms comprising adding sufficient chloramine to kill the microorganisms without oxidizing high molecular weight organics, which are not easily assimilated by organisms that survive, into lower molecular weight ones, which are easily assimilated.

Abstract: A system for chlorination of a fluid to be treated, which includes a container containing trichlorocyanuric acid in a solid and compact form, a first pipe for supplying the container with dissolving fluid, an evacuation pipe in which the chlorinated fluid circulates, connecting the container to a pipe which contains the fluid to be treated, a chlorine analyzer connected to the pipe and which includes a mechanism for continuously measuring the amount of active chlorine in the treated fluid and released constantly by direct contact of the fluid to be treated with a surface of the trichlorocyanuric acid; and a flow rate regulation mechanism connected to a supply and including a mechanism to for constantly varying a continuous flow rate of the dissolving fluid passing into the container as a function of the amount of active chlorine present in the treated fluid and measured by the chlorine analyzer.

Abstract: The present invention is in a process for the treatment of clarification sludge, wherein a sludge is treated with a per acid containing up to 3 carbon atoms and subsequently allowed to digest in a septic plant.

Abstract: A process for controlling the concentration of aluminum in the brine of a membrane chlor-alkali cell is disclosed wherein the brine has its calcium carbonate settler solids digested in the calcium chloride flow stream by the addition of an inorganic mineral acid to bring the pH to about 2.0 to about 3.0 to solubilize the aluminum in the brine. The brine has the pH adjusted upwardly to reprecipitate the aluminum onto carrier particles and then removes the reprecipitated aluminum and carrier particles from the brine by filtration or centrifugation.

Abstract: An apparatus for quantitative determination of trihalomethanes comprises a separation unit containing two channels in contact with each other via a microporous membrane that will not react with trihalomethanes, a reaction unit for heating a carrier solution that has passed through the separation unit, a cooling unit for cooling the carrier solution that has undergone complete reaction; and a detection unit for determining the quantity of a fluorescent substance in the carrier solution. A method for quantitative determination of trihalomethanes comprises flowing a sample solution or a mixture thereof with a reducing agent through one of the two channels in the separation unit, flowing the carrier solution through the other channel, heating the carrier solution that has passed through the separation unit and to which an alkaline nicotinamide or a derivative thereof has been added, cooling the carrier solution, and subjecting the cooled solution to fluorimetry.

Abstract: A method of inhibiting the corrosion of the metal surfaces of beer pasteurizing units in contact with halogenated water vapor which comprise treating these halogenated waters with at least 1/4 ppm sulfamic acid for each ppm of halogen present in these waters.

Abstract: The present invention provides a method for the removal of biofilms composed of microorganisms from submerged surfaces in an aqueous medium comprising contacting said biofilm with an aqueous stabilized chlorine dioxide and at least one nutrient source, wherein said nutrient source is provided in an amount effective to result in the generation of one or more acidic compounds by said biofilm, and the aqueous stabilized chlorine dioxide is provided in an amount sufficient, when activated by said one or more acidic compounds generated by said microorganisms, to kill a sufficient number of microorganisms in the biofilm to result in the biofilm's removal. Optionally a second biocide may be provided with or after the nutrient source to kill any microorganisms released from the biofilm during its removal and thereby inhibit the reformation of the biofilm.

Abstract: A solution of water soluble conveyor lubricant is continuously recovered from a moving conveyor through a suction bar. The lubricant is treated with a bactericide and the pH is adjusted as needed. The solution is then recycled at least once to obtain about a 50%-90% recovery.

Abstract: A solution of water soluble conveyor lubricant is continuously recovered from a moving conveyor through a suction bar. The lubricant is treated to reduce suspended solids, heat sterilized, the pH adjusted, and a bactericide is added. The solution is then recycled at least once to obtain about a 50%-90% recovery, and then is discharged. The process saves a significant amount of water, in addition to lubricant.

Abstract: A method for removing and recovering toxic heavy metal contaminants from an iron-bearing sludge is provided. The method comprises one or more cycles of a two step, controlled chloride leach comprising a first non-acidic chloride leaching solution and a second acidic chloride leaching solution, wherein said toxic heavy metals are separated from said sludge and said iron-bearing sludge is a substantially non-hazardous material.

Abstract: The soluble manganese species can be maintained in aqueous systems in the presence of halogen species by treating the waters with certain water-soluble, nitrogen containing compositions.

Abstract: Cleaning of multi-pore diffusion elements in place with cleaning gases while submerged in liquid media by applying said cleaning gases intermittently or continuously to said diffusion elements between predetermined limits of operating pressure and flow through flow regulation means and plenums for the respective diffusion elements.