Abstract: A method and system for imaging an object includes transmitting distinguishable electromagnetic waves from a plurality of radiators of an antenna array, wherein each of the distinguishable electromagnetic waves is distinguishable from others by a detector. Each of the radiators transmits radiation comprising a different distinguishable electromagnetic wave. The method also includes imaging at least a portion of the antenna array onto a targeted object, wherein each image area of a plurality of image areas on the targeted object corresponds to an image of a respective radiator of the antenna array, and detecting a plurality of resultant electromagnetic waves, wherein the resultant electromagnetic waves are transmitted, scattered, or reflected by respective image areas on the targeted object in response to each of the respective image areas being illuminated by the radiation transmitted by the respective radiator of the source array.

Abstract: A time-domain pulsed spectroscopy apparatus which has a pulsed laser light source; a splitting unit to split pulsed laser light; a pulsed-light emitting unit; a detector; a sample holder; and a sample-unit entrance and exit optical systems; wherein the time-domain pulsed spectroscopy apparatus further comprises: at least one optical-path-length varying unit for setting a photometric range; at least one optical delay unit for the wave form signal measurement; and, at least one gate member to pass or block the pulsed light to a reflector.

Abstract: A measuring device has a sensor for registering at least one parameter selected from the group consisting of at least one ingredient, at least one property, and both, of a material being investigated by the sensor, the sensor including at least one illumination source which directs at least one light beam toward the material to be investigated, at least one reference object for calibrating the measuring device, and an illumination source configured so that a portion of a light beam from the illumination source is redirected toward the reference object.

Abstract: This invention relates to a compact cavity ring down spectrometer for detection and measurement of trace species in a sample gas using a tunable solid-state continuous-wave mid-infrared PPLN OPO laser or a tunable low-power solid-state continuous wave near-infrared diode laser with an algorithm for reducing the periodic noise in the voltage decay signal which subjects the data to cluster analysis or by averaging of the interquartile range of the data.

Abstract: Disclosed is a Fourier transform infrared spectrophotometer, which comprises: a main interferometer section including a beam splitter, a fixed mirror, a movable mirror, and a phase plate disposed between the beam splitter and the fixed mirror; a control interferometer section having a quadrature control system for calculating a position of the movable mirror; a center-burst-position detection section operable, based on an input of interference signals and interferograms, to subject respective intensities of the interferograms to an addition processing while correcting a positional deviation of the movable mirror, so as to obtain a cumulative interferogram, and detecting a center burst position having a maximum intensity value in the cumulative interferogram; a center-burst-position storage section operable to store the detected center burst position; and a measurement-start-position determination section operable, based on the stored center burst position, to determine a measurement start position of the mova

Abstract: A chemical imaging and process monitoring device which utilizes a computer controlled tunable laser to provide light at discrete wavelengths in the near infrared band and a focal plane array to image or a single-point photo detector to detect the intensity of light reflected from a sample illuminated at various wavelengths of light. The device also provides light intensity reference detectors at the source and terminus of the light delivery pathway for normalizing the collected data and for detecting defects in the light delivery pathway.

Abstract: A near infrared spectrophotometric (NIRS) sensor apparatus is provided that includes at least one NIRS sensor and a mounting device. The sensor has at least one light source, at least one light detector, and a flexible pad. The light source and the light detector are mounted on the flexible pad, which flexible pad has a peripheral edge that extends around the entire periphery of the pad. The light source and light detectors are configured for connection to an electro-optical cable. The mounting device is operable to secure the sensor to a subject, which mounting device is sized to cover the sensor and contact the subject around the entire peripheral edge of the pad. The mounting device includes a light barrier that at least substantially blocks light from passing through the mounting device.

Abstract: A chemical imaging device which utilizes a computer controlled tunable laser to provide light of wavelengths in the near infrared band and a focal plane array to image a sample illuminated at various wavelengths of light. The device also provides light intensity reference detectors at the source and terminus of the light delivery pathway for normalizing the collected images and for detecting defects in the light delivery pathway.

Abstract: A time-domain pulsed spectroscopy apparatus which has a pulsed laser light source; a splitting unit to split pulsed laser light; a pulsed-light emitting unit; a detector; a sample holder; and a sample-unit entrance and exit optical systems; wherein the time-domain pulsed spectroscopy apparatus further comprises: at least one optical-path-length varying unit for setting a photometric range; at least one optical delay unit for the wave form signal measurement; and, at least one gate member to pass or block the pulsed light to a reflector.

Abstract: A method and apparatus are described that permit an analyte concentration to be estimated from a measurement in the presence of compounds that interfere with the measurement. The method reduces the error in the analyte concentration in the presence of interferents. The method includes the use of a set of measurements obtained for a large population having a range of known analyte and interfering compound concentrations. From a sample measurement, which may or may not be one of the population, likely present interferents are identified, and a calibration vector is calculated.

Abstract: A system for inspecting tablets includes an NIR measuring device for determining the concentration of at least one active ingredient in the tablets. The system also includes a sensor for determining the volume of the individual tablet, and a control unit which is able to calculate the actual active ingredient dose of the tablet under consideration of the data acquired by the NIR measuring device and the volume-determination sensor. A corresponding method of inspecting tablets is also described.

Abstract: An optical power control system for a semiconductor source spectroscopy system controls power fluctuations in the tunable signal from the spectroscopy system and thus improves the noise performance of the system. This general solution has advantages relative to other systems that simply detect reference power levels during the scan and then correct the detected signal after interaction with the sample by reducing the requirements for coordinating the operation of the sample detectors and power or reference detectors. The spectroscopy system comprises a semiconductor source and a tunable filter. The combination of the semiconductor source and tunable signal illuminate a sample with a tunable signal, being tunable over a scan band. The power control system comprises an amplitude detector system for detecting the power of the tunable optical signal and power control system for regulating the amplitude of the tunable optical signal in response to its detected power.

Abstract: Analysis is carried out by the steps of putting a sample of an inflammable material on a support formed of a heat resistant material; heating the sample; depositing a combustion gas containing initial evaporation components evaporated and scattered from the sample in an early stage of a combustion process of the sample to an inspected substrate; and inspecting the deposit on the substrate and detecting and analyzing brominated compounds. According to this analysis method, there is provided a method, for analyzing detrimental brominated compounds contained in an inflammable material such as PBB and PBDE, which does not require pre-treatment for preparing a measurement sample but is capable of executing high precision high sensitivity analysis by using an economical apparatus and a simple analytical technology.

Abstract: A compact spectrometer operable in a wavelength range of 4.5 or more microns includes an entrance slit, a collimating mirror, a grating, a focusing mirror and a first focal plane. At least some radiation passing through the slit follows an optical path in which at least some radiation passing through the slit is reflected by the collimating mirror onto the grating, which in turn reflects at least some radiation onto the focusing mirror, which in turn reflects and focuses at least some radiation at a first focal plane and onto the two-dimensional array of detectors. Each column in the two-dimensional array of detectors corresponds to a wavelength in the 4.5 or more micron range, the two-dimensional array includes a plurality of columns that collectively correspond to wavelengths spanning the 4.5 or more micron range, and each adjacent pair of columns in the two-dimensional array of detectors corresponds to two wavelengths that differ by an equal amount.

Abstract: In a spectrometer, preferably in a spectrometric microscope, light from a specimen is collected at a collector objective element and delivered to a camera element, which in turn provides the light to a photosensitive detector. A focal plane is provided between the collector objective element and the camera element, and one or more aperture arrays may be situated in the focal plane to restrict the detector's field of view of the specimen to the areas within the apertures. By utilizing aperture arrays with apertures of different sizes and shapes, the spatial resolution of the spectrometer readings may be varied without the need to vary the optics of the spectrometer. As a result, if the optics are optimized to minimize vignetting, spatial resolution may be varied without adverse increases in vignetting.

Abstract: An AFM based technique has been demonstrated for performing highly localized IR spectroscopy on a sample surface. Such a technique implemented in a commercially viable analytical instrument would be extremely useful. Various aspects of the experimental set-up have to be changed to create a commercial version. The invention addresses many of these issues thereby producing a version of the analytical technique that cab be made generally available to the scientific community.

Abstract: The present invention provides methods and apparatuses that can improve measurement accuracy in interferometers. The invention provides methods for determining digital compensation filters that measure a frequency response or responses to be compensated, and then determining a filter target response from the inverse of the frequency response or responses. A digital compensation filter can be determined from the filter target response using a discrete sum of cosines with a phase argument. The invention also allows other desired filter responses to be integrated into the filter target response before determining the digital compensation filter.

Abstract: In a spectrometer, preferably in a spectrometric microscope, input light is provided from a light source to a specimen via a source objective element (e.g., a Schwarzchild objective), and the aperture of the light source is matched to the aperture of the source objective element to maximize light throughput to the specimen. The light from the specimen is then collected at a collector objective element and delivered to a camera element, which in turn provides the light to a photosensitive detector. The apertures of the camera element and the collector objective element are also matched to maximize light throughput from the specimen to the detector. As a result, light loss from vignetting effects is reduced, improving the intensity and uniformity of illumination and the sensitivity and accuracy of spectral measurements.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method for quantifying the composition of a product, including: irradiating the product with a radiation source in the near infrared range; receiving radiation which is reflected by or transmitted through the product; providing an output signal corresponding to the intensity of the radiation received at a number of different wavelengths; and determining whether or not the product lies within predetermined integrity criteria on the basis of the output signal using a mathematical method. The moving product contains a solution or homogeneous dispersion and the content of at least one substance contained in the dispersion or solution is quantitatively determined on the basis of the output signal. The invention also relates to a device for carrying out this method.

Abstract: A process is described for preparing 3-pentenenitrile by hydrocyanating 1,3-butadiene in the presence of at least one catalyst, wherein unhydrocyanated 1,3-butadiene is removed from the effluent of the hydrocyanation and recycled into the process, and the recycled 1,3-butadiene is monitored for the content of hydrogen cyanide.

Abstract: An encoder spectrograph is used to analyze radiation from one or more samples in various configurations. The radiation is analyzed by spatially modulating the radiation after it has been dispersed by wavelength or imaged along a line. Dual encoder spectrographs may be used to encode radiation using a single modulator. An encoded photometric infrared spectroscopy (“EPIR”) analyzer employs orthogonal encoded components having substantially identical modulation frequencies, which may allow for the multiplexing of up to twice as many encoded components.

Abstract: The disclosure generally relates to a system for detecting a change in an attribute of a substance. The system may include a photon source for producing a first of a plurality of photons which interact with the substance while an attribute of the substance changes to produce a second plurality of photons. The system may also include a filter for receiving the collected photons and providing filtered photons; a photon detector for receiving the filtered photons and obtaining therefrom a spectrum of the substance; and a processor for detecting an aspect of the filtered photons wherein the aspect of the filtered photons is the function of the attribute of the substance.

Abstract: A method and system for imaging an object includes transmitting distinguishable electromagnetic waves from a plurality of radiators of an antenna array, wherein each of the distinguishable electromagnetic waves is distinguishable from others by a detector. Each of the radiators transmits radiation comprising a different distinguishable electromagnetic wave. The method also includes imaging at least a portion of the antenna array onto a targeted object, wherein each image area of a plurality of image areas on the targeted object corresponds to an image of a respective radiator of the antenna array, and detecting a plurality of resultant electromagnetic waves, wherein the resultant electromagnetic waves are transmitted, scattered, or reflected by respective image areas on the targeted object in response to each of the respective image areas being illuminated by the radiation transmitted by the respective radiator of the source array.

Abstract: An optical system for detecting ice and water on the surface of an aircraft includes an elongated transparent optical element having first and second end portions. A light source and light detector are disposed in one end of the optical element and a reflective surface is disposed in the opposite end portion. The reflective surface defines a critical angle and reflects light from the light source to the light detector when the critical angle is in contact with air and refracts the light toward the external environment when the reflective surface is in contact with ice or water. The system may also incorporate an optical element wherein the reflective surface includes a continuous array of convex elements extending outwardly from and across one end of the optical element and wherein each of the convex elements defines a critical angle.

Abstract: A method and apparatus are described that permit an analyte concentration to be estimated from a measurement in the presence of compounds that interfere with the measurement. The method reduces the error in the analyte concentration in the presence of interferents. The method includes the use of a set of measurements obtained for a large population having a range of known analyte and interfering compound concentrations. From a sample measurement, which may or may not be one of the population, likely present interferents are identified, and a calibration vector is calculated.

Abstract: Compact, OSL-based devices for long-term, unattended radiation detection and spectroscopy are provided. In addition, a method for extracting spectroscopic information from these devices is taught. The devices can comprise OSL pixels and at least one radiation filter surrounding at least a portion of the OSL pixels. The filter can modulate an incident radiation flux. The devices can further comprise a light source and a detector, both proximally located to the OSL pixels, as well as a power source and a wireless communication device, each operably connected to the light source and the detector. Power consumption of the device ranges from ultra-low to zero. The OSL pixels can retain data regarding incident radiation events as trapped charges. The data can be extracted wirelessly or manually. The method for extracting spectroscopic data comprises optically stimulating the exposed OSL pixels, detecting a readout luminescence, and reconstructing an incident-energy spectrum from the luminescence.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for determining the effect-particle orientation in a film or coating are disclosed. The method comprises using opposing directional reflectance measurements, preferably in continuous processes and allows for an on-line evaluation system to provide more specific control over particle orientation, thereby allowing for better color matching between and among various panels or articles.

Abstract: This invention relates to a compact cavity ring down spectrometer for detection and measurement of trace species in a sample gas using a tunable solid-state continuous-wave mid-infrared PPLN OPO laser or a tunable low-power solid-state continuous wave near-infrared diode laser with an algorithm for reducing the periodic noise in the voltage decay signal which subjects the data to cluster analysis or by averaging of the interquartile range of the data.

Abstract: An infrared spectrometer sample rotating turntable kit has a rotatable sample cup containing the sample. The infrared spectrometer has an infrared spectrometer probe for analyzing the sample and the rotatable sample cup is adapted to receive the infrared spectrometer probe. A reflectance standard is located in the rotatable sample cup. A sleeve is positioned proximate the sample cup and adapted to receive the probe. A rotator rotates the rotatable sample cup. A battery is connected to the rotator.

Abstract: Spectroscopic systems and methods are disclosed for determining levels of at least one analyte in blood undergoing hemodialysis. In one aspect, the invention employs Raman spectroscopy to monitor and/or control hemodialysis. In one embodiment, the system uses a laser light directed to circulating blood from a patient undergoing dialysis to make Raman spectral measurements. For example, the laser light can be directed into a segment of the dialysis tubing. The system can utilize unique Raman spectroscopic signature of one or more analytes, e.g., urea, to identify and quantify such analytes against a whole blood background. Based on the spectral response, the concentration of the analytes can be monitored and/or used to control hemodialysis.

Abstract: An apparatus for verifying the identity of a dispensed pharmaceutical comprises an analysis unit adapted to determine a property of the dispensed pharmaceutical, an input device adapted to receive predetermined identifying information corresponding to the dispensed pharmaceutical, and a comparison unit adapted to compare the determined property of the dispensed pharmaceutical with the predetermined identifying information. In addition, a method of verifying a prescription is disclosed, wherein the prescription comprises a pharmaceutical compound and the method includes associating the prescription with identifying information, determining a property of the pharmaceutical, counting tablets of the pharmaceutical and utilizing the determined property in connection with the identifying information to verify the prescription.

Abstract: A method and a low-cost, robust and simple system for remote sensing and analyzing spectral properties of targets as a means to detect and identify them is introduced. The system can be highly portable but is usable in fixed locations or combination thereof. An aspect of the method and system includes the capability to distribute, modulate, aperture and spectrally analyze radiation emitted or absorbed by a volumetric target chemical species (solid, liquid or gas) or a target surface. Radiation is first collected by a single light gathering device, such as a lens, telescope, or mirror, and then distributed to multiple detectors through spectrally discriminating components and if desired through apertures to achieve this desired detection and identification.

Abstract: A system for detecting ice formation on metal, painted metal and other material surfaces can include a transparent window having an exterior surface upon which ice can form; a light source and optics configured and arranged to illuminate the exterior surface of the window from behind the exterior surface; and a detector and optics configured and arranged to receive light backscattered by the exterior surface and any ice disposed on the exterior surface and determine the thickness of the ice layer. For example, the system can be used with aircraft by placing one or more windows in the wings of the aircraft. The system is used for a novel optical method for real-time on-board detection and warning of ice formation on surfaces of airplanes, unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), and other vehicles and stationary structures to improve their safety and operation.

Abstract: A method of detecting explosives in a vehicle includes providing a first rack on one side of the vehicle, the rack including a neutron generator and a plurality of gamma ray detectors; providing a second rack on another side of the vehicle, the second rack including a neutron generator and a plurality of gamma ray detectors; providing a control system, remote from the first and second racks, coupled to the neutron generators and gamma ray detectors; using the control system, causing the neutron generators to generate neutrons; and performing gamma ray spectroscopy on spectra read by the gamma ray detectors to look for a signature indicative of presence of an explosive. Various apparatus and other methods are also provided.

Abstract: A compact spectrometer operable in a wavelength range of 4.5 or more microns includes an entrance slit, a collimating mirror, a grating, a focusing mirror and a first focal plane. At least some radiation passing through the slit follows an optical path in which at least some radiation passing through the slit is reflected by the collimating mirror onto the grating, which in turn reflects at least some radiation onto the focusing mirror, which in turn reflects and focuses at least some radiation at a first focal plane and onto the two-dimensional array of detectors. Each column in the two-dimensional array of detectors corresponds to a wavelength in the 4.5 or more micron range, the two-dimensional array includes a plurality of columns that collectively correspond to wavelengths spanning the 4.5 or more micron range, and each adjacent pair of columns in the two-dimensional array of detectors corresponds to two wavelengths that differ by an equal amount.

Abstract: A method and device for evaluating a printing medium for use in a printing process, in which a set of spectral data is generated from a sample of the printing medium, and the set of spectral data is analysed. The analysis of the set of spectral data comprises detecting spectral data of the set indicative of features of the printing medium related to performance of that printing medium in the printing process. The performance of the printing medium in the printing process is predicted in response to the detected spectral data of the set indicative of performance-related printing medium features, and the printing medium is accepted or refused for use in the printing process in response to this printing medium performance prediction.

Abstract: An integrated photoacoustic spectroscopy (PAS) cell is fabricated using microelectromechanical (MEMS) techniques. The multi-layer structure includes an inner layer with a patterned resonant cavity disposed between top and bottom outer layers and a microphone acoustically coupled to the resonant cavity. In the preferred embodiment, the microphone is a piezoelectric thin-film membrane formed on one of the outer layers. The inner layer is additionally patterned to include buffer cavities on either side of the resonant cavity, and one or both of the top and bottom outer layers are also patterned to include buffer cavities aligned with the buffer cavities in the inner layer on either side of the resonant cavity. The preferred fabrication method involves joining an inner silicon substrate to a pair of outer silicon substrates, thereby encapsulating the resonant cavity, and depositing a piezoelectric thin film onto one of the outer substrates which is then patterned to create an acoustic sensor.

Abstract: The tablets press according to the invention comprises an integral measuring device for the determination of the quantitative content of at least one substance in a tablet, comprising: at least one radiation source, which emits radiation in the near infrared range, for the irradiation of the tablet, a radiation receiving device contained in a measuring head, which receives the radiation reflected by the tablet, a spectrometer for receiving the radiation from the radiation receiving device and for supplying an output signal according to the intensity of the received radiation at a number of different wavelengths and a device for the quantitative determination of the content of at least one substance contained in the tablet and/or for the determination of the ratios of all or some of the contained components based on the output signal, wherein the measuring device is suitable for measuring each individual pressed tablet, and the trigger times of the measurements are correlated with the conveying speed of the ta

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method of determining a constituent of a sample and more specifically, to a method of correcting an absorbance value for a spectrometer. The method is especially applicable in connection with spectrometric analysis instruments for quantitatively determining the chemical composition of fluids, e.g. the content of fat, protein lactose or urea, in food products, especially in raw milk or dairy products. The method is based upon a measurement of one or more selected ranges of a spectrum, providing an absorption spectrum of the product. The method may be applicable in connection with all spectroscopic instruments giving rise to specific ranges of a spectrum, such as UV, VIS, NIR, IR, NMR, MS, etc.). Typically, the spectrum will be a MID-IR absorption spectrum.

Abstract: Low concentrations of water vapor within a background of one or more olefin gases may be detected and quantified using a differential absorption spectrometer. A dehydrated sample of the gas is used as a background sample whose absorption spectrum allows elimination of absorption features not due to water vapor in the gas. Absorption spectra may recorded using tunable diode lasers as the light source. these lasers may have a wavelength bandwidth that is narrower than the water vapor absorption feature used for the differential absorption spectral analysis.

Abstract: A spectrometric measuring head for harvesting machines and other agricultural equipment comprises a housing with a window, in which a light source, a spectrometer arrangement and at least two standards for internal recalibration are provided. The standards can optionally be swiveled in the optical path of the measuring head such that the entire measuring light coming from the light source is used for recalibration. A processor that captures and processes the measured values and an interface to a bus system are arranged in the housing.

Abstract: There are several different applications where it is desirable to increase the amount of material that can be introduced to the surface of a microresonator that has whispering gallery modes. The use of a porous surface on the microresonator permits greater amounts of the material to be captured on or near the surface of the microresonator, resulting in an increased optical interaction between the material and the light propagating in the whispering gallery mode(s) of the microresonator.

Abstract: Apparatus and method for acquiring an infrared spectrum of a sample having or suspected to have an amide I band, an amide II band, an amide III band, an amide A band, an OH stretching region or a combination thereof. A representative method includes providing a sample; providing an internal reflecting element (IRE) with a functionalized tip; contacting the sample with the IRE to form a sample-IRE interface; directing a beam of infrared (IR) radiation through the IRE under conditions such that the IR radiation interacts with the sample-IRE interface once; recording a reflectance profile over a range of preselected frequencies, whereby an infrared spectrum of the of a sample having or suspected of having an amide I band, an amide II band, an amide III band, an amide A band, an OH stretching region or a combination thereof, disposed in an aqueous solution is acquired.

Abstract: A process for the determination and correction of laser induced damages of the optical and electronic components within the beam path of a monitor module of a 193 nm excimer lasers is provided herein. Especially state of the art detectors like CCD cameras degrade under UV radiation. With a special correction of the sensitivity of each camera pixel this problem can be solved.

Abstract: A robust, compact spectrometer apparatus for determining respective concentrations or partial pressures of multiple gases in a gas sample with single as well as multiple and even overlapping, absorption or emission spectra that span a wide spectral range.

Abstract: An optical power control system for a semiconductor source spectroscopy system controls power fluctuations in the tunable signal from the spectroscopy system and thus improves the noise performance of the system. This general solution has advantages relative to other systems that simply detect reference power levels during the scan and then correct the detected signal after interaction with the sample by reducing the requirements for coordinating the operation of the sample detectors and power or reference detectors. The spectroscopy system comprises a semiconductor source and a tunable filter. The combination of the semiconductor source and tunable signal illuminate a sample with a tunable signal, being tunable over a scan band. The power control system comprises an amplitude detector system for detecting the power of the tunable optical signal and power control system for regulating the amplitude of the tunable optical signal in response to its detected power.

Abstract: Stand-alone multiple gas analysis apparatus, of relatively small physical size, integrates one or more supplemental sensors, such as a self-heating, amperometric, limiting current-type oxygen sensor and/or a titania nanotube-type hydrogen sensor, into the sampling cell gas flow components of an FT-IR gas analyzer. The apparatus enables simultaneous quantitative concentration measurements of infrared-active gases and of infrared-inactive atomic species and homonuclear diatomic molecules, such as of oxygen and hydrogen.

Abstract: A micro-spectroscopic measuring device having a structure in which a spectroscopic element made of an array of photonic crystals with defects, flow paths for introducing a sample, and light detecting elements with sensitivity to a band from near infrared to infrared are stacked.

Abstract: The invention is concerned with a material processing apparatus, e.g. a dryer such as a fluid bed dryer, for processing material, e.g. pharmaceuticals, in a compartment (12) having a wall (10). The wall has a window for transmitting radiation from an infrared spectrometer (30) into the dryer and for transmitting radiation from the material to the spectrometer. The spectrometer (30) can analyze the radiation transmitted from the material to measure a property of the material within the compartment, e.g. its moisture content. The radiation-transmitting element (28) is present in a moveable body (24), e.g. a sphere, that can be moved to bring the element (28) into a second position (31) in which the element is in contact with a duct (40) through which fluid can be passed to clean the element (28). In addition, a wiper member (34) may be provided that wipes the element (28) as it passes over it as the moveable body (26) is moved into the second position.

Abstract: An evolved gas analysis system contains a first measurement step of heating a first sample containing measurement target material and non-measurement target material at a predetermined temperature programming rate and detecting the amount of gas evolved from the first sample; a second measurement step of heating a second sample achieved by excluding the measurement target material from the first sample at the same temperature increasing rate as the first measurement step, and detecting the amount of gas evolved from the second sample; and a correcting step of calculating the amount of gas evolved from the measurement target material on the basis of the detected data of the respective steps.

Abstract: An method and apparatus for recovering a conductive metal from solution. The apparatus includes a first container for holding the solution, and a second container placed in liquid communication with the first container, a first electrode placed within the second container, and a second electrode composed of a thin film applied to the inside surface of the second container. The film may include as its main constituent the same metal as that to be recovered from solution. During the reaction, solution is circulated from the first container into the second container and back. A power supply is connected, positive to the first electrode and negative to the second electrode, causing the metal from the solution to be deposited on the second electrode, lining the inside surface of the second container with the metal to be recovered.