Abstract: For water treatment systems it may be desired to feed various chemicals at optimum rates into the system. Improvements over the invention of U.S. Pat. No. 4,519,914 and also to the novel feeder capsules employed are a shown.The rate of feeding depends upon the size and number of small holes which are provided, or the user pokes through the shell of the capsule, and upon the flow rate of the water around it. In some embodiments the capsule is weighted to direct the small holes upward as it rests in quiet water, thereby substantially to halt the flow of chemical; but as the water is sloshed about in use, the chemical is dispensed at a rate proportional to the amount of use.In a so-called "dumbbell" capsule the vertical tendency is aided by a second vented floatation sphere snapped to the first to hold the dispensing holes upward even in a hot tub. It is used in the controlled release of free bromine by the oxidant, sold under the trademark "OXONE".

Abstract: A method for the control of marine fouling in salt or brackish water by a combination of a chlorine solution and a bromide salt such as an alkali metal bromide and about 1-10% of a biodispersant. In the preferred embodiment, the bromide salt is combined with a chlorine solution in the ratio of about 0.25 to about 1.25 equivalents.

Abstract: There is disclosed a chemical algacide composition, and method for its use, to prevent and remove yellow algae deposits in swimming pools, spas and simlar bodies of water. The algacide composition comprises from 5 to about 12.5 weight percent of a soluble polyphosphate and the balance of an alkali metal or ammonium bromide. The successful use of the algacide composition requires the presence of an oxidizer which is effective to convert the bromide to bromine. This conveniently can be the oxidizer which is used in the water, e.g., chlorine or sodium hypochloride in swimming pools and spas, or can be an additionally added oxidizer, such as a persulfate, etc. The method comprises the addition of the algacide composition to the water at a dosage sufficient to provide at least 0.5 ppm of the soluble bromide in the water, and to maintain an active oxidizer in the water.

Abstract: A waste water treatment facility includes a gravity flow treatment bed which receives waste effluent from a plurality of individual septic tanks. The treatment bed includes a bottom layer of small gravel particles, a layer of larger gravel particles covering the bottom layer, a strip of crushed limestone, a layer of straw or hay on the large gravel layer, and a layer of topsoil in which reeds are planted for treating the effluent. A perforated header pipe distributes the incoming effluent across the bed, and a perforated collection pipe collects the treated effluent and delivers it to a sump. The effluent passes from the sump through a chlorinator and a chlorine contact chamber before being discharged to the ground.

Abstract: The copper corrosion rate is minimized to a certain discharge limit by providing a chlorine-bromide treatment in which the chemical feed rate of bromide is increased to an amount required to decrease the copper corrosion rate to the rate required to meet the discharge limit. The inventors made the unexpected and surprising discovery that an increase in the chemical feed rate of bromide--even when the chlorine feed rate is constant--has the effect of reducing copper corrosion. Therefore, this effect is useful for adjusting the copper corrosion rate to an optimum rate to most economically achieve a certain discharge limit.

Abstract: Under certain operating conditions, an emulsion of an acidified unfiltrable tarry bottoms stream from a reactor for the chlorination of ethylene to 1,2-dichloroethane can be demulsified and separated in a phase separation tank. The presence of FeCl.sub.3 in an amount more than 5 ppm Fe in the separated organic waste, fouls the reboiler and lower internals of a "heavies" column in which the separated organic waste is concentrated, and deactivates the catalyst in a Catoxid fluid bed reactor in which the concentrate is burned. By maintaining an iron salt chlorination catalyst in a concentration which results in 2000 ppm to 4000 ppm of Fe in the HTC reactor bottoms, and operating the HTC reactor at a temperature in the range from about 90.degree. C. to 120.degree. C. and a pressure in the range from 9 psig to 12 psig, an unfiltrable reactor bottoms drawoff is produced which may be acidified without forming an emulsion.

Abstract: Ozonization of the bath water taken from the reservoir (1) occurs according to the invention utilizing only 1% of ozone while using from 1 to 1.2 g/h of ozone in 700 l/h of (untreated) air from a convenient-to-handle ozonizer (7) of this capacity per 100 m.sup.3 of natural water. Ozonization occurs without ozonization reactors and ozone destroyers under pressure directly in the conduit (2) of the natural water stream Q. For this purpose. the ozone air is whirled with a partial stream (q) of the natural water in a flow spiral (9) to form an aerosol-like mixing condition and is blasted into the main stream of natural water. The high phase interfaces thus achieved effect rapid ozonization with quantitative ozone consumption. After the uncomplicated conversion of the baths with original pure chlorination operation to the ozonization-chlorination technique according to the invention, the chemical costs can be reduced by up to 70% with a simultaneous improvement in the water quality.

Abstract: A solid antimicrobial composition of a halogenated amide such as 2,2-dibromo-3-nitrilopropionamide and a suitable hydrophilic polymer such as hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose with the optional presence of a compression agent and a mold release agent. The invention is also directed to a method for biological control in an aqueous industrial system by contacting the system with the antimicrobial composition.

Abstract: A method for oxidation treatment of waste water material containing organic solid particles includes forming a discrete batch of waste water material, adjusting the pH of the entire batch to close to 7 or acid-alkaline neutral, and then flowing the batch through a reactor along with chlorine gas. The chlorine produces hypochlorous acid, which produces nascent oxygen and hypochlorite ions, for chemically oxidizing the organic solid particles and also forming minute gas bubbles, including nitrogen and carbon dioxide, which adhere to the particles. The treated material is flowed into a separation receptacle, where the gas bubble buoyed particles float to the surface of the water. The clear water is rapidly gravity-drained from beneath the particles, leaving the particles coalesced into a relatively dry, disinfected or stabilized sludge.

Abstract: System for automatic control of chlorine content and pH in swimming pools. This system includes an electrolytic cell for generation of chlorine and caustic soda as needed, and an acid supply system for adding hydrochloric acid to the pool as required. Generation of chlorine and addition of acid are controlled automatically in response to sensed oxidation-reduction potential (ORP) and pH of the swimming pool water. The sensors for this purpose may be placed in a conventional pool recirculation line, and chlorine, caustic soda (which is co-produced with chlorine) and hydrochloric acid may be added to the pool via the recirculation line.The electrolytic cell has a porous separator dividing the cell into anolyte and catholyte compartments. The latter is operated at a slightly higher pressure than the former. Chlorine generated in the cell is separated from spent brine, which is recirculated back to a brine tank where it is resaturated. The system may include a timer.

Abstract: The decomposition of phosphonates by chlorine-bromine solutions present in industrial process waters can be diminished or prevented by treating such waters with sulfamic acid.

Abstract: A method for reducing chemical oxygen demand (COD) in water. The water is contacted by a first adsorptive material selected from the group consisting of porous ceramic, activated alumina, magnesia, silica or mixtures thereof; adding an oxygen source to the water stream; adsorbing soluble contaminants on a second adsorptive surface selected from the group consisting of Group VIIIB metals, Group IB metals or mixtures thereof; catalytically reacting soluble contaminants adsorbed on the second adsorptive material with the oxygen source to decompose the chemical contaminants; reacting the products of the decomposition of the chemical contaminants to yield insoluble precipitates which adhere to the second adsorptive surface; and adsorbing and reacting additional contaminants on the second adsorptive material and the insoluble material adhering thereto. The second adsorptive material is, preferably, platinum, palladium, irridium, rhodium or mixtures thereof.

Abstract: A pressure feeder for controlled addition of dissolvable agent into a flowing liquid has been designed which provides constant concentration of the agent in the treated liquid. This concentration is independent from the flow rate and the pressure of the liquid and also slugging of the agent at zero flow rate is avoided. A feeder according to the invention comprises a dissolution chamber connectable to a point of slightly increased pressure in the main circuit in which dissolution chamber the liquid is brought in controlled contact with stacked tablets of the agent. A linear weir controls the height of the liquid level in the dissolution chamber such that is proportional to the flow rate. The provision of a holding chamber for treated liquid which is connected to the dissolution chamber incorporates a gas volume that automatically adjusts for pressure differences and enables the liquid level in the dissolution chamber as well as the concentration of the agent in the treated liquid to be pressure independent.

Abstract: A method for purifying source water to obtain sterile, low-sodium water is described. The improved method employs ion-exchange, adsorption, filtration by particulate size, ultrafiltration, and reverse osmosis in combination with a closed holding system requiring only 2-3 ppm chlorine for sterilization. A method for storing treated water sterilized with chlorine, keeping the chlorine uniformly distributed during storage, and for removing the chlorine just prior to using the water while maintaining sterility of the water is also disclosed. An additional aspect of the invention is novel sterile filtration means, disclosed for removing chlorine from treated water, comprising a receptacle for activated carbon particles, having a water inlet and a water outlet, yet which is sealed from contamination from airborne microbes, and an effective number of carbon particles. The novel filtration means is wholly autoclavable.

Abstract: Polymers having recurring units derived from monomers of formula ICH.sub.2 .dbd.C(R.sup.1) CONHR.sup.2 NR.sup.3 R.sup.4 Iwherein R.sup.1 is hydrogen or methyl, R.sup.2 is straight or branched chain C.sub.2-8 alkylene having at least 2 carbon atoms in the backbone and R.sup.3 and R.sup.4 are independently selected from C.sub.1-4 alkyl, most preferably quaternized dimethylaminopropyl methacrylamide polymers, for instance copolymerized with acrylamide, are used as flocculating agents in processes where the polymer is present during part at least of the process in solution in the presence of free chlorine.

Abstract: YThe decomposition of phosphonates by chlorine in industrial process waters can be diminished or prevented by treating such waters with certain water-soluble nitrogen-containing compounds.

Abstract: A process for destroying nitrated aromatics, e.g., the nitrophenol byproducts produced in the nitration of benzene to dinitrobenzene, is disclosed. The process involves treatment of an aqueous solution of the nitrated aromatics with iron and hydrochloric acid with or without ferric chloride using 0.2 to 7 molecular equivalents of finely divided iron based on the organic nitro groups present. The reaction is carried out at 0.degree. to 100.degree. C. and pH 1.5-3.

Abstract: An apparatus for chlorinating swimming bath water, includes an electrochemical cell (2) with an anolyte chamber (25) and a catholyte chamber (22), which are separated by an ion-selective diaphragm (290), a metering device (7) for supplying consumption hydrochloric acid to the cell (2), a chlorine gas outlet from the upper space (26) of the anolyte chamber (25), a chlorine gas pipe (29) for transferring chlorine gas from the cell (2), to a circulation pipe (15) for the bath water, an ejector (10) connecting the chlorine gas pipe (29) to the bath water pipe (15). The ejector (10) is adapted to generate a pressure in the chlorine gas pipe (29) which is lower than atmospheric pressure, and a gas flow in the gas pipe (29) which is greater than the greatest chlorine gas production flow of the cell (2). An atmospheric air pipe (35,45) communicates with the chlorine gas pipe (29). A liquid trap device (3) is arranged in the air pipe.

Abstract: A disinfection process is provided for preparing potable water having an unusually persistent and long lasting free available chlorine residual in order to assure safety and integrity of said water during its passage through the distribution system by which it is delivered to the consumer. The key step of this process is the generation of said unusually persistent free chlorine residual by mixing into a semi-finished water, which has already been pretreated specifically to satisfy substantially its immediate chlorine demand, dilute solution of HOCl having a pH between about 3 and about 6.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for reducing chemical oxygen demand levels in water which includes the steps of:(a) mixing the water to be treated with at least one oxygen source;(b) contacting the water with a first, activated alumina catalyst;(c) contacting the water with a catalyst selected from the group consisting of Group VIIIB metals, Group IB metals or mixtures thereof;(d) reacting chemical contaminants in the water with the oxygen source; and finally(e) contacting the water with an adsorptive material such as activated carbon.The present invention also includes a method and apparatus for regenerating the catalyst in situ by contacting the catalyst with alkaline and acidic aqueous inorganic regeneration solutions.

Abstract: A process for neutralizing chloramines, chlorine and ammonia in marine and fresh waters by adding an alkali metal formaldehydebisulfite in a dry or solution form in which the alkali metal formaldehydebisulfite is selected from the group consisting of sodium formaldehydebisulfite and potassium formaldehydebisulfite. Preferably, the alkali metal formaldehydebisulfite is sodium formaldehydebisulfite added in the amount at least equal to the greater of the quantity required to react on a one to one molecular basis with 4 times the stoichiometric amount of ammonia, 12 times the stoichiometric amount of monochloramine, 10 times the stoichiometric amount of dichloramine or 12 times the stoichiometric amount of chlorine in the form of hypochlorites present in the water to be treated.

Abstract: A chlorine injector for a swimming pool including a cylinder of chlorine, a disperser tube near the bottom of the pool, and a transfer tube therebetween. The disperser tube is formed of a fluorinated elastomer and has a multiplicity of discharge orifices formed by needle punctures normally closed but opening up responsive to pressure. A pressure regulator between the cylinder and the transfer tube having ports in contact with chlorine gas made of fluorinated material. Addition of chlorine to the pool being controlled by time of injection with constant pressure set by the pressure regulator and by fixed sizes of discharge orifices formed by the punctures under that constant pressure. Disk spacers supporting the disperser tube above the pool bottom.

Abstract: Asiatic clams can be controlled by treating the waters in which they grow with a composition comprising the combination of a chlorine solution and a bromide salt capable of releasing bromide ions to the chloride solution.

Abstract: The decomposition of phosphonates by chlorine in industrial process waters can be diminished or prevented by treating such waters with certain water-soluble nitrogen-containing compounds.

Abstract: A method for increasing bubble production enhancing surface area contact of a gas bubbled through a liquid media, with resulting improved agitation and/or purification and/or absorption and/or adsorption and/or reaction.

Abstract: A method of dissolving a gas in water comprising directing an aqueous stream to rotate in a downwardly moving spiral stream from a high downward velocity to a lower downward velocity and diffusing a gas into the aqueous stream so as to produce small gas bubbles which are rotated in a generally spiral path by the aqueous stream thereby providing a long flow distance over which the bubbles have increased contact time with the aqueous stream to facilitate dissolution of the gas therein and in which rising of the gas bubbles is progressively opposed by the increased downward velocity of the higher portion of the aqueous stream.

Abstract: Method for clarifying bodies of water and removing staining from the containers therefor, particularly swimming pools, by the addition of chlorine and/or bromine ion and ammonium ion to the water.

Abstract: A process for removing chlorate ions from an impure alkali metal chloride brine removed from an electrolytic cell comprises acidifying the impure brine to a pH of less than about 2. The acidified brine is then reacted with a reducing portion of hydrazine hydrochloride.The novel process rapidly reduces the chlorate ions in the absence of the formation of chlorine and chlorine dioxide gases and with the production of nitrogen gas as a product.

Abstract: Polybromide resin beads for disinfecting potable water are stabilized as to bromide content by:(A) initially charging excess bromine into an aqueous slurry of quaternary ammonium amine exchange resin beads;(B) removing external moisture to provide moist sticky beads;(C) passing gaseous drying agent at controlled temperature and velocity effective to gradually remove internal moisture and excess bromine; and(D) continuing the gradual drying until dry, free-flowing beads having less than 5% water and 17 to 47% bromine are obtained.

Abstract: A process for fully removing from the perfluoropolyethers having a minimum vapor tension, the organic polluting matters containing group --OH and/or bonds ##STR1## consisting in treating the perfluoropolyether with oxygen, or chlorine or fluorine, at a high temperature and in the presence of ultraviolet radiations, in order to convert the impurities to volatile degradation products easily removable by degassing.

Abstract: A chlorination system for distributing chlorine in a hot tub or spa. The system regulates the flow of water through a mixing chamber with a valve or stopcock to control the rate of chlorine distribution. An assembly of venturis and baffles also regulates the flow of water through the mixing chamber and controls the size of particles of chlorination tablets that will flow out of the chlorination system.

Abstract: An open end (61) of a tube (62) is disposed below a free surface of a treating solution (60) which is capable of reacting with a liquid effluent to provide a disposable reaction product. A pressurized gas which is non-reactive with the effluent and with the treating solution causes the effluent to be moved through the tube and discharged into contact with the treating solution. Also, the gas is flowed through a shroud (63) disposed concentrically about the tube. The gas envelops the effluent and the shroud prevents contact of the treating material with the effluent and the gas along a predetermined distance beyond the open end of the tube. This arrangement causes the treating material to react with the effluent at a location spaced from the end of the tube thereby preventing clogging of the tube. The discharge of the gas along with the liquid effluent into the treating solution causes a substantial mixing of the two liquids to provide a substantially complete reaction.

Abstract: Sludge, especially sewage sludge is deodorized, particularly to obtain the biomass by treating the waste water sludge (pollution sludge) with an active oxygen developing compound at 5.degree. to 40.degree.C.

Abstract: A method for removal of oxygen dissolved in water, especially from reservoir drinking water, and for preservation purposes based on hydrazine, having no organic activators and assuring a high reaction velocity with respect to dissolved oxygen within a broad pH-range at low temperature and without a time-dependent reduction of its effectiveness.Cationic and anionic complexes of trivalent cobalt with inorganic ligands, or mixtures thereof, are used as activators. Preferred activators are (Co(NH.sub.3).sub.5 Cl)Cl.sub.2 and Na.sub.3 Co(NO.sub.2).sub.6.Hydrazine solutions with these activators are suitable for the removal of oxygen from gases.

Abstract: Chlorine dioxide, particularly for water treatment but useful in other applications of chlorine dioxide, such as the bleaching of pulp, is produced in an enclosed reaction zone filled with chlorine dioxide-generating reaction medium under sufficient pressure to prevent chlorine dioxide from forming a continuous gaseous phase and the resulting aqueous solution of chlorine dioxide in spent reaction medium is discharged to a recipient aqueous medium, such as a flowing water body to be treated, without the formation of gaseous phase chlorine dioxide.

Abstract: Iron, such as ferric chloride, and other metallic impurities, contained in liquid chlorinated hydrocarbon waste streams, is removed by treatment of such streams with dilute aqueous mineral acid.

Abstract: Herein is described a method for feeding chlorine to a heat exchanger (condenser) for biological fouling control by targeting the feed to only a few tubes at a time. The assembly comprises a manifold surrounded by a seal which directly contacts the condenser tube sheet, thereby feeding chlorine to only a few selected condenser tubes at a time and the seal serves to restrict the flow of water through the tubes, thereby increasing the contact time between the chlorinated water and the fouling mass in the tubes. The manifold, powered by a pneumatic/hydraulic drive, moves across the entire condenser tube sheet so that all tubes are chlorinated for the same duration. A principal advantage of this system is that it allows the feed of relatively high concentrations of chlorine to the selected tubes, but is designed to meet EPA effluent limitations without dechlorination.

Abstract: A liquid chemical reactant is slowly sucked through capillary tubing into a closed partially evacuated reactor containing a second reactant, thus producing a gas, which is collected and dispensed by a vacuum pump. Simultaneously a small amount of air may be admitted into the reactor to displace the gas formed. Preferably the air enters through the reacting solution, cooling it and stirring it. The liquid reactant preferably is introduced in the immediate vicinity of the air entry. The liquid reactant stops flowing when the vacuum disappears and the reaction stops. The reaction may be automatically controlled by controlling the vacuum by means of a timed valve that bleeds air into the system.

Abstract: A method for reducing concentrations of hydrogen sulfide present in subterranean well fluids by injection of a stabilized solution of chlorine dioxide. The stabilized chlorine dioxide solution is introduced into the subterranean well by injecting the solution through the well bore. This method also includes the reduction of the hydrogen sulfide content in drilling mud which has been contaminated by hydrogen sulfide present in a hydrocarbon well by mixing a stabilized solution of chlorine dioxide with the drilling mud. This method requires the preparation of a stabilized chlorine dioxide solution, a determination of the approximate amount of hydrogen sulfide which might be brought to the surface by the drilling mud and the introduction of the predetermined amount of stabilized chlorine dioxide solution into the drilling mud.

Abstract: A method of removing contaminating impurities, particularly haloamines, from leisure pool water is disclosed and an apparatus therefor. Pool water containing haloamine contaminants is passed into an active carbon bed of high surface area that has been treated with a reagent, for example hypohalous acid, that will convert a portion of it into a surface oxide so that the carbon either reacts with or catalyses the breakdown of the haloamines. The hypohalous acid is conveniently generated in the pool water prior to passage of it through the active carbon.

Abstract: An electrolytic pool chlorinator for chlorinating a swimming pool or the like generates chlorine gas by electrolyzing a sodium chloride solution. A baffle within an anode chamber of the chlorinator isolates undissolved salt from an anode element while collecting chlorine gas liberated at the anode element. A level indicator slidingly extends downwardly into the anode chamber to indicate the level of undissolved salt therein. Chlorine gas collected by the baffle is intermixed with water in a packed column and discharged into a feeder tank. The feeder tank includes a float valve for regulating the flow of water into the packed column and out of the feeder tank.

Abstract: A method for removing heavy metals from brines used as well servicing fluids in which the heavy metal is oxidized to a higher, stable oxidation state of +3 or greater, the oxide or variants thereof of the oxidized metal is formed resulting in a generally water insoluble precipitate which is then removed by filtration leaving the brine free of deleterious amounts of the heavy metal.

Abstract: An improved method for treating alkaline industrial process waters to control the growth and deposit of microorganisms which comprises adding to such waters a combination of a water-soluble anionic polymeric dispersant having a molecular weight not greater than 50,000 and hypobromous acid, said hypobromous acid having been produced by contacting a solution containing:(a) a water-soluble inorganic bromide, and(b) an anionic polymeric dispersantwith a chlorine containing oxidant chosen from the group consisting of an inorganic hypochlorite salt, hypochlorous acid, and chlorine.

Abstract: Intimate contacting of plural, physically disparate phases, e.g., for the purification of waste waters typically comprising sulfide and polysulfide pollutants, is effected by (i) co-atomizing a first liquid stream which comprises solid waste progenitors together with a second fluid stream inter-reactive therewith, (ii) this co-atomization/reaction being made with and within an entraining stream of a third, gaseous phase.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for breakpoint chlorination is disclosed which utilizes a control dosing of chlorine as well as a base substance and sulfur dioxide to remove ammonia, disinfect and thereafter dechlorinate waste waters. The chlorine dosage is controlled according to a derivative of residual chlorine with respect to chlorine dosage to provide an accurate control of chlorine to insure oxidation of ammonia in the waste water.

Abstract: Novel strongly basic anion-exchange resins substantially loaded with controlled relative proportions of iodide-bromide polyhalides whereby, when water is passed therethrough which is contaminated with bacteria, potable drinkable water is obtained for safe and effective usage in public water supply systems for relatively prolonged periods of time.

Abstract: Organic impurities in aqueous salt solutions; e.g., alkali or alkaline earth chloride solutions in particular, brines, are oxidized with chlorate ions at a pH of no greater than 5.0 and a temperature of at least 130.degree. C. to convert the organics to carbon dioxide. The process has particular applicability to oxidation of organic impurities in an aqueous brine solution derived from the saponification of a chlorohydrin to olefin oxide, prior to introduction of the brine into an electrolytic cell.

Abstract: A method for treating hydrazine-fuel contaminated wastewater in which hydrazine, monomethyl hydrazine, unsymmetrical dimethyl hydrazine and dimethylnitrosamine pollutants are effectively decomposed at a controlled pH of about 5 by an ultraviolet induced chlorination treatment of the wastewater.

Abstract: An ultraviolet sterilization and disinfection system for fluids which includes apparatus for sensing selected operating characteristics such as physical characteristics of the fluid to be disinfected or sterilized and the operating conditions of the ultraviolet sources proportioning these variable and generally non-linear parameters and modifying such factors as fluid flow, ultraviolet energy imparted to the fluid to insure destruction of selected organisms without the use of excessive energy. Control may also be provided for the admission of selected quantities of disinfecting chemicals such as chlorine to the fluid.

Abstract: A swimming pool water conditioning system which incorporates a pump-fed, pool water filtration system; a hydrochloric acid-consuming electrolytic chlorine gas generator; and a manifold system to draw the chlorine gas into the flow through the filtration system, to serve in combination as a device to both safely chlorinate and pH-adjust the water in the swimming pool in a controlled manner, so that bacteria growth and the acid level in the pool can be controlled with a minimum of effort and expense.