Abstract: A feeder uses vortex flow to facilitate the dissolving of a chlorine-containing water treatment chemical. A feeder inlet receives water which is directed to a chamber by a conduit. A vortex flow in the chamber receives amounts of the chemical from a reservoir. Chlorine-containing water exits through an outlet.

Abstract: A method for directly monitoring and controlling a continuous process stream for dechlorination residual is provided. A sample stream to which a dechlorination agent has been added to completely eliminate a residual disinfectant is continuously drawn off. An analyzing agent of iodine is provided by introducing an iodide solution, a chloramine-T solution, and an acetic acid buffer into the sample stream. The reagents quickly react to produce iodine that reacts with any residual disinfectant removal agent residual that may be present. Thereafter, the sample stream is continuously analyzed to determine the amount of unreacted iodine remaining in the process sample. Based on the amount of iodine added to the process sample and the amount of unreacted iodine remaining in the sample after reaction, the amount of dechlorination residual is continuously determined.

Abstract: In the invention, the pipe lines around permselective membranes and the surfaces of permselective membranes are intermittently disinfected by adding an inexpensive acid such as sulfuric acid or the like to pre-treated crude water so as to make the water have a pH of 4 or lower. Accordingly, the invention provides a method of surely disinfecting the permselective membranes in membrane separation systems.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a remover of dissolved fluoride ion for removing fluoride ions contained in wastewater and a treatment method for wastewater containing fluoride using the same. In order to achieve the above objects, the present invention provides a remover of dissolved fluoride ion comprising: a) hydrochloric acid solution reacted with calcium carbonate, and b) a mixture of poly sodium metaphosphate and active aluminum or aqueous solution of mixtures thereof, or an aqueous solution of rare earth element compound, and a treatment method for wastewater containing fluoride using the same.

Abstract: Raw water is treated with chlorine, chlorine dioxide and ammonia in various stages as it proceeds from raw water acquisition through clarification (e.g., coagulation, flocculation, sedimentation, and filtration) to storage of finished water from which the treated water can be introduced into a distribution system. Chlorine dioxide can be used as a pre-oxidant or disinfectant. Chlorine can be used as a disinfectant or to react with ammonia to produce monochloramine.

Abstract: The present invention relates generally to novel water treatment compositions and methods of preparation and use. More particularly, the invention relates to solid water treatment compositions containing at least one halogen source and at least one amine compound. Methods of preparing solid water treatment compositions and methods for controlling biofouling, disinfecting, cleaning and water systems are also provided.

Abstract: The present invention provides a new method for the in situ generation of chlorine dioxide from a solution of sodium chlorite and carbon dioxide. The present invention produces effective levels of chlorine dioxide without having to resort to the use of hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, hydrogen peroxide, chlorine, sulfur dioxide, or methanol. By eliminating the use of toxic and/or hazardous compounds, the present invention provides a safer means for generating and using chlorine dioxide in a wider variety of applications than previously possible. For instance, the present invention can easily be adapted for the treatment of combustion exhaust gases, flue gases, cooling towers, chilled water systems, contaminated groundwater, and agricultural produce or products.

Abstract: A treatment system for treating water/wastewater includes two continuously operating granular media filters that are operated together in series. The water/wastewater to be treated is introduced as an influent into the first of the granular media filters and is treated therein. Treated, processed water/wastewater or effluent is produced as is a first reject which contains impurities separated from a granular media bed in the first granular media filter and which is discharged from the first granular media filter. The effluent from the first granular media filter is further filtered in the second continuously operating granular media filter such that the effluent from the second granular media filter is clarified water and a second reject discharged from the second granular media filter contains impurities separated from a granular bed in the second granular media filter.

Abstract: Stable biocide formulations containing oxidizing bromine are provided for biofouling control in industrial water systems. The formulations contain at least one stable oxidizing bromine compound that is prepared from at least one oxidizing chemical reagent, at least one bromine source and at least one bromine or halogen stabilizer. The resulting products are a mixture of stable oxidizing bromine compounds that can be used as a biocide in an industrial water system.

Abstract: A composition for treatment of water and soils comprises components A. CaCO3, B. at least one compound selected from the group consisting of calcium salts, including CaCl2 and Ca(NO3)2, and inorganic magnesium compounds, C. at least one compound selected from the group consisting of NaHCO3 and KHCO3, wherein the components A and B are present in a molar ratio of from 0.1:1 to 1:1, and wherein the components B and C are present in a molar ratio of from 1:3 to 1:1.

Abstract: Effective corrosion inhibitors having minimal organic content, particularly suitable for use in municipal drinking water systems, are described. The corrosion inhibiting additive is a stannous salt of a non-carbon acid.

Abstract: A process for optimizing the rate of oxidation using a combination of halogen, e.g. chlorine donors and peroxygen, e.g. potassium monopersulfate. The peroxygen compound elevates the oxidation-reduction potential of the body of water being treated. Simultaneously, a halogen donor is added to the body of water to maintain a PPM level of free halogen sufficient to insure sanitization. The amount of free halogen is reduced and the ORP effective range expanded to 700-850 mv by addition of an effective amount of a coagulating agent. The feed rates and concentrations of both oxidizers are optimized so as to achieve and maintain the targeted parameters. A high level of oxidation is maintained which removes by-products from the water and surrounding air.

Abstract: A system and method are provided which removes bromine biocide used in effluent process streams without the use of chemicals or complex mechanical systems. In particular, the system and method of the present invention remove bromine biocide by photodissociating the bromine, thereby forming innocuous salts. Ultraviolet energy may be used to provide the energy for photodissociation, in particular ultraviolet energy supplied by medium pressure Hg vapor lamps.

Abstract: In a method of removing organic contaminants from a liquid, an oxidizing gas is formed into sub-micron size bubbles which are dispersed into an initially contaminated liquid, after which the treated liquid is recovered. The oxidizing gas is preferably selected from a group including ozone and chlorine dioxide and is utilized immediately upon its manufacture. An oxidizing liquid may be employed in conjunction with the oxidizing gas.

Abstract: A process is described for dewatering sewage sludge consisting of the combination of an acidic oxidative preconditioning with an inorganic post-conditioning, in which case the preconditioning comprises an acidification of the sewage sludge and a catalytic partial oxidation by addition of a substoichiometric amount of hydrogen peroxide and iron ions at a pH≦5 and then an inorganic post-conditioning is carried out in which the acidified and partially oxidized sewage sludge is admixed with alkaline earth, and in which case, in the inorganic post-conditioning, sufficient calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2) is supplied so that the pH of the limed sewage sludge is in the range from at least 9 to at most 11, in order thereafter to dewater the conditioned sewage sludge mechanically.

Abstract: A portable oxidant generator for generating a chlorine or chlor-oxygen solution suitable for sterilizing contaminated drinking water, thereby providing a water disinfection system and potable water. The oxidant generator includes an electrolytic chamber and a power supply or source. The chamber holds a salt brine solution such that the solution is in contact with an anode and cathode included in the chamber. The power supply provides electrical charge that is passed between the anode and cathode through the salt brine solution. In the preferred embodiment of the present invention, a combination manual pump/switch is activated and injects electrolyte into the cell chamber and electrolyzes the solution. In one embodiment, as electrolysis proceeds, hydrogen gas is liberated and causes a gas pressure within the cell chamber thereby forcing the freshly generated oxidant solution from the cell.

Abstract: In a pollutant decomposition process for decomposing pollutants by bringing pollutants contained in air into contact with air which contains chlorine, under irradiation by light, at least part of a chlorine-generating solution present in a chlorine generation region is fed to means for forming functional water by electrolysis to effect regeneration and is again fed to the chlorine generation region. Also disclosed is a pollutant decomposition system used in such a process.

Abstract: A system is provided for controlling a rate at which a treatment fluid is introduced into a main stream to be treated so that a selected characteristic of the main stream matches a set point for the selected characteristic. A pilot stream is diverted from the main stream. The pilot stream is treated with a known amount of the treatment fluid and is analyzed to determine if the selected characteristic matches the set point for the selected characteristic. If the set point for the selected characteristic is matched in the pilot stream, a related amount of treatment fluid is introduced into the main stream. If analysis of the pilot stream indicates that the level of the selected characteristic is above or below the set point, the rate at which the treatment fluid is injected into the pilot stream and the main stream is appropriately adjusted to cause the selected characteristic in the pilot stream and the main stream to more closely match the set point for the selected characteristic.

Abstract: A feeder uses vortex flow to facilitate the dissolving of a chlorine-containing water treatment chemical. A feeder inlet receives water which is directed to a chamber by a conduit. A vortex flow in the chamber receives amounts of the chemical from a reservoir. Chlorine-containing water exits through an outlet.

Abstract: Apparatus and method for dissolving chemical tablets for creating a variable rate of chemical dissolution in a stream of constant flow rate of untreated liquid, especially water. The apparatus includes a housing in which a container is placed. The container includes a sieve plate or perforated grid which separates the container into an upper chamber in which chemical tablets are stored and a lower mixing chamber. A collection reservoir is defined in an annular outside the container wall and inside of the housing. Several arrangements are illustrated by which a vortex of liquid is generated of controllable variable intensity in the lower or mixing chamber thereby creating uneven liquid pressure beneath the perforated grid as a function of radial distance. As a result, fluid passes aggressively through outer radial perforations or holes in the grid and which impinge on the chemical tablets stacked on the grid.

Abstract: A kit for converting a water circulation system in a hot tub into a water purification system including a housing that can be fixedly mounted to a spa or hot tub, a chamber in the housing, an inlet for splicing into the spa water circulation system, and an outlet for splicing into the spa water circulation system, a dispenser for mounting in the chamber in the housing with the dispenser containing water purification materials so that when water flows through the spa water circulation system the water also flows through the chamber with the water purification material to simultaneously purifies the water and direct jets of water into the hot tub.

Abstract: A method according to the present invention for treating excess wastewater from a sewer system includes receiving excess wastewater from the sewer system in a first portion of a shaft structure; allowing a first quantity of the wastewater to flow from the first portion of the shaft structure into a tunnel in inhibitable fluid communication with the shaft structure; allowing a second quantity of the wastewater to flow from the first portion of the shaft structure into a second portion of the shaft structure when flow into the tunnel is inhibited; injecting a treating agent into the second quantity of wastewater so as to treat the second quantity of wastewater; and allowing a portion of the second quantity of wastewater to flow from the second portion of the shaft structure to an effluent passage in fluid communication with the second portion of the shaft structure after the step of injecting a treating agent.

Abstract: The present invention relates to compositions and methods for treating water to reduce the phosphate level thereof and control the growth therein of algae and other microorganisms by treating the water with an effective amount of a composition containing a lanthanide halide.

Abstract: A water soluble dialkylhydantoin and a source of bromide ion are added to a body of water needing sanitization. This is followed by contacting the body of water with an oxidizing agent, which creates biocidal species in situ in the body of water.

Abstract: A polluted soil remediation apparatus comprising a treatment tank in which pollutants degradable with light irradiation in the presence of chlorine is extracted as a gas containing the pollutants from polluted soil and a mixture of the gas containing the pollutants and chlorine-containing air is irradiated with light to degrade the pollutants, wherein the apparatus comprises a unit for aspirating the gas containing the pollutants from the polluted soil, a chlorine-containing air generation unit for generating the chlorine-containing gas, a mixing unit for mixing the gas containing the pollutants extracted by the aspiration unit and the chorine-containing air generated by the chlorine-containing gas generation unit to form a mixed gas, the treatment tank comprising a treatment region where the mixed gas is introduced and a light irradiation unit for irradiating the treatment region with light to degrade the pollutants contained in the mixed gas, and an exhaust unit for exhausting the degradation-treated gas fr

Abstract: An apparatus for providing a predetermined volume of biocidally treated water to a feed water side of a reverse osmosis device when it is shut down. A biocide dispenser treats a predetermined volume of water from a source with a biocidal agent. A valve, coupled to the source of the predetermined volume of water, transfers the predetermined volume of water to the feed water side of the reverse osmosis device. A controller, coupled to the valve, causes the transfer of the predetermined volume of water after a source of feed water connected to the feed water side of the reverse osmosis device is shut off, and then causes the predetermined volume of water to remain in the feed water side of the reverse osmosis device while the reverse osmosis device is shut down.

Abstract: A method and equipment are disclosed for tertiary sewage treatment by naturally-occurring microorganisms after the sewage has passed from a septic tank or other primary treatment device. Tertiary treatment occurs within enclosed, controlled conditions in a recirculation tank housing a recirculating spray system and a filter bed. The recirculation process is controlled by a timer and a timer float responding to the wastewater level in the recirculation tank. A mixing zone is provided in a bottom portion of the recirculation tank.

Abstract: Stable oxidizing bromine compounds are prepared by preparing a caustic solution comprising a halogen stabilizer, water and an alkali or alkaline earth metal hydroxide, the halogen stabilizer being selected from the group consisting of R—NH2, R—NH—R1, R—SO2—NH2, R—SO2—NHR1, R—CO—NH2, R—CO—NH—R1 and R—CO—NH—CO—R1 wherein R is a hydroxy group, an alkyl group or an aromatic group and R1 is an alkyl group or an aromatic group, adding bromine chloride to the solution while mixing the solution, and cooling the solution.

Abstract: Method of controlling biofouling and microorganism population levels in a water system, comprising adding to the water a redox buffer and oxidizing thereafter. The redox buffer may be a peroxide or hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), which is added to the water. The redox buffer keeps the redox potential between about 250 to 450 mV. The oxidant may include a halogenating chemical which is chosen from among the hypohalite species, such as HOCl, NaOCl, NaOBr, HOBr, OBr−, OCl−, Br2, Cl2 and acid solutions. The acid solution is selected from among those containing (Cl2+HCl), (Br2+HBr), (Br2+HCl), trichlorocyanoric acid (TCCA), bromochlorodimethyl hydantoin (BCDMH), dibromodimethyl hydantoin (DBDMH), dichlorodimethyl hydantoin (DCDMH), and other halogen agents, preferably an active chlorine donor or sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) or hypohalide acid (HOX), such as hypochlorous acid (HOCl) or hypobromous acid (HOBr), or hypohalite ion OX, wherein X is Cl or Br, or halohydantoin.

Abstract: A water purification system for a swimming pool, pond, aquatic mammal tank, spa or fountain, which is simple to operate, low in maintenance, and highly reliable. The system comprises at least an ozonator and an electrolytic chlorinator. The system preferably comprises, in sequence, a vortex separator for initial separation of particulates; optionally an absorption or adsorption filter which may be a conventional pool filter using sand, diatomaceous earth, or paper cartridge as filtering medium; an ozone injector; an ozone contact chamber having a top end and a bottom end, wherein said water stream injected with ozone enters at or near said top end and is withdrawn from at or near said bottom end; and an electrolytic chlorinator for production of chlorine which is then oxidized to oxychlorine species.

Abstract: An amperometric bromine control system accurately maintains a desired concentration of bromine within a home spa or in other water features. The control system employs amperometric sensing to measure the bromine concentration in the spa water and uses this measurement to control the electrochemical production of bromine through the oxidation of aqueous bromide. The level of bromide in the spa water desirably is greater than 50 ppm in order to obtain a linear relationship between the current level sensed through the amperometric measurement and the concentration level of bromine in the water. In this manner, the control system can accurately measure the bromine concentration in the spa water and precisely maintain the bromine concentration within a desired range between about 2 ppm and 6 ppm.

Abstract: In a method of removing organic contaminants from a liquid, an oxidizing gas is formed into sub-micron size bubbles which are dispersed into an initially contaminated liquid, after which the treated liquid is recovered. The oxidizing gas is preferably selected from a group including ozone and chlorine dioxide and is utilized immediately upon its manufacture. An oxidizing liquid may be employed in conjunction with the oxidizing gas.

Abstract: A method of drilling a bore hole is described. A desiccant is added to a Hydrocarbon Based Fluid (Crude Oil—Refined Oil—Diesel Fuel—Mineral Oil—etc.) used as a drilling fluid to drill bore holes (Oil and Gas Wells—Mine Shafts—etc.) to react with any water (H2O) present to generate a water free fluid. Several advantages result from accomplishing the water removal process including higher drilling rates, lower fluid preparation and maintenance costs, lower drilling fluid pumping costs, improved solids removal from the drilling fluid at the surface, improved bore hole conditions and improved environmental cleanup of the drill solids waste.

Abstract: In a method of removing organic contaminants from a liquid, an oxidizing gas is formed into sub-micron size bubbles which are dispersed into an initially contaminated liquid, after which the treated liquid is recovered. The oxidizing gas is preferably selected from a group including ozone and chlorine dioxide and is utilized immediately upon its manufacture. An oxidizing liquid may be employed in conjunction with the oxidizing gas.

Abstract: A system (10) and method for hydrothermal treatment of a feed material (11) includes a reaction chamber (14) in a reactor (12). Importantly, an additive (16) is added with the feed material (11) to the reaction chamber (14). The additive (16) causes a reaction medium (18) in the reaction chamber (14) to include phosphate compounds. The phosphate compounds allow precipitating salts to be transported through the reactor (12) without plugging and inhibiting the build-up of precipitating salts in the reaction chamber (14).

Abstract: Described is a method and device for servicing the water of a swimming pool 1 by adding a disinfectant. The disinfectant is added by circulating the water through a branched circuit of the pool using a constant flow stirring pump 5. The operation of the pump is determined by the temperature of the water detected by temperature sensor 30 located within the branched circuit. The operating time of the pump is determined according to preset programs of a control box 3 which divide the operating time into time slot units of similar duration spread over several time ranges. The disinfectant addition can be carried out by pebble support 64 or by electrolysis within the branch circuit. Also, if the temperature drops below a minimal freeze risk value or above a maximal value, the pump is continuously operated and a warning is generated.

Abstract: This invention relates to a method and materials for inhibiting the growth of algae in swimming pools by introducing silver chloride onto a filter in a re-circulating system, whereby the silver chloride will dissolve and, thus, introduce silver ion into the body of water in the pool.

Abstract: Nestable canisters for use in a dispersal valve that normally holds only a single canister with the nestable canisters suitable for replacing single canisters to enable a fluid mixing stream to be bifurcated and simultaneously but separately treat the water with different materials. The fluid mixing stream which normally flows through the set of ports that are used for dispensing only one solid chemical into the liquid stream flowing through the dispersal valve is bifurcated to provide for both dispersant type bacteria killing as well as in situ bacteria killing. In addition the nestable canisters are provided with an improved bactericide and algaecide for killing algae in the water and absorbing acids that might be generated by use of chlorine in the dispersal valve.

Abstract: Effective corrosion inhibitors having minimal organic content, particularly suitable for use in municipal drinking water systems, are described. The preferred corrosion inhibiting additive is an aqueous solution of a stannous halide, preferably stannous chloride.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method for producing an electrolytic solution containing a solute of lithium hexafluorophosphate. This method includes a step of (a) reacting lithium fluoride with phosphorus pentafluiride, in a nonaqueous organic solvent that is used for producing a lithium cell's electrolytic solution, thereby to form the lithium hexafluorophosphate dissolved in the solvent. According to this method, both yield and purity of the reaction product are sufficiently high, and the reaction can easily be managed. According to need, after the step (a), the nonaqueous organic solvent may be replaced with another nonaqueous organic solvent. The present invention further relates to a method for purifying an electrolytic solution used for a lithium cell. This electrolytic solution contains an acid impurity having at least one hydrogen atom in the molecule.

Abstract: A process for breaking down hydroxylamine in aqueous solutions, especially wastewaters, by treatment with an oxidizing agent, which comprises using as said oxidizing agent an alkali metal hypohalite or alkaline earth metal hypohalite or peroxomonosulfuric or peroxodisulfuric acid or a salt thereof and carrying out the treatment with said oxidizing agent at a pH<8.

Abstract: A method for producing chlorine dioxide by activating zeolite crystals (which have been impregnated with metal chlorite such as sodium chlorite, and optionally also a water-retaining substance such as magnesium sulfate, potassium chloride, potassium hydroxide, or calcium chloride) with excess protons, or activating an aqueous solution of metal chlorite and such a water-retaining substance with excess protons. Proton generating species useful for the activation are acids such as acetic, phosphoric, and citric acid, and metal salts such as ferric chloride, ferric sulfate, ZnSO4, ZnCl2, CoSO4, CoCl2, MnSO4, MnCl2, CuSO4, CuCl2, and MgSO4. The activation can be performed by causing fluid to flow through a bed of zeolite crystals impregnated with calcium chloride (or other water-retaining substance) and sodium chlorite, and a bed of zeolite crystals impregnated with a proton generating species.

Abstract: A process for optimizing the rate of oxidation using a combination of halogen, e.g. chlorine donors and peroxygen, e.g. potassium monopersulfate. The peroxygen compound elevates the oxidation-reduction potential of the body of water being treated. Simultaneously, a halogen donor is added to the body of water to maintain a PPM level of free halogen sufficient to insure sanitization. The feed rates and concentrations of both oxidizers are optimized so as to achieve and maintain the targeted parameters. A high level of oxidation is maintained which removes by-products from the water and surrounding air.

Abstract: A balanced water purification system is provided with a buffer compound, and oxidizer/clarifier compound, and a biocide compound disposed in multiple packets such that the biocide compound and the oxidizer/clarifier compound are contained in different packets. The composition purifies and clarifies water while maintaining the existing water pH. The composition may also include a filtration aid, an algicide, a calcium releasing source, a chelator, and a sequestering agent.

Abstract: The invention is a method for preparing a stabilized aqueous alkali or alkaline earth metal hypobromite solution. The method comprises the steps of:a. Mixing an aqueous solution of alkali or alkaline earth metal hypochlorite having from about 5 percent to about 70 percent available halogen as chlorine with a water soluble bromide ion source;b. Allowing the bromide ion source and the alkali or alkaline earth metal hypochlorite to react to form a 0.5 to 70 percent by weight aqueous solution of unstabilized alkali or alkaline earth metal hypobromite;c. Adding to the unstabilized solution of alkali or alkaline earth metal hypobromite an aqueous solution of an alkali metal sulfamate in a quantity to provide a molar ratio of alkali metal sulfamate to alkali or alkaline earth metal hypobromite is from about 0.5 to about 7; and,d. Recovering a stabilized aqueous alkali or alkaline earth metal hypobromite solution.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for treating a liquid (2) to inhibit growth of living organisms therein by adding to the liquid an active biocidal ingredient formed by mixing an oxidant (4) and an amine source (6), by: producing a predetermined dilution of the oxidant (4); producing a predetermined dilution of the amine source (6); synchronously metering the two dilutions into a conduit (16) to continuously mix therein according to a predetermined ratio to produce the active biocidal ingredient having high reproducibility, stability and efficacy in situ in the conduit (16); and continuously injecting the active biocidal ingredient, as it is produced in situ in the conduit (16), directly from the conduit into the liquid being treated.

Abstract: A balanced water purification composition is provided with a buffer compound, and oxidizer/clarifier compound, and a biocide compound. The composition purifies and clarifies water while maintaining the existing water pH. The composition may also include a filtration aid, an algicide, a calcium releasing source, a chelator, and a sequestering agent.

Abstract: In a sterilizing and rinsing water generating method of generating sterilizing and rinsing water by increasing the electric conductivity of water by adding halide electrolytes to the water and creating hypohalogenous acid by electrolyzing the water using an anode plate and a cathode, the mole ratio of bromide ions and chloride ions supplied by the electrolytes is set to 57:43 or a value in the vicinity of it. The sterilizing and rinsing water generated by the method can sterilize even germs which form spores having a high tolerance. There is also provided a sterilizing and rinsing water generating apparatus for embodying the method.

Abstract: This invention describes a method for stabilizing bromine biocides in water. A water-soluble bromide salt and a sulfamate source are added to a body of water, and then an oxidant is added to the body of water to form the biocidal bromine species.

Abstract: This invention relates to an intermittent process for inhibiting the settlement of zebra mussels in the post-veliger state in addition to providing infestation control of zebra mussels in the veliger state. The process comprises (a) connecting a chlorine dioxide generator to an entry means, such as a water intake pipe or reservoir, of a flowing aqueous system containing a population of zebra mussel veligers and post-veligers, (b) pumping specified amounts of chlorine dioxide into said aqueous system.