Abstract: In a scanning microwave microscope including a microwave resonator, an exciting unit for exciting the microwave resonator, a first detecting unit for detecting a first detection amount relating to a resonant state of the microwave resonator, a sharp end coupled to a center conductor of the microwave resonator, and a display unit for displaying the first detection amount while a sample is scanned by the sharp end, a distance changing unit causes a differential change in a distance between the sharp end and the sample. A second detecting unit detects a second detection amount relating to a change of the first detection amount. A control unit controls the distance between the sharp end and the sample in accordance with the second detection amount, so that an average value of the distance between the sharp end and the sample is brought close to a definite value.

Abstract: To achieve a high density, high resolution, or size reduction, there is provided a solid-state image pickup device having a plurality of photoelectric conversion elements formed in a semiconductor substrate, conductive layers formed on the semiconductor substrate between the neighboring photoelectric conversion elements via an interlayer layer, a first interlayer layer formed on the photoelectric conversion elements and conductive layers, a second interlayer layer formed on the first interlayer layer, and microlenses formed above the photoelectric conversion elements, wherein the refraction index of the first interlayer layer located above the photoelectric conversion elements is different from that of the second interlayer layer.

Abstract: Systems and methods for use with an optical communication beam are disclosed. The system allows the beam of light to operate at an adequate power level that provides a robust optical link while minimizing any safety risk to humans. The system calibrates and controls the gain for an avalanche photodiode detector (APD). A detector circuit is used to calibrate the APD. Once calibrated, the detector circuit further provides an electrical bias to the APD to process or condition the electrical signal to produce a detector output. The systems and methods disclosed herein attenuate the power level of an incoming communication beam to prevent oversaturation of an APD. The system further provides an alignment signal, which is effective over a wide dynamic range of incoming power levels.

Abstract: An apparatus for use in automatically correcting distortion in an optical signal includes an optical relay element positioned to receive the optical signal from a remote source and to relay the optical signal; and a photosensor positioned to receive a portion of the optical signal from the optical relay element, and configured to produce an electronic signal that varies with the distortion in the optical signal. Processing circuitry is configured to receive the electronic signal from the photosensor to detect variations in the electronic signal caused by the distortion in the optical signal, and to generate a control signal in response to the variations. An adjustment element is configured to receive the control signal from the processing circuitry and, in response to the control signal, to correct the distortion in the optical signal.

Abstract: A photo-detecting semiconductor device according to an embodiment of the present invention has a first photodetector element and a second photodetector element placed adjacent to each other and isolated from each other to each generate an electric signal responsive to a received optical signal; a signal detecting circuit which amplifies the electric signal from said first photodetector element and outputs a detection-use electric signal to detect a predetermined optical signal received at said first photodetector element; a power supply circuit which starts the supply of power upon receiving said detection-use electric signal from said signal detecting circuit; and a signal output circuit supplied with power from said power supply circuit to amplify the electric signal from said second photodetector element and output an output-use electric signal. An electrical circuit has the photo-detecting semiconductor device.

Abstract: An optical probe, which is particularly suited to for use in measurements on tissue material of a patient. In one embodiment, the probe comprises upper and lower housing elements incorporating a light energy source and corresponding detector. The tissue material of the patient is disposed between the upper and lower housing elements such that the light energy emitted by the source passes through the tissue material to the detector. A plurality of light shields are attached to one or both of the housing elements to reduce the amount of ambient and reflected light reaching the detector. Additionally, various portions of the upper and lower housing elements and shields utilize light absorbent coloration and/or coatings which further mitigate the effects of undesired ambient and reflected light, thereby reducing noise generated within the instrument and increasing its accuracy. In one embodiment, the light shields are made removable from the optical probe, thereby facilitating replacement.

Abstract: An adaptive light-responsive vehicle control, such as an electro-optic rearview mirror system, and a method of adapting a light-responsive vehicle control to a vehicle which accommodates variations in vehicle configuration includes providing at least one light sensor receiving light passing through the vehicle rear window and monitoring this light sensor, such as for an extended period of time. At least one operating parameter, such as sensitivity, of the light-responsive vehicle control is established as a result of the monitoring. This allows the same light-responsive vehicle control to be used with both tinted and non-tinted rear windows.

Abstract: A near field optical microscope according to the present invention has (1) a single mode infrared optical fiber made from chalcogenide glass, chalcohalide glass, or a combination thereof, having a probe end adapted as a probe for near field optical microscopy, and further adapted for positioning within a near optical field of a sample; (2) a source of infrared light; for illuminating the sample; (3) a detector of infrared light; for detecting infrared light reflected from, emitted by, or transmitted through the sample, where at least one of the source of infrared light and the detector of infrared light are optically coupled to a distal end of the single mode infrared optical fiber.

Abstract: A motor driven surface translating amusement device includes a base having front and rear base parts, and a rear wheel unit having a pair of coaxial rear wheels mounted rotatably on the rear base part. A transmission mechanism is mounted on the front base part, and includes a bi-directional motor operable so as to provide forward and reverse drive power outputs, and a vertical drive shaft driven rotatably by the motor. A control unit includes a light sensor mounted on the base for detecting changes in light intensity thereat. The control unit is connected electrically to and controls the motor to provide an appropriate one of the forward and reverse drive power outputs in accordance with the light intensity detected by the light sensor. A clutch mechanism is sleeved rotatably on the drive shaft, and is in frictional engagement with the drive shaft for co-rotation therewith. A rotation restricting unit is provided on the base and the clutch mechanism for restricting angular rotation therebetween.

Abstract: A scanning exposure apparatus includes a projection optical system, a reticle stage for scanningly moving a reticle relative to the projection optical system a wafer stage for scanningly moving a wafer relative to the projection optical system, in a timed relation with the reticle scan movement, and a holding mechanism for holding the reticle on the reticle stage during the reticle scan movement. The holding mechanism includes a first mechanism for confining an end edge portion of the reticle in a scan direction and a second mechanism for pressing the reticle in a direction perpendicular to a pattern surface of the reticle.

Abstract: The light emitted by a laser diode 1 is entered into a beam splitter 5, and its reflected light is given to an optical band pass filter 8. The light passing through the optical band pass filter 8 is received by a photo diode PD1.The light once reflected by the optical band filter 8 and passing through the beam splitter 5 is received by a photo diode PD2. The reception ratio of the photo diodes PD1, PD2 is calculated in output ratio calculator 9. By controlling the emission wavelength of the laser diode 1 so that its ratio may be constant, laser light of high precision and stable wavelength is emitted.

Abstract: A manganese oxide material that can be used as a switching device or as a memory device or the like is formed of Mn-based oxide material. The Mn-based oxide material exhibits insulator-to-metal transitions induced by irradiating the material with laser light.

Abstract: A method for moving an object such that a location coordinate of the object is adapted at least in one periodic sub-interval to a aim function y<<(t) comprises parameterizing the aim function as a series expansion in acconce with ##EQU1## determining n command parameters a.sub.1, a.sub.2, . . . a.sub.n, for which an optimization criterion is satisfied in the periodic sub-interval for a command function ##EQU2## and signalling the object such that the location coordinate thereof corresponds to the command function. In a closed loop method for setting a controlled variable for a driver function of an engine with amplitude attenuating and phase delay the driver function is formed with amplitude/phase compensation parameters.

Abstract: The present invention discloses a method for controlling a micro electro-mechanical system manufactured using micro-machining technology and verifying the state thereof and, more particularly, to a method for controlling the micro electro-mechanical system and verifying the state thereof using light so that the voltage applied to each MEMS is determined by the intensity of the light incident on two optical windows of the symmetric SEEDs respectively by attaching the symmetric SEEDs every MEMS to electrically connect one of the SEEDs to the MEMS in parallel, instead of a conventional method in which the voltage from the control circuit is applied directly to the MEMS via wires.

Abstract: A light level sensor for use in controlling the switching of artificial lighting. The sensor comprises a photoelectric transducer which provides an output signal at a level which is significant of the illumination level of incident light. An A-D converter and a microprocessor are located in circuit with the transducer for detecting the level of the transducer output signal and for any cyclic variation of the transducer output signal resulting from cyclic variation of the level of incident light. Further circuit means are provided for generating a sensor output signal if either (a) the level of the transducer output signal is below a predetermined level or (b) the level of the output signal is above the predetermined level and, at the same time, cyclic variations occur in the level of the transducer output signal.

Abstract: In a laser beam processing apparatus, a laser monitor comprises a photo sensor, a laser power measuring circuit, an A-D converter, a monitor control unit, a comparison decision unit, a display control unit, a display, an alarm generating circuit and a buzzer. A measured laser power signal (analog voltage signal) representative of an instantaneous value of laser power of a pulsed laser beam is produced by the photo sensor and the laser power measuring circuit, and the digital measured laser power signal from the A-D converter is supplied to the comparison decision unit and to the monitor control unit. The monitor control unit sets or determines a monitor reference waveform corresponding to a laser control reference waveform used for waveform control in the processing apparatus and controls the comparison decision unit. The comparison decision unit provides a monitoring decision on the power of the pulsed laser beam, which is displayed by a visual presentation or by display lamps on the display.

Abstract: A detector for use in a combustion system includes a probe having a tip adapted for placement through a singular aperture in the mixing area of a combustion system. First and second channels are derived from the probe output and are used to detect a flashback or flameout condition.

Abstract: A salient integration mode active pixel sensor. The active pixel sensor includes an amplify/compare transistor which has a threshold voltage. The amplify/compare transistor couples an input of the amplify/compare transistor to an output of the amplify/compare transistor when the input of the amplify/compare transistor exceeds the threshold voltage. A photo-diode generates a signal voltage which has a voltage level dependent upon the intensity of light received by the photo-diode. The signal voltage is coupled to the input of the amplify/compare transistor. A reset element couples a reset line to the photo-diode and discharges the photo-diode when the reset line is active. A coupling capacitor for couples a select line to the input of the amplify/compare transistor. The select line causes the input to the amplify/compare transistor to exceed the threshold voltage and thereby couple the signal voltage to the output of the amplify/compare transistor.

Abstract: The current disclosure is directed to a multiple beam control unit for generating independent control signals each of which is used as a beam activation signal as well as a beam detection confirmation signal for a corresponding one of the multiple beams so as to accurately synchronize each of the beams. The multiple beams are thus independently ascertained to form a desired image at a predetermined location on am image forming surface.

Abstract: An apparatus for converting an optical device for night use, the apparatus including a housing, a clamping mechanism coupled to the housing and adapted to clampingly engage an end of the optical device, and a image intensifying instrument disposed in the housing and arranged so that when the housing is coupled to the optical device by the clamping mechanism, light is transmitted through the optical device into the image intensifying instrument.

Abstract: A photoelectric semiconductor light-detection system with programmable dynamic performance includes a semiconductor photocell, preferably a photodiode, by which the impinging light intensity can be converted into a proportional photoelectric current. The drain of a first MOS FET of corresponding channel-type operated to saturation is coupled to the semiconductor photocell, e.g., the cathode or anode of the photodiode, and its source is maintained at a constant potential. A second MOS FET applies a predetermined variable charge amount to the gate of the first MOS FET. A capacitor is provided at the gate of the first MOS FET. The difference between the offset current and the photoelectric current can be integrated by an integration device. A third MOS FET can be operated as a switch to read the integration device and to reset it at a given value.

Abstract: A proximity detector including a rapid transistor (i.e., one having a very high product gain-band) connected to a high potential voltage via a capacitor. The capacitor is connected in series to a source of a pulsed current that is a function of the proximity of an object. The capacitor is also connected to a low potential voltage via an RC circuit. The mid-point of the RC circuit is connected to the collector of a transistor connected to the high potential voltage by a collector resistor in parallel with a gain resistor of the amplifier.

Abstract: A system and method for optimizing the signal range of a photocell for all ambient lighting conditions. A switched resistor circuit is serially connected to the photocell. The duty cycle of the switched resistor circuit is controlled to provide an optimal signal range for the photocell in both light and dark ambient light conditions.

Abstract: Electro-optical glare protection device is disclosed for use with protective glasses, protective helmets or protective masks with at least one optical detector, especially a photodiode, with an electro-optical glare protection plate incorporating at least one liquid crystal cell, and with an electronic circuit for the adjustment and setting of the optical transmission of this glare protection plate. The protective device comprises a non-optical detector and a switch connected to the electronic circuit for adjusting the optical transmission of the glare protection plate. The switch links the signals produced by these detectors with each other as an and/or circuit. The electronic circuit generates corresponding switch signals.

Abstract: A patient detection system having a plurality of optical sensors associated with a corresponding plurality of file receptacles at a health care facility. The optical sensors are interfaced with one or more visual display devices. Insertion of a patient's file into a file receptacle automatically generates an output signal that activates remotely located corresponding visual indicators that notifies health care personnel that a patient is waiting.

Abstract: A protection circuit for preventing momentary activation of the output of an output-isolated driver during power turn on. The protection circuit operates in a manner which prevents a buffer which is driven by the opto-isolator from turning on power transistors during power turn on, particularly in applications such as switching power supplies, motor controllers and the like.

Abstract: Dimmable fluorescent lamp apparatus includes a dimming control element housed in an integral adapter having a base which installs directly on an existing incandescent or other lighting fixture. The adapter mounts a fluorescent illumination element either fixedly or removably and replaceably. The lamp apparatus includes a manually accessible adjustment element connected with the control element and mounted on the adapter. The adjustment element can be an electrical adjustment element or an optical adjustment element.

Abstract: A scanning type exposure apparatus includes a mask stage which can move a mask along a predetermined scanning direction; a substrate stage which can move a substrate, onto which a pattern on the mask is to be transferred, along the scanning direction; a fine movement stage which is arranged on one of the mask stage and the substrate stage, and is movable along the scanning direction relative to the one stage; a first measuring device for detecting the position, along the scanning direction, of the fine movement stage; a second measuring device for detecting the position, along the scanning direction, of the other one of the mask stage and the substrate stage; a speed controller for controlling the ratio between the speeds of the mask stage and the substrate stage to a predetermined value while the pattern on the mask is scanning-exposed on the substrate; and a control device for controlling the position of the fine movement stage in accordance with the difference between the position measured by the first mea

Abstract: A rear light detection device for an automatic antiglare mirror includes a variable light transmissivity layer and a reflecting film provided behind the variable light transmissivity layer. Reflectivity of the reflecting film is variably controlled by controlling the light transmissivity of the variable light transmissivity layer. The reflecting film is made of a half mirror and the device includes a light transmitting member provided behind the half mirror for collecting light which has been transmitted through the half mirror, and a photo-sensor for receiving light collected by the light transmitting member. The light transmitting member may have a concave reflecting surface and light which has been transmitted through the half mirror may be collected on the concave reflecting surface and then received by the photo-sensor.

Abstract: A photoelectric control circuit that energizes a light bulb at a certain level of darkness and immediately records the total amount of light that results. A delay circuit prevents the new level of light from turning the bulb back off until a even greater amount of light is available. This method of operation provides full power control for a variety of lamps and bulbs without the degraded performance previously associated with reflected light from enclosures and nearby objects.

Abstract: The present invention is related to an input device controller having a photo coupler generating an induced current in response to a received quantum of light and using multi-stage, e.g. three-stage, dynamic impedances as an impedance match to obtain better frequency response and accurate identification of light-pass/light-shield state of the photo coupler. It also related to an input device controller using a reference voltage supply circuit including a constant current generator and an equivalent circuit to avoid the bad effect on the cursor shift control caused by the variation of the reference voltage.

Abstract: The present invention presents an apparatus and method for efficiently and automatically monitoring and adjusting the power output of laser diodes used to provide the scanning beams in a ROS system. Light radiated from the back facet of the laser diode is directed onto at least a pair of back facet photodiodes. The photodiode outputs are proportional to the power output of the laser diode associated with the photodiode. The polarization of the laser diode back facet output is controlled so as to ensure that the only outputs from an associated laser diode is sensed by an associated photodiode. In one embodiment, a half wave plate is used to rotate the polarization of one of the laser diodes and in another embodiment optical fibers efficiently transmit light emitted from the back facets to the photodiode.

Abstract: A system for the automatic operation of window coverings which is responsive to the presence of artificial illumination. A preferred embodiment, automatic window covering system 10, consists of a conventional optical flicker detector 11, a conventional control apparatus 12, and a conventional motorized window covering 13. Control apparatus 12 and motorized window covering 13 constitute an automatic window covering system capable of regulating the illumination passing through a host window, and of operating in a plurality of modes, including a thermal management mode (the object of which is to reduce heating and cooling loads) and a daylighting mode (the object of which is to reduce the need for artificial illumination). Optical flicker detector 11 detects the presence of the periodic variation, or flicker, in the illumination produced by electric lamps powered by alternating current.

Abstract: A compact photosensor circuit provides automatic intensity range control for machine vision systems. The circuit may be implemented with standard CMOS integrated circuit technology to provide high sensitivity, fully static operation, and automatic exposure control with no moving parts. For each pixel of an imaging array, a photodetector provides an input photocurrent to a corresponding photosensor circuit. The photodetector is connected to provide an output voltage and an input to the gates of a pair of series-connected FETs that act as an attenuator. The attenuator is connected to a biasing source that provides a floor bias voltage. An output of the attenuator is connected to the gate of a third FET connected to the input photocurrent. The output voltage responds as a function of the light intensity at the photodetector while the bias voltage determines the range of light intensity for normal operation of the photosensor circuit.

Abstract: The invention relates to a control device for an appliance consuming electric power, especially for the control of lighting or heating. The control element includes a sensor element (V8) for producing a control current or voltage as a result of a light or heat flux received thereby. An amplifier element (V4-V1) boosts the control current of said sensor element (V8) to a sufficient level for controlling one or a plurality of electronic ballasts, which is e.g. a current limiter for a discharge lamp, a regulator for a filament lamp or a heating effect regulator. The electric power required by the amplifier element (V4-V1) of the control device is supplied from said ballast by means of conductors, which also serve as a control line between the control device and the ballast.

Abstract: A rearview mirror system for a vehicle having a reflective element with a reflective surface and a variable light transmission element includes an optical display device behind the reflective element in order to produce a visual display to the driver. A control is provided having a light sensor that senses light conditions in the vicinity of the vehicle and produces a continuously variable light signal indicative of such sensed light conditions. The control further includes a drive circuit responsive to the light signal in order to supply a drive signal to the reflective element and thereby establish the light transmission level of the light transmission element. The control further includes an intensity control circuit that varies the intensity of the optical display as a function of the value of the sensed light in the vicinity of the vehicle to accommodate physiological changes in the driver's eyes.

Abstract: An intensity controlling circuit device can correct variation in intensity of light beams, due to tolerance occurred in each of a plurality of LED-array chips, emitted by LEDs provided in each of the LED-array chips. The intensity controlling circuit device is connected to at least one LED-array chip comprising a plurality of LEDs and slave transistors corresponding to each of the LEDs. The intensity controlling circuit device comprises an intensity controlling circuit connected to the respective LED-array chip. The intensity controlling circuit comprises a first transistor provided between a power source and a constant current generating unit so as to supply a current to the LED-array chip, and an intensity adjusting unit having a second transistor connected to the first transistor in parallel and a controlling unit for controlling the on/off state of the second transistor.

Abstract: A device for regulating a light width of headlights of motor vehicles comprises an adjusting device associated with one of the headlights, a transmitter which emits electromagnetic radiation to illuminate a region of a roadway located in front of the motor vehicle, an opto-electronic sensor which determines radiation emitted by the transmitter and reflected by the roadway and in dependence on the detected radiation produces signals, an evaluating device which processes the produced signals and controls the adjusting device for maintaining constant a light width of a beam emitted by the headlights.

Abstract: A mirror assembly including an enclosure having an aperture, and defining a cavity, an instrument for receiving electromagnetic radiation having predetermined characteristics, borne by the enclosure and positioned in the cavity; and a dichroic mirror borne by the enclosure and disposed in substantially occluding relation relative to the aperture, the dichroic mirror reflecting ambient visible light and being substantially transparent to the light received by the instrument.

Abstract: An outdoor lighting control includes a photosensor responsive to ambient outdoor light and an alternating current relay with a pair of contacts movable between make and break positions. The relay includes a contact actuating arrangement that responds to the photosensor and alternating current bias the contacts into a make position and move the contacts electromagnetically into a break position. The contact actuating arrangement includes a coiled extension spring for moving the contacts into the make position and a resilient armature which biases the armature toward the break position. The spring and armature have respective resiliences sufficiently stiff and responsive to the alternating current to limit chatter in the contacts during passage from the make position to the break position to 15 milliseconds when the photosensitive means senses a transition between dark and daylight.

Abstract: A photoelectric transfer device includes at least one photoelectric transfer cell having the following elements: A photoelectric transfer element generates a photoelectric current based on a quantity of incident light. An amplifier element includes first FET and functions as a source follower in which a source voltage of the first FET is varied so as to follow up a gate voltage thereof. A read unit outputs, as an output signal, the source voltage of the source follower. The photoelectric transfer element is connected to a gate and source of the amplifier element so that a voltage between the gate and source of the amplifier element is applied across the photoelectric transfer element.

Abstract: An electro-optic device including first and second optically transparent elements mounted in spaced relationship to each other to define a gap and each having a front and rear surface. At least one optically transparent interlayer element is sandwiched between the first and second elements and joining a predetermined area of the rear surface of the first element and the front surface of the second element. A liquid, semi-liquid, gel, or semi-solid electro-optic medium, whose light transmittance is variable, is added to the gap between the first and second element. One surface of the second element may include a reflective coating except in those areas aligned with the transparent interlayer element sandwiched between the first and second element.

Abstract: A movement sensor for a multi-bar positioner includes a first section having a curved corner reflector (76), a second section (70), and a third section with an analog position-sensitive-photodiode (84). The second section (70) has three LEDs (72, 82) and four photodetectors (74). Two of the LEDs (72) and the four photodetectors (74) face a first direction towards the corner reflector (76). The third LED (82) faces a second direction, different than the first direction, towards the position-sensitive-photodiode (84). The second section can be mounted on an arm of the positioner and used in conjunction with the first and third sections to determine movement or position of that arm.

Abstract: An electro-optic device including first and second optically transparent elements mounted in spaced relationship to each other to define a gap and each having a front and rear surface. At least one optically transparent interlayer element is sandwiched between the first and second elements and joining a predetermined area of the rear surface of the first element and the front surface of the second element. A liquid, semi-liquid, gel, or semi-solid electro-optic medium, whose light transmittance is variable, is added to the gap between the first and second element. One surface of the second element may include a reflective coating except in those areas aligned with the transparent interlayer element sandwiched between the first and second element.

Abstract: An irrigation controller is powered for all normal operations by light incident upon an 18 square inch photovoltaic module. Electrical power from the photovoltaic module is stored in high performance "super" capacitors. A transportable battery power source is connected to the controller to power its communication, such as for manual exercise and/or the loading of irrigation control programs. The external battery power source leaves the capacitor power storage recharged at the conclusion of each communication episode. The irrigation controller electronics, save for a real time clock that is updated, are not provided with a timing signal, and thereby consume almost no energy, save for brief millisecond sporadic time intervals of scheduled irrigation control. Capacitor power storage is approximately 6.5 mWH. Worse case photovoltaic energy production is 7.6 mWH daily. The sporadically operative irrigation controller uses less than 6.

Abstract: An improved electronic control system for controlling the reflective state of automatic rearview mirrors for automative vehicles, the system including an electrochromic variable reflectance mirror element the reflectivity of which varies over a reflectance range as a function of electrical signal levels applied thereto. The system also includes a first sensing means effective to sense the ambient light level and produce a first electrical signal which is at least in part logarithmically related to the sensed ambient light level. A second sensing means is also provided which is effective to sense the glare causing light level and produce a second electrical signal which is at least in part logarithmically related to the sensed glare causing light level.

Abstract: An automatic rearview mirror system having a reflective element that is actuatable between at least two different reflective conditions by a control that discriminates between glare-causing and nonglare-causing light simultaneously sensed by a single light sensor. The control includes a processor that is more responsive to decreasing levels of light than to increasing levels of light to produce a signal that is indicative of the slow-transient characteristic of the light sensed by the single light sensor. The processor may include a very slow signal processor that is always operative and a somewhat faster-slow signal processor, which may be selectively inhibited when the mirror is fully colored, or when a differential circuit indicates that the difference between the glare and the non-glare light sensed by the light sensor exceeds a predetermined level. The differential circuit may additionally limit the differential between the glare and the nonglare lights sensed by the light sensor.

Abstract: An outdoor lighting control includes a photosensor responsive to ambient outdoor light and an alternating current relay with a pair of contacts movable between make and break positions. The relay includes a contact actuating arrangement that responds to the photosensor and alternating current bias the contacts into a make position and move the contacts electromagnetically into a break position. The contact actuating arrangement is sufficiently stiff and responsive to the alternating current to limit chatter in the contact during passage from make to break to fifteen milliseconds when the photosensor senses a transition between dark and daylight. Preferably, the chatter is limited between 1 and 10 milliseconds.

Abstract: A touch input device, suitable for use in detecting the presence of an opaque element within a display area bounded by light emitting elements and light detecting elements includes light emitter activating circuitry in which the light emitting elements are individually selectable. Each light emitting element is contained within a matrix and source drivers and sink drivers are effective to select a specific row and column address for each individual light emitter. Current for the light emitters is provided by a voltage source which is chosen for compatibility with the logic used in the touch input system. A charge pump operating sequentially with the selection light emitting elements is used to establish a voltage greater than the normal supply voltage to overcome the voltage drops of the source and sink driver and the activated light emitter to insure light emission greater than a minimum threshold.

Abstract: An intruder alarm includes a circuit with a photoresistive cell located in a housing with a piezoelectric crystal sound generator and battery to power the circuit and sound generator. A telescope concentrates light from a distance in a limited field of view upon the photoresistive cell to trigger the piezoelectric crystal sound generator when light intensity on the cell changes sufficiently from an ambient light intensity level.