Abstract: A water system for supplying chilled water to a food production line. The chilled water is held in a holding tank which is sampled by a pump which delivers water to an analyzer. The water is first filtered to remove debris that would hamper the analysis. The analyzer determines the disinfectant level in the water, and generates a signal indicative of that level. When the disinfectant level falls below a predetermined level, a disinfection pump is activated to deliver additional disinfectant to the tank. The preferred disinfectant is Liquid Chlorine(sodium hypochlorite). The analyzer can measure the free available chlorine level, pH or oxidation-reduction potential of the water.

Abstract: A method is disclosed for removing biofilms from surfaces submerged in a fouled water system by adding to the water system an alkyl polyglycoside having the chemical formula: ##STR1## wherein R is a C.sub.8 -C.sub.16 alkyl chain and DP is from 0 to 3 carbohydrate units.

Abstract: A method to minimize corrosion in aqueous systems while maintaining microbiological control in such systems is disclosed. This is achieved by regulating the feed of oxidizers with an oxidation-reduction potential (ORP) signal, while incorporating corrosion information provided by an on-line corrosion meter.

Abstract: A process for the purification of water to render it fit for drinking. It is passed first through a halogenated resin and after this through activated carbon impregnated with silver, which contains a comparatively high silver content, of at least two percent by weight, and up to about 14 weight percent. A purification system for carrying out such process comprising a sequence of a layer of halogenated resin followed by activated carbon impregnated with at least two weight percent silver. The impregnated silver absorbs efficiently a high percentage of bromide/bromine, iodide/iodine or mixtures of these.

Abstract: Disclosed are trichloroisocyanuric acid compositions that have improved algicidal and/or fungicidal properties yet are relatively safe and non-corrosive. The compositions preferably contain between about 50% and about 95% TCCA, between about 0.5% and about 7% glycoluril, between about 2% and about 40% alum, and between about 2% and about 40% borax. The compositions generate substantially less chlorine gas than would be expected from the teachings of the prior art, especially when wet. The inventive compositions are therefore less toxic and less corrosive.

Abstract: A pool buffer composition comprising about 90 to 91% by weight sodium bicarbonate; about 6.5% to about 7.5% by weight sodium carbonate; and at least one binder and/or clarifier. The composition is preferably in granular of compressed tablet form and is most advantageously used in the pool water filtration system slightly upstream of the introduction point of a chlorine pool treatment product introduction point. The product is especially advantageously used substantially simultaneously with the introduction of the chlorine pool treatment product.

Abstract: Waste water containing nitrogen compounds is processed by adding an oxidant to the waste water. The oxidant may be one or more of a chlorine oxidant or hydrogen peroxide. The oxidant breaks down the nitrogen compounds through a breakpoint reaction. The partially processed water then is contacted with a metal peroxide catalyst. The metal peroxide breaks down and removes excess oxidant. The reaction may be carried out at normal temperature and pressure.

Abstract: In a water purification system for purifying raw water with a first d.c. voltage is applied between a conductive adsorber portion (20) and a primary electrode (27) in the raw water, a second d.c. voltage higher than the first d.c. voltage is applied in place of the first d.c. voltage at intervals between the adsorber portion and the primary electrode to accelerate generation of chlorine from the raw water. The primary electrode is opposite to the adsorber portion with a particular space left therebetween. It is preferable that the adsorber portion is provided with a supplementary electrode (29) which is opposite to the primary electrode so that the particular space is left therebetween.

Abstract: Disclosed is a process which comprises contacting a sulfur-containing solvent with an oxidizing agent, said sulfur-containing solvent containing odor-causing impurities, thereby reducing odor. Another embodiment of the present invention is directed to a process for preparing an ink composition which comprises: (a) contacting a sulfur-containing solvent with an oxidizing agent, said sulfur-containing solvent containing odor-causing impurities, thereby reducing odor; and (b) admixing the sulfur-containing solvent with water and a colorant, thereby forming an ink composition.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for automatically adjusting electrolytic production or feeding of a sanitizer such as halogen for treating a water body such as a swimming pool or spa. A microprocessor is responsive to sensors monitoring pH and temperature of the water body to predict demand for sanitizer which varies dependent on pH and temperature and direct a controller which automatically modifies the ON time during an ON/OFF cycle for the sanitizer production system in response to changing demand resulting from changing measurements in temperature and/or pH of the swimming pool water. The controller also modifies an ON/OFF cycle for a circulating pump when demand predicted by the microprocessor exceeds the capability of the sanitizer producer or feeder under an existing ON/OFF pump cycle.

Abstract: The present invention provides a composition and method of administering same for inhibiting the growth of microorganisms. The composition of the present invention includes sufficient amounts of peracetic and a non-oxidizing biocide. The method of the present invention includes the step of adding sufficient amounts of peracetic acid and the non-oxidizing biocide to industrial process waters.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for treating a liquid to inhibit growth of living organisms therein by adding to the liquid an active biocidal ingredient formed by mixing an oxidant and an amine source, by: producing a predetermined dilution of the oxidant; producing a predetermined dilution of the amine source; synchronously metering the two dilutions into a conduit to continuously mix therein according to a predetermined ratio to produce the active biocidal ingredient having high reproducibility, stability and efficacy in situ in the conduit; and continuously injecting the active biocidal ingredient, as it is produced in situ in the conduit, directly from the conduit into the liquid being treated.

Abstract: A pool apparatus that simultaneously removes debris from the water and kills bacteria in a portion of the water passing through the pool apparatus with the pool apparatus having an intake head for drawing water and debris from a first region of the pool and directing the water and debris to a housing having a restrictor therein for directing a portion of the water through a bacteria killing material and the remaining portion with the debris therein to a collector where the debris is collected and the water is returned to the pool.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process of aqueous phase oxidation of effluents, consisting of subjecting said effluents to oxidation in the presence of at least one catalyst and of at least one oxidising agent, at a temperature of between approximately 20.degree. C. and approximately 350.degree. C., under a total pressure of between approximately 1 and approximately 160 bars, in such manner as to mineralise part of the organic matter and total ammoniated nitrogen contained in said effluents, said oxidation being carried out inside a reactor in which a gaseous phase is set up above the liquid phase consisting of said effluents.characterized in that said catalyst is a heterogeneous catalyst placed inside said reactor above the interface between said gaseous phase and said liquid phase.

Abstract: Swimming pool or drinking water is chlorinated by the use of an intermittent spray-type chlorinator assembly. The chlorinator assembly includes a chamber for holding a quantity of solid dry chlorinating chemical, typically in the form of briquettes or pellets.The water spray impacts, abrades, and dissolves the briquettes to a degree, and at a rate which is controlled by the velocity of the spray; the diameter of the support grid; the percentage of open space in, and the thickness of the support grid; and the cyclic timing of the spray. The chemical-water mixture falls into a chamber below the spray and is evacuated therefrom through discharge/check valve assembly to a return line that leads back to the source of the water being chlorinated. The spray duration times and the intervals therebetween can be selectively changed by an attendant.

Abstract: A method for producing chlorine dioxide by activating zeolite crystals (which have been impregnated with metal chlorite such as sodium chlorite, and a water-retaining substance such as magnesium sulfate, potassium chloride, or potassium hydroxide, or calcium chloride) with an acid, or activating an aqueous solution of metal chlorite (preferably sodium chlorite) and such a water-retaining substance. Acids useful for performing the activation are acetic acid, phosphoric acid, and citric acid. The activation can be performed by causing fluid to flow through a bed of zeolite crystals impregnated with calcium chloride (or another water-retaining substance) and sodium chlorite, and a bed of zeolite crystals impregnated with the acid. The two beds can be physically mixed together, or the fluid can be caused to flow sequentially through distinct first and second beds (preferably first through the bed containing acid-impregnated zeolite).

Abstract: Methods for treating regulated waters with low levels of oxidizing halogens and hydrogen peroxide are disclosed, wherein the halogen-containing compound is provided with an erosion control agent such as glycoluril, and the hydrogen peroxide is provided with a hydrogen peroxide stabilizer such as a polyquaternary ammonium compound. Additional stabilizers to chelate metals and increase the half life of peroxide in aqueous solutions may also be added.

Abstract: A saturated solution of an alkaline earth or alkali metal halide salt is electrolyzed in a flowing mercury cathode electrolysis cell. The amalgam is added dropwise to a solution of dichlorodifluoromethane in a solution of a polar, aprotic solvent, not reducible by such amalgams. The solvent contains inhibitors of polymerization, and may contain a promoting salt of lithium or the "onium" type. Tetrafluoroethylene and unreacted dichlorodifluoromethane gases are evolved, and separated by condensing the dichlorodifluoromethane. The polar, aprotic solvent is removed from the reaction and evaporated, crystallizing the chloride salt of the alkaline earth or alkali metal. This salt is combined with the anolyte of the mercury cell to form brine. The spent mercury from the dechlorination and dimerization is also recycled to the mercury cell. The polar, aprotic solvent is condensed, and mixed with the condensed unreacted dichlorodifluoromethane for further dechlorination and dimerization.

Abstract: The use of halo-benzotriazoles as corrosion inhibitors in aqueous systems is disclosed. Halo-benzotriazoles such as chloro-tolyltriazole and bromo-tolyltriazole were found to be more effective corrosion inhibitors than tolyltriazole in the presence of chlorine.

Abstract: A process for preconcentrating and separating radium from a contaminated solution containing at least water and radium includes the steps of adding a quantity of a water-soluble macrocyclic polyether to the contaminated solution to form a combined solution. An acid is added to the combined solution to form an acidic combined solution having an ?H.sup.+ ! concentration of about 0.5M. The acidic combined solution is contacted with a sulfonic acid-based strong acid cation exchange medium or a organophilic sulfonic acid medium having a plurality of binding sites thereon to bind the radium thereto and to form a radium-depleted solution. The radium-depleted solution is separated from the strong acid cation exchange medium or organophilic sulfonic acid medium. The radium remaining bound to the exchange medium or organophilic reagent is then stripped from the exchange medium or organophilic medium and the activity of the radium is measured.

Abstract: Wastewater lagoons are treated with chlorine oxygen compounds to react with odorous sulfides and mercaptans emanating from the lagoon. A fine spray of an aqueous solution of the chlorine oxygen compound (HOCl, NaClO.sub.2, or NaOCL) is applied over the lagoon. The chlorine oxygen compounds react with the sulfides in the vapor zone above the lagoon, converting the odorous compounds to non-odorous compounds.

Abstract: A method of purifying water includes contacting water containing an oxide of chlorine, such as chlorine dioxide, chlorite, or chlorate, with a water purification composition that includes a Group 11 or Group 12 metal such as silver, copper, or zinc.

Abstract: The invention describes a process for controlling contamination of oil production system waters by sessile bacteria, comprisinga) addition of a slug dose of a biologically effective amount of a quick-kill biocide, simultaneously with or followed byb) intermittent addition of a biologically effective amount of a control biocide.This dosing regime is found to be surprisingly effective when compared with known dosing regimes.

Abstract: An apparatus and associated methods for reducing or deterring biological contamination is described. The apparatus features a housing defining a chamber and a reservoir for mixing a fluid with a barrier chemical.

Abstract: A method for removing biguanide from aqueous sources, such as swimming pools, is disclosed. The method includes the steps of bringing at least one polymeric metaphosphate into contact with the aqueous source in a sufficient concentration to form particles containing the biguanide. The particles containing at least a portion of the biguanide can then be removed by various means, including filtration or vacuuming.

Abstract: The water of a water system is treated to inhibit corrosion of metal components by passage through an anion exchanger preloaded with corrosion-inhibiting anions. A low molecular weight polymer is added. A chlorine containing slime controlling agent is added. The concentration of the chloride ion in water is maintained below 50 mg/L.

Abstract: A composition and a process for substantially reducing or removing sulfide from a sulfide-containing fluid are disclosed. The composition comprises, or is prepared by combining components comprising, a sulfide-containing fluid and a sulfide-scavenging amount of a sulfide scavenger selected from the group consisting of bromates, iodates, and combinations of two or more thereof. The process comprises contacting a sulfide-containing fluid with a sulfide-scavenging amount of a sulfide scavenger under a condition sufficient to substantially reduce the sulfide concentration in the fluid.

Abstract: This invention provides new refractory binder compositions comprising silica and titania which can be used to make ceramic bodies, particularly bricks. The refractory binder compositions comprise about 70 to about 92 wt. % silica (SiO.sub.2) and about 8 to about 30% titania (TiO.sub.2). The refractory binder compositions may further comprise alumina and a metal oxide selected from the group consisting of calcium oxide, strontium oxide, and sodium oxide, and mixtures thereof. The refractory ceramic bodies can be used in hot corrosive/erosive environments such as in fluid bed chlorinators in the manufacture of titanium dioxide.

Abstract: The invention is a method for preparing a stabilized aqueous alkali or alkaline earth metal hypobromite solution. The method comprises the steps of:a. Mixing an aqueous solution of alkali or alkaline earth metal hypochlorite having from about 5 percent to about 70 percent available halogen as chlorine with a water soluble bromide ion source;b. Allowing the bromide ion source and the alkali or alkaline earth metal hypochlorite to react to form a 0.5 to 70 percent by weight aqueous solution of unstabilized alkali or alkaline earth metal hypobromite;c. Adding to the unstabilized solution of alkali or alkaline earth metal hypobromite an aqueous solution of an alkali metal sulfamate in a quantity to provide a molar ratio of alkali metal sulfamate to alkali or alkaline earth metal hypobromite is from about 0.5 to about 7; and,d. Recovering a stabilized aqueous alkali or alkaline earth metal hypobromite solution.

Abstract: A chemical controller device for delaying the distribution of chlorinating chemicals into a swimming pool is disclosed. The chemical controller includes a floating dispenser with an inlet port and an outlet port. The floating dispenser contains the swimming pool chlorinating chemicals. A plug of a suitable chemical which dissolves in the pool water sealably blocks the outlet port and prevent contact between the chlorinating chemicals and the pool water. The chemical plug dissolves in the pool water over a period of time and then starts the chlorination process. The length of the chemical plug determines the number of days before the plug dissolves and thus when chlorination of the pool will commence.

Abstract: A two stages electrocatalytic method for oxidative-purification of wastewater from soluble substances, such as toxic chemical admixtures difficult of oxidation, including dye-stuffs, detergents, phenols, cyanides and the like, which stages inactivate the soluble substances present in the wastewater in a synergistic fashion and, therefore, are highly efficient, the method comprising the steps of (a) in a first stage, electrochemically treating the wastewater in the presence of chlorine ions, such that chlorine-containing oxidizing agents are formed and at least partially oxidize the soluble substances in the wastewater; and (b) in a second stage, catalytically treating the first stage treated wastewater in presence of a non-chlorine oxidizing agent and an added catalyst, such that remainings of the soluble substances are further oxidized, and such that the chlorine-containing oxidizing agents formed during the first stage are catalytically reduced; wherein, the first stage and the second stage act synergistica

Abstract: A method of treating water by adding to the water a shelf-stable composition of hydrogen peroxide and a polyquaternary ammonium compound, followed by intermittent treatment with chlorine-, bromine- or oxygen-releasing compounds.

Abstract: A water purifier includes a housing that contains a purification material for purifying the water. The water purifier is placed a flow of circulating water in the spa. The purification material preferably can be a silver-containing material.

Abstract: A method of treating water with peroxyacids and/or chlorine dioxide to supplement PHMB and/or H.sub.2 O.sub.2 and/or polyquaternary ammonium compounds and/or boron-containing compounds.

Abstract: Effective, multi-use filter cleaning compositions include 5% to 60% of a strong acid, 1% to 40% of a surfactant, and 0.5% to 20% of a sequesterant/builder. The filter cleaning compositions optionally include 0.5% to 10% of a water soluble organic solvent, and/or 0.5% to 10% of a nonionic surfactant.

Abstract: The invention relates to a water purification composition including silver metal and a second metal. The second metal is relatively reducing and helps control the overall silver cation concentration in solution. The composition effectively disinfects and removes toxic metal ions from water.

Abstract: Method and apparatus for the control of deposition of contaminants in pumping systems. The method includes the steps of periodically stopping the pump and back feeding chlorinated water and/or surfactants and other organic or inorganic acids at a reduced flow rate through the outlet pipe of the pump and through the pump itself to control the deposition of materials by bacterial action and/or to control biofouling and/or abiotic encrustation. The apparatus includes a bypass and valving to provide a back flow of the chlorinated water and/or surfactants and other organic or inorganic acids through the pumping installation at a relatively slow flow rate and equipment for the feeding desired decontaminants into the back flow.

Abstract: A biocidal powder for sustained release of chlorine dioxide includes particles containing chlorite anions, and a hydrophobic core having the particles on a surface thereof, the hydrophobic core containing an acid releasing agent. The particles and the hydrophobic core are substantially free of water, and the particles are capable of releasing chlorine dioxide upon hydrolysis of the acid releasing agent.

Abstract: A chemical composition for use in purifying water used in swimming pools having surfaces that are comprised of materials that do not react with or dissolve in water, comprising for 2.5 kg of the chemical composition, 1.25 kg of potassiumpersulphate, 300 g of sodium bisulfate, 250 g of ammonium chloride, 100 g of aluminum sulfate, 250 g of sodium bicarbonate, 250 g of calcium chloride and 100 g of ethylendiamine tetra acetic acid (abbreviated EDTA). The potassiumpersulfate and the ammonium chloride are effective in disinfecting water to be purified and in eradicating algae and bacteria therein. The sodium bisulfate, sodium bicarbonate and the calcium chloride are effective in balancing the pH of water to be purified to a pH value within an optimum range between 7.2 and 7.6. The aluminum sulfate serves as a flocculation aid and the copper sulfate is effective in the eradication of black algae. The EDTA is effective to complexing heavy metals in the water.

Abstract: The present invention provides methods of treating or clarifying a turbid wastewater containing at least one contaminant selected from the group consisting of proteinaceous materials, fats, oils, and other biological contaminants. The methods of the present invention include the steps of (a) contacting turbid wastewater to cellulose ester fibrets under conditions sufficient to flocculate the contaminant to form a treatment suspension, and then (b) separating the flocculants from the treatment suspension to provide a clarified wastewater.

Abstract: Disclosed are trichloroisocyanuric acid compositions that have improved algicidal and/or fungicidal properties yet are relatively safe and non-corrosive. The compositions preferably contain between about 50% and about 95% TCCA, between about 0.5% and about 7% glycoluril, between about 2% and about 40% alum, and between about 2% and about 40% borax. The compositions generate substantially less chlorine gas than would be expected from the teachings of the prior art, especially when wet. The inventive compositions are therefore less toxic and less corrosive.

Abstract: A novel method and compositions are disclosed for the treatment of water in recirculating water systems. The method includes providing a boron level of at least 20 ppm in the water, continually eroding into the water a compressed sanitizer/algicide component including a halogen source material, a boron source material, and glycoluril, and periodically adding to the water an oxidizing clarifier comprising a chlorine source material, a non-halogen, chlorine source material, and a boron source material. The invention also provides novel water treatment chemicals including the compressed sanitizer/algicide component and the clarifier useful in the foregoing system. The system and compositions are safe and reliable, control algal and fungal growth and generally provide improved water quality for recirculating water systems.

Abstract: The present invention provides a composition and method of administering same for inhibiting the growth of microorganisms. The composition of the present invention includes sufficient amounts of a peracetic acid and a non-oxidizing biocide. The method of the present invention includes the step of adding sufficient amounts of the peracetic acid and the non-oxidizing biocide to industrial process waters.

Abstract: A slow-dissolving sanitizing and clarifying puck for use in water such as swimming pool water preferably includes about 63% to about 80% trichloro-s-triazinetrione, about 4% to about 12% sodium tetraborate, about 10% to about 22% aluminum sulfate, and about 1% to 5% glycoluril.

Abstract: A process for preparing a composite which provides sustained release of chlorine dioxide which includes mixing a hydrophilic material containing an amine and a base with a hydrophobic material containing an acid releasing agent, the hydrophilic and hydrophobic materials being adjacent and substantially free of water, to form a mixture. The mixture is exposed to chlorine dioxide which reacts with the amine to form iminium chlorite which is decomposed by the base to form a chlorite salt within the hydrophilic material. The hydrophilic material is capable of releasing chlorine dioxide upon hydrolysis of the acid releasing agent.

Abstract: A process for preparing high strength, rock-like, water-resistant aggregates by high intensity mixing of acidic metal chlorides and alkaline/cementitious materials in the presence of a low water ratio wherein the metal chlorides are simultaneously neutralized/stabilized and the mixture is solidified.

Abstract: A process for use in the final stages of purification of sewage water in which the effluent is placed under pressure by a pump and forced through a filter. Part of the effluent is sampled and chlorinated by a chlorine gas injector and then reintroduced into the lager body of effluent. The entire mixture is held within a detention chamber in order to allow the chlorine to dissipate, and then pumped out into a natural stream through a pipe in which air bubbles are injected in order to replenish the oxygen level.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for treating water in which water from a local supply is mixed with measured quantities of a chlorine disinfectant and introduced into a holding vessel maintained at ambient pressure. CO.sub.2 added to the holding tank enhances the potency of the disinfectant with a resultant effective destruction of micro-organisms in the water. From the holding vessel, the disinfected water is conducted to a point of use, which may be a pressurized carbonator incorporated into a post-mix beverage dispenser. A treating module governed by a microprocessor effects the mixing of disinfectant and water and controls the introduction of water with entrained disinfectant into the holding vessel.

Abstract: In a water treatment process using ozone, to prevent bromate formation a quantity of bromide-containing water for treatment is first set to a pH value of less than 6.5 by feeding in CO.sub.2, unless the water already contains the requisite CO.sub.2 by origin. CO.sub.2 and ozone are then simultaneously fed in for a period of several minutes. The feed stream of CO.sub.2 is designed to maintain the pH value, and sufficient ozone is fed to the quantity of water to produce oxidation and sterilization.

Abstract: Process for the treatment of the combustion residues and for the purification of the combustion fumes, in which the residues are washed and then rinsed to reduce the leachable fraction both in respect of the trace elements and in respect of the total soluble fraction, with a low consumption of water and of optional reactants.