Abstract: An apparatus and method for the comminution of plant matter, particularly of moist plant matter, for the production of corn cob mix, for example, provides that a rotor is rotationally mounted in a housing and provided with a drive, the rotor carrying movable blades and the housing carrying stationary blades so that there is a mutual interaction of the blades for comminution. The moving blades are slanted back in the direction of motion of the rotor. The blades are formed of sheet steel preferably manufactured by punching and have a thickness of 0.3 through 3 mm, preferably 0.5 through 1 mm. The comminution occurs in such a manner that the plant matter is non-uniformly accelerated and pre-comminuted between a plurality of high-speed intercutters moving a circular orbit and is finish-comminuted by a plurality of outer-stationary cutters.

Abstract: For reducing the specific energy outlay in the grinding-drying of damp initial material, a circulating grinding system including a comminution machine, particularly an impact hammer, which is followed, via a sifter, by a high-pressure roll press operated in accord with the principle of product bed comminution, whereby the product admission of an impact hammer mill is connected to the feed for fresh initial material and the product discharge of a roll press is in communication with a product admission and/or with a product discharge of an impact hammer mill.

Abstract: An agricultural machine for producing a storable power fodder of grain and stalk product comprises a device for cutting a grain containing stalk product, a device for threshing the cut product, a device for separating during the threshing a part composed of stalk and leaf fraction, a device for throwing the separated part onto a field, and a device for comminuting a remaining part composed of grains and short straw.

Abstract: A continuous process for reclaiming rubber, steel and fiber products from tires wherein the tires and tire material flow on conveyors throughout the various steps of the process, including the steps of shredding a flow of whole tires into pieces in a shear-type shredder, and screening the flow of tire pieces by size into a first flow containing pieces at least as large as a specified size, and a second flow containing pieces under a specified size. Reshredding and rescreening the pieces of the first flow is performed until they are smaller than the specified size. Granulating the pieces of the second flow occurs in a first granulator wherein the pieces remain in the granulator until they are reduced below a second specified size. Fiber materials are vacuumed from the flow of granulated material with an air separator after granulation and steel and steel-containing rubber pieces are removed from the flow of material via a magnetic separator after the fiber materials have been removed.

Abstract: A mechanism and method for the comminuting and grinding of brittle grinding stock including a roll press with the material passed from the roll press to a deagglomeration drum which co-rotates with the tube mill. The material from the deagglomeration drum is passed to the tube mill and the material from the tube mill being passed to a separator. In one form the material from the separator is passed to a second separator and the coarser products from the second separator are led back to the tube mill with an airstream conducting the finer material from the tube mill to the first separator.

Abstract: Crushed particles of coal, ores or industrial minerals or rocks are comminuted by feeding them through a feeder (14) into a cyclic stream (19, 22, 38, 39, 41) of cryogenic process fluid such as liquid carbon dioxide and conducting the process stream with the entrained mineral particles to a comminuter (17) and through a zone therein of mechanically generated high frequency vibratory energy, preferably ultrasonic. The comminuter (17) may be multistage with means for re-cycling oversize mineral particles and, after leaving the comminuter (17) the process stream (38) is conveyed to a separator (18) for extracting the comminuted particles and re-cycling the cryogenic fluid to the feeder (14). The low temperature of the process stream is maintained by refrigerating means (16) and losses of the fluid are made up by supplementary fluid fed to the stream.

Abstract: Apparatus and a method for its use for reducing discarded pneumatic tires and other large articles of tough, resilient, material into pieces of greatly reduced size, including a series of machines which successively shear and granulate tough, resilient articles into smaller and smaller pieces. In one embodiment of the apparatus according to the invention two successive rotary shear machines are followed by a granulator. Pieces are sorted before being sent to the granulator, and oversize pieces are sent a second time through the two shears. In another embodiment of the invention a single rotary shear apparatus is followed by a pair of granulators which successively reduce the size of pieces of material to smaller and smaller sizes.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a process for preparing a coal-water slurry comprising the steps of screening coal into a coarse-grained coal and a fine-grained coal; subjecting said coarse-grained coal to gravity classification to classify into a low ash coal, a middle ash coal and a high ash coal; wet grinding a mixture of the fine-grained coal, the middle ash coal and part of the low ash coal, and subjecting same to flotation; preparing a first slurry having a solid concentration of 40-60 wt. % from the low ash froth resultant from flotation; and mixing another part of the low ash coal with this first slurry and wet grinding this mixture. This process can accord the solid concentration of the product slurry with an optional target value by adjusting the amount of the low ash coal mixed with the first slurry, and can use the remaining low ash coal not to be added to the first slurry for the purpose of preparing the second product slurry.

Abstract: A high-concentration coal-water slurry of a coal concentration as high as 71 percent by weight at a viscosity of 2,000 cp (at 25.degree. C.) can be produced by first coarsely crushing a starting coal, further pulverizing 95 to 30 percent by weight of the coarsely crushed thus obtained, subjecting the finely pulverized coal thus obtained, together with the remainder of the coarsely crushed coal, to crushing in a wet-type crusher, and pulverizing and adjusting the coal particles to a particle size constitution of 20 to 30 percent by weight of 200-mesh size and larger and 80 percent by weight or less of 350-mesh size and smaller.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for continuous pressure comminution of brittle grinding stock such as cement clinker wherein simultaneous operations of unit grain comminution and product bed comminution are carried out in the roller gap of the same roller machine in such a manner that the grinding stock is first precomminuted by means of the unit grain comminution in a wider roller gap and immediately thereafter, the grinding stock fragments produced in the unit grain comminution are further comminuted by the technique of product bed comminution in the region of the narrowest roller gap. The continuous pressure comminution is characterized by a high pressure of more than 2 metric tons per centimeter of roller length, with a sifter being provided after the pressure roller.

Abstract: A method and an apparatus for finely crushing particles of material in a mill comprising feeding the material to be crushed to a first impact position, impacting and impelling the particles from the first impact position by a rotating impact surface stationary impact surface to a and accelerating the particles in a vacuum to produce a sufficiently high impact energy at the first impact surfact to crush the particles fed thereto prior to the section impact surface. The particles to be comminuted are passed through a feeding tube or channel to a crushing chamber containing a rotor having its axle parallel to the feeding tube and having first impact surfaces thereon which are arranged to be parallel with the stationary impact surface, or surfaces, at the time they impact with the particles fed to the first impact position. The outlet of the feeding tube is located at the outer periphery of the rotor.

Abstract: A process for producing iron oxide fine powder of high purity from an oxide iron ore such as hematite or magnetite by only physical processing is disclosed, which comprises the steps of: providing a preliminarily ground raw material powder of an oxide iron ore or a mixture thereof having the impurity content in a specific range; classifying the raw material iron ore powder under such conditions that fine particles smaller than 10 .mu.m in diameter are removed from the ore powder; optionally treating the classified powder with an acid solution; refining the classified, optionally acid-treated iron ore powder by means of gravity concentration; and finish grinding the refined powder to reduce the particle size to a desired level.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for two-stage crushing of material wherein the material is subjected to crushing first in a constant speed roll mill and then in a second mill. Grit resulting from the crushing is returned to the first mill in a proportion to maintain the filling level of combined fresh material and grit substantially constant even when the quantity of such fresh material changes.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method for comminuting a coarse lump mineral material in an autogenous grinding system, in which feed to the grinder is divided into a coarse fraction and a fine fraction. The coarse fraction is coarser than the inflection point on the coarse side of the knee of the particle size distribution curve of the charge of said autogenous grinder; the fine fraction is substantially all finer than the point of intersection between two tangents drawn between the adjacent inflection points on either side of the knee of the particle size distribution curve of the charge. The ratio between the amounts of fractions is determined on the basis of achieving a given charge quantity for a particular, selected set point power value for the mill in question, and determined with respect to a selected degree of grinding. Grinding efficiency is greatly increased by selecting feed sizes in accordance with the present invention.

Abstract: Apparatus and method for obtaining a uniform ground sample of grain, seeds and other foodstuff of a lot to be tested for make-up composition including presence of mycotoxins. A planetary grinder is employed having for example three peripheral discharge outlets, two of which are of uniform size and the third of which has a restricted outlet to discharge a test sample, such as 6% of the entire lot being ground. The test sample has been found to have a closely similar composition to the entire lot and can be subjected to analysis of one type or another with confidence of its representative composition.

Abstract: A process for beneficiating oil shale is disclosed including the steps of grinding the shale to fine particles in an aqueous medium, portions of which are kerogen-rich and kerogen-poor, scrubbing the particles, separating the particles by either selectively flocculating out a fraction, redispersing the fraction and reseparating using froth flotation, or vice versa, and oil agglomerating/dewatering the kerogen-rich fraction.

Abstract: A method and apparatus of comminuting ore-like material to produce a disproportionately large volume of flakier product which is easily and more efficiently ground in a mill, wherein the method includes the application of a stream of liquid all around the inlet of a conical crusher, increasing the speed and reducing the throw of the crusher to produce a generally flaky product, crushing the ore in the presence of the liquid and passing the ore and liquid slurry directly to a grinding mill.

Abstract: A process for grinding organic-containing mineral matter, particularly oil shale, is disclosed comprising a series of increasing finer grind-producing grinding steps, each followed by an organic beneficiation step. A portion of the organic-enhanced beneficiation product is mixed with each successive grinding step feed.

Abstract: In an apparatus and method for producing sand from stone, the stone is first crushed in a centrifugal crusher and then filtered through a screen. The stone retained on the screen is further crushed by a vibration mill. The stone passing through the screen and the stone crushed by the vibration mill are combined and then are filtered through a separater to separate out the minute particules. Measurements of various flow rates and particle sizes are made in order to control the rotational speed of the vibration mill and the rate at which stone is supplied to the screen.

Abstract: Roasted coffee is ground by passage through grinding and regrinding steps, each step being characterized by having the rolls thereof in each pair thereof moving linearly at the same speed to produce a granulized coffee, the coffee being ground substantially in a single bean dimension and being thereby discretely cracked.

Abstract: Apparatus for and method of reducing spherically shaped fluid coke waste by-product pellets into a pulverized condition for use as a fuel in which there is a first grinding and pulverizing mill initially receiving the waste material which, because of its spherical shape is difficult to pulverize, and accordingly the waste material is transported to a second grinding mill where its spherical shape is altered to render it more easily pulverizable upon return to the first grinding mill where the final pulverizing of the waste material takes place prior to discharge to a point of use which may be to directly fire a furnace, a boiler or a kiln. The waste material is usually rather wet and requires drying so as not to choke the grinding apparatus, and for this purpose heat generated during the burning of the pulverized waste material is returned to the apparatus for the purpose of drying the waste material during its processing in the respective mills.

Abstract: A process for producing a coal-water slurry having a high coal concentration (generally 60 to 80% by weight or more) and a lower viscosity, at a lower cost and with a smaller amount of dispersing agent added is provided, which process is directed to a process for producing a high concentration coal-water slurry by feeding coal, water and a dispersing agent into a wet, continuous ball mill and wet-milling them, characterized by feeding the dispersing agent in a multi-stage manner along the milling direction of coal within the ball mill.

Abstract: A process and plant for mechanical treatment of municipal refuse, including transformation and subsequent reuse of various directly or indirectly usable products. The process permits complete separation of the combustibles, vegetable matter, hard plastics, PVC, ferrous scrap and inert substances, and includes the following steps, starting from the receiving pit: tearing open the sacks containing the municipal refuse and thoroughly mixing the slime; charging a treatment line wherein the combustible, vegetable matter, hard plastics, PVC and glass bottles fractions undergo primary separation; collecting some of the separated products as directly usable products; and routing the remainder of the separated products to lines for treatment of the various fractions contained therein.

Abstract: There is provided a method wherein the source material, rubber or vulcanization products is pulverized in an extruder wherein it is first compressed by a force of 0.2 to 0.7 MPa, then subjected simultaneously to a pressure ranging from 0.2 to 50 MPa and a shear force ranging from 0.03 to 5 N/mm.sup.2 while heating the material to a temperature ranging from 80.degree. to 250.degree. C. and then cooling said material to a temperature ranging from 15.degree. to 60.degree. C. The source materials can be used rubber goods, such as used tires and rejects of tire industry, footwear and industrial rubber production.

Abstract: In order to enable a reduction of the percentage of liquid in a liquid/coal pumping mixture the coal is dry-ground in a first grinding stage (1) to provide a relatively coarse particle size and then a fraction of the coarse ground coal is then dry-ground in a second grinding stage (9) to a relative fine particle size. The fine ground fraction is then mixed with the remainder of the coarse-ground fraction (7) and with the liquid.

Abstract: This process, which comprises subjecting coal to gravity classification to classify into a low ash coal, a middle ash coal and a high ash coal; deashing the middle ash coal by flotation; and using the deashed middle ash coal together with the low ash coal as the materials for producing a coal-water slurry, provides a low ash content and high solid content coal-water slurry in a high coal recovery as well as economically. This coal-water slurry is able to handle, store and burn as are fuel oils.

Abstract: A roller crusher for receiving a harder to grind material, means mixing the harder to grind material with an easier to grind material and delivering the mixed materials to a ball mill for common grinding, separating the remaining coarse particles from material received by the grinder by a sieve or a cyclone, and recirculating the remaining the coarse particles to the ball mill.

Abstract: A method for increasing the bulk density and decreasing the time of wetting with water of a substantially anhydrous kaolin clay powder, comprising dry ball-milling the said powder using work inputs of from about 5 to about 40 HP-hrs/ton of dry clay, followed by pulverization in a high energy impact mill and classification to eliminate undesirable larger particles. The ball-milling may be effected by grinding the clay with ceramic balls of less than 5 inches diameter. The process enables improved handling characteristics for the treated clay with respect to bulk material handling systems.

Abstract: Coal particles, typically having a particle diameter below approximately one micron, are produced by mechanical fracturing, the addition of a swelling agent, the further mechanical fracturing and removal of the swelling agent. In particular, gaseous anhydrous ammonia is employed as the entrainment fluid and swelling agent in a fluid energy mill for coal comminution.

Abstract: This invention is a process for comminuting run-of-mine crushed coal by contacting the coal with an aqueous methanol solution for a time sufficient to comminute a substantial portion of the coal to a predetermined particle size. Another aspect of this invention is a process for slurry mining coal which comprises contacting the coal in-situ with an aqueous methanol solution for a time sufficient to comminute a portion of the coal and to form a slurry, and then conveying the slurry to a receiving vessel where the comminuted coal is recovered. Still another aspect of this invention, is to transport the comminuted coal having a desired particle size in slurry form using an aqueous methanol solution as the slurry medium wherein there is further comminution of the coal to improve its burning characteristics.

Abstract: A process which comprises passing soft limerock through a primary crusher, adding water to the crushed rock, passing the crushed rock and water through a series of screens with successively smaller screen openings while adding additional water to each screen, collecting the rock not passing through the screens and passing a portion of it through a secondary crusher and recycling the product to the series screens, collecting the rock passing through all screens and causing it to pass through a screw conveyor with a large excess of water and collecting fine particles of crushed soft limerock from the screw conveyor for use in preparing asphalt road paving material.

Abstract: An apparatus and method for treating for disposal organic waste material carried within a sludge, by adding to the sludge an alkali metal silicate and a setting agent, is disclosed. The apparatus includes several mixers, each having a trough with an input end and a discharge end, at least one rotatable shaft mounted longitudinally along the trough, a plurality of blades mounted to the shaft, and a drive for rotating the shaft. The sludge is deposited within a first mixer, and then directed from the mixer into a tank. A series of chopper pumps recirculate the sludge into the tank, and alternatively, the sludge may be passed through an additional mixer. Leaving the tank, the sludge is directed into a second mixer at its input end. Water is introduced at the input end, and a setting agent is added along the trough at a point adjacent the input end. Further along the trough, an alkali metal silicate is introduced. The mixture is recovered from the second mixer, and carried to a remote location for setting.

Abstract: A method and arrangement for multiple stage micronization of sticky material such as clays, sulphur, and pigments is disclosed. The sticky materials are milled by opposing vortices created by high velocity streams of gas or air. Average velocities of at least 60 m/sec are induced within the individual milling chambers by a rapidly rotating rotor and stator acting in different directions. This produces an even stream within the milling chambers, whereby the material being milled travels on a carrier gas without agglomeration. The material to be milled is crumbled within the first milling chamber and transferred to the periphery of the chamber by the main vortices, were a plurality of microvortices disposed tangentially with respect to the main vortex perform the actual milling process. The milled material enters a second milling chamber, and additional chambers thereafter, through a plurality of centripetal channels disposed along a pressure differential.

Abstract: High concentrated coal-water slurry is produced by coarsely crushing coal, thereafter pulverizing the coarsely crushed coal, together with water and a slurry dispersant, according to necessity, in a wet-type ball mill, and feeding back one portion of the finely pulverized coal slurry thus obtained into the inlet of the wet-type ball mill.

Abstract: A vertical roller mill has a rotary grinding table (1), grinding rollers (3) and a nozzle ring (13) surrounding the table for providing an air stream to entrain ground material. Downstream of each roller is a scraper (20) with a nozzle for directing a blast of air onto the crushed material leaving the roller to break up the material so that finer fractions pass into the conveying air stream and coarser fractions are carried on the table to the next roller.

Abstract: This invention is directed to a new and improved animal bedding comprising newsprint subdivided into a range of particle sizes. The bedding provides the necessary liquid absorbence and resistance to compaction without excessive dust. The invention is directed also to the process and hammermill apparatus for preparing said bedding.

Abstract: This invention provides a process and apparatus for the wet attrition of ore. The process comprises grinding the ore to a pulp having a particle size distribution such that about 80% by weight of the particles have a diameter of from about 30 to about 0.4 mm; and agitating the pulp in a slightly turbulent medium. The apparatus comprises a vat having top and bottom covers with central openings and a gutter disposed along the exterior circumference of the top of the vat; a cylindrical shaft extending through the opening in the top cover; and a pair of impellers mounted at a distance apart on the shaft, the blades of the impellers being so arranged that the pulp is pumped towards the space defined between the two impellers.

Abstract: A dramatic reduction in the time required to fine-grind high borate solder glasses is achieved. In the prior art method, the glass is ball-milled in the presence of an amine for about seven days or more. It has now been discovered that by first rod-milling such glasses for a period of from about 1/2 to about 24 hours, the time required for the "amine grind" can be shortened to a period of from about 1 to 3 days. A further improvement is that rod milling eliminates the laborious sieving procedure previously employed to ensure the absence of undesirably large particles in the feed to the amine grinding operation.

Abstract: Sintered phosphor chunks are deagglomerated by feeding the chunks into a crushing machine to break them into pieces small enough to be vacuum-transported to a vacuum tank from which they drop into a controlled device which distributes the phosphor pieces into a uniform flow. The pieces are then uniformly fed into a roll crusher having an upper pair and a lower pair of rolls, which crush the phosphor into pieces small enough for use in preparing phosphor coating suspensions.

Abstract: A method is disclosed for separating a relatively soft component from a relatively hard component of mineral ore and then comminuting the softer component. The separation is performed by impact crushing the ore to reduce the softer component to particulate material of a smaller dimension than that of the harder component after which the components are separated by screening. The comminution is performed by further impact crushing the softer component to further reduce same and separating sufficiently small particles. Relatively large particles are also removed and the remainder of the softer component is recycled through the comminution process. The method is primarily applicable to the separation of chert from gypsum and comminuting the gypsum in the processing of gypsum ore.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for comminuting minerals and similar materials by vacuum comminution includes an arrangement for introducing the material to the low pressure chamber at a high velocity whereby the rate of change of pressure on the particles of material is greatly increased. The degree of comminution is thereby increased and the effectiveness of the system greatly enhanced.

Abstract: A de-aerating agitating mill, especially for paints, pigments and the like in which the mixing chamber is closed off from a discharge chamber which may be subjected to reduced pressure. The closure is effected by a separator device consisting of a central disk which is attached to the stirrer or agitator shaft and rotates in a hole within a stationary part of the casing. A narrow, annular gap between the periphery of the disk and the rim of the hole acts as an outlet channel through which the ground or mixed stock is extruded. The shear stresses exerted on the stock rupture the material and burst any air bubbles which are then removed by the vacuum.

Abstract: A method is disclosed of converting tangled ribbons of ductile machining scrap into a densified intermediate product useful for making metal powder. A collection of the scrap having a packing density less than 50 lbs/ft.sup.3 is subjected to impacting forces between weighted, freely moving elements and an anvil means for progressively flattening the scrap. The impacting is repeated to substantially flatten all of the scrap and reduce some of the ribbons by fatigue breakage to chips; the resulting processed scrap will have a packing density in excess of 90 lbs/ft.sup.3.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method of and apparatus for dry grinding a granular material in a grinding tube mill (1) having a final grinding compartment (2) and one or more preceding grinding compartments (3) containing grinding bodies. The material, after having passed through the preceding compartment or compartments (3), is discharged through openings (6) in the mill (1) and is divided into a fine and a coarse fraction in a separator (9). The coarse fraction is returned to the preceding compartment or compartments (3), and the fine fraction is fed to the final compartment (2). The ground material is discharged by flowing over a dam ring (12) from the final compartment (2). Any grinding bodies carried with the overflow are separated by a sieving diaphragm (13) from the material and returned to the final compartment (2). The invention also relates to the granular material ground according to the method of the invention.

Abstract: Apparatus operable to process waste material from the usual relevant sources by breaking down such material into components so that as much of the substantially uncontaminated aluminum may be segregated for purposes of recycling, and a method for recovery of the aluminum in waste material in which the method includes a step of extracting the aluminum from the waste material by the application of magnetism.

Abstract: Procedure for mechanically raising the wood content of wood chips (1), or for mechanically purifying the wood chips of bark and greenstuff matter and of other fines such as sand, by separation sifting. Prior to the separation sifting (5) the bark and greenstuff matter are detached from the wood chips by grinding (3).

Abstract: A method of comminuting a mineral involves introducing into a grinding chamber which has an internal, rotatable impeller driven by an electric motor, water, a dispersing agent and pieces of said mineral not larger than 20 mm to form a slurry. The slurry is agitated in the grinding chamber and a slurry of comminuted minerals is continuously withdrawn from the grinding chamber. The rates of introducing the water, the dispersing agent and the pieces of mineral into the grinding chamber and the rate of withdrawing the slurry of comminuted mineral from the grinding chamber are such that the slurry of comminuted mineral withdrawn from the grinding chamber contains at least 50% by weight of solids. The volume of material in the grinding chamber is maintained substantially constant, and the power consumed by the electric motor driving the impeller is maintained between upper and lower limits.

Abstract: A two-step method for separating mineral grains from their ores is practised by first applying a shock discharge directly through the ore sample producing shock waves emanating from along the discharge path and reflected shock waves (tension waves) from grain boundaries and other discontinuities in the ore, such tension waves resulting in tensile stresses in the ore greater than the strength of the boundary or discontinuity whereby to gross spall the sample generally along the discharge path and to microfracture the region near the discharge path. The second step comprises comminuting the microfractured ore by impact or non-impact means to further reduce the ore generally along microfractures wherein considerably less energy is expended in the second step than would be required to reduce the ore to the same condition without the first step.

Abstract: A method is disclosed for processing a natural calcitic ore to yield a finely divided calcium carbonate particulate of very high brightness characteristics. The natural calcitic ore is initially coarse-milled to produce a product wherein no more than 5% by weight of the particulate is +325 mesh, and no more than 35% by weight of the particles are of less than 2 microns E.S.D. This coarse-milled product is then subjected as an aqueous slurry containing less than 40% and preferably less than 30% solids by weight, to a froth flotation, which separates with the froth the relatively coarse colorbodies liberated in the initial grinding. Preferable compositions for use in the froth flotation comprise 1-substituted-2-alkyl imidazolines or the salt derivatives thereof, with such compounds being utilized in admixture with a substantially non-polar aliphatic compound having from 10 to 20 carbon atoms in its longest straight chain.

Abstract: The invention relates to the recovering of free metal entrained in dross or skimmings obtained from melts of aluminum and aluminum based alloys wherein the dross zhas been partially prepared by prior art preparation processes. The invention is directed to the cleaning and preparation of the dross by the more effective removal of substantial portions of the oxide coatings on the dross. This results in the recovery of a significantly higher proportion of the free metal contained in the dross than is recovered using prior art cleaning and recovery processes. The dross, as partially processed by prior art methods, is sequentially fed through selected mechanical rolling and milling stages so as to separate aluminum oxide dust and aluminum concentrates from one another. The aluminum concentrates may be utilized in conventional furnace recovery methods to produce aluminum ingot or may be further processed through selected stages to produce high quality aluminum pellets.