Abstract: A cell tracking device includes first and second image acquisition units, first and second tracking units and an interpolation unit. The first image acquisition unit picks up images of a cell under a short-time exposure condition at points in time to capture short-time exposure images. The second image acquisition unit picks up images of the cell under a long-time exposure condition to capture long-time exposure images, each image of the cell under the long-time exposure condition being picked up within each interval between the points in time. The first tracking unit tracks the cell based upon the short-time exposure images. The second tracking unit tracks the cell based upon the long-time exposure images. The interpolation unit interpolates a tracking result obtained by the second tracking unit with a tracking result obtained by the first tracking unit.

Abstract: Embodiments of methods and systems for identifying or determining spatially resolved properties in indirect bandgap semiconductor devices such as solar cells are described. In one embodiment, spatially resolved properties of an indirect bandgap semiconductor device are determined by externally exciting the indirect bandgap semiconductor device to cause the indirect bandgap semiconductor device to emit luminescence (110), capturing images of luminescence emitted from the indirect bandgap semiconductor device in response to the external excitation (120), and determining spatially resolved properties of the indirect bandgap semiconductor device based on a comparison of relative intensities of regions in one or more of the luminescence images (130).

Abstract: A light source device to illuminate a target to be imaged by an imaging unit which includes N kinds of light detection elements which wavelength sensitivity regions are different each other includes a light source section, an insertion portion, an illumination light emitting portion and a light guide member. The light source section emits M kinds of narrow-band light which have different peak wavelengths, a difference between the peak wavelengths being equal to or more than an effective wavelength gap. The insertion portion is configured to be inserted into an internal space of an object. The illumination light emitting portion is provided in the insertion portion and which emits an illumination light. The light guide member guides the narrow-band light emitted from the light source section to the illumination light emitting portion.

Abstract: A method for testing an integrated circuit (IC) using a nanoprobe, by using a scanning electron microscope (SEM) to register the nanoprobe to an identified feature on the IC; navigating the nanoprobe to a region of interest; scanning the nanoprobe over the surface of the IC while reading data from the nanoprobe; when the data from the nanoprobe indicates that the nanoprobe traverse a feature of interest, decelerating the scanning speed of the nanoprobe and performing testing of the IC. The scanning can be done at a prescribed nanoprobe tip force, and during the step of decelerating the scanning speed, the method further includes increasing the nanoprobe tip force.

Abstract: A light detector includes a cooling device between a photomultiplier tube (PMT) device and a heat sink. A thermally conductive shield encloses the PMT device and the cooling device and is in thermal contact with the heat sink such that the heat sink transfers heat to the shield. The light detector may be included in sample analyzing apparatus configured for making optical measurements of a sample.

Abstract: For high spatial resolution imaging a structure in a sample, the structure being marked with luminescence markers, light that has an effect on the emission of luminescence light by the luminescence markers is directed onto the sample with an intensity distribution having a zero point and intensity maxima neighboring the zero point in at least one direction. A scan area which is a part of the sample is scanned with the zero point. Luminescence light emitted out of a local area including the zero point is registered and assigned to the respective location of the zero point in the sample. Dimensions of the scan area, in at least one direction in which the intensity maxima are neighboring the zero point, are limited such that they are not larger than 75% of a distance of the intensity maxima in the at least one direction.

Abstract: A method for high-resolution 3D fluorescence microscopy, wherein fluorescence emitters in a sample are repeatedly excited to emit fluorescence, and still images are produced of the sample by means of a microscope. The microscope has an imaging beam path with an optical resolution and a focal plane, wherein the fluorescence emitters are excited to emit fluorescence in such a manner that at least a subset of the fluorescence emitters is isolated in each still image so that the images of these fluorescence emitters can be separated in the still images within the optical resolution. The positions of the fluorescence emitters are localized in the generated still images, from the images of the isolated fluorescence emitters, with a location accuracy exceeding the optical resolution, and a high-resolution composite image is generated therefrom.

Abstract: A method for removing foreign matter from an agricultural product stream of a manufacturing process. The method includes conveying a product stream past an inspection station; scanning a region of the agricultural product stream as it passes the inspection station using at least one light source of a single or different wavelengths; generating hyperspectral images from the scanned region; determining a spectral fingerprint for the agricultural product stream from the hyperspectral images; comparing the spectral fingerprint obtained in step (c) to a spectral fingerprint database containing a plurality of fingerprints using a computer processor to determine whether foreign matter is present and, if present, generating a signal in response thereto; and removing a portion of the conveyed product stream in response to the signal. A system for detecting foreign matter within a agricultural product stream is also provided.

Abstract: An apparatus for inclined single plane Illumination microscopy of a sample includes a laser for launching excitation light beams at a plurality of wavelengths, a laser beam expander, an injection arm optically coupled to the laser beam expander, a conventional back-to-back microscope system, a universal dichroic mirror optically coupled to the injection arm to direct the excitation light beams into the conventional back-to-back microscope onto a sample plane in an imaging plane, and to receive fluorescence light from the sample, a universal optical adaptor optically coupled to the universal dichroic mirror, a re-imaging component optically coupled to the universal optical adaptor; and a camera output connector optically coupled to the re-imaging component, where the laser beam expander, injection arm, universal optical adapter, re-imaging component, and camera are combined in a modular unit which is arranged and configured to be coupled to the conventional back-to-back microscope.

Abstract: An apparatus for inspecting empty containers in order to detect dirt therein is disclosed. A radiation source generates exciting radiation, and the exciting radiation is directed onto the inner wall of a container and excites dirt to be detected in such a way that the dirt emits luminescent radiation. At least one device detects the luminescent radiation emitted by the dirt, and another device analyzes the detected luminescent radiation. Also disclosed is a corresponding method for inspecting empty containers in order to detect dirt therein.

Abstract: Provided is a method for monitoring a manufacturing process of an agricultural product. The method utilizes hyperspectral imaging and comprises scanning at least one region along a sample of agricultural product using at least one light source of a single or different wavelengths; generating hyperspectral images from the at least one region; determining a spectral fingerprint for the sample of agricultural product from the hyperspectral images; and comparing the spectral fingerprint so obtained to a spectral fingerprint database containing a plurality of fingerprints obtained at various points of the manufacturing process, using a computer processor, to determine which point in the manufacturing process the sample has progressed to.

Abstract: Aspects of fluorescent ink printing, cutting, and apparel assembly are described. In one example, a system includes a textile printer, a textile cutter, and a computing device that arranges panels and develops print features related to textile products. The computing device can assign certain print features to be printed using fluorescent inks. The computing environment can then instruct a textile printer to print textile panels, for example, along with the print features, using the fluorescent inks. Once the panels are printed, ultraviolet (UV) light sources can be used to create a fluorescent reflection from the fluorescent inks. The fluorescent reflection can be captured by image sensors to generate instructions to cut the panels out from the textile sheet. The reflection can also be used as assembly notations for reference by sewing workers or automated sewing systems.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for high-resolution luminescence microscopy of a specimen marked with marker molecules, and to a luminescence microscope for performing the method, wherein the marker molecules can be excited to emit luminescence radiation. The method for luminescence microscopy comprises the excitation and imaging of marker molecules and the transmission of a trigger time and a position of the specimen. An optical recording device images the marker molecules in a capture area and transmits data from the imaging to an image capture circuit. The recording device transmits a time for the imaging to a signal former as a trigger time; the trigger time is then transmitted to a data recorder.

Abstract: Systems, methods, and kits are provided wherein a temperature-sensitive reagent that emits a luminescent signal is used to adjust the identification of the temperature of a sample or to control thermocycling. In various illustrative embodiments, the sample is a PCR mixture.

Abstract: A device for multi-photon fluorescence microscopy for obtaining information from biological tissue has a laser unit for generating an excitation radiation, an optical unit implemented for focusing the excitation radiation for generating an optical signal at various locations in or on an object to be investigated, and a detector module for capturing the optical signal from the region of the object. The optical unit is thereby displaceable at least in one direction relative to the object for generating the optical signal at various locations in or on the object. The invention further relates to a method for multi-photon fluorescence microscopy. In said manner, a device and a method for multi-photon fluorescence microscopy are provided for obtaining information from biological tissue, allowing recording of section images in an object with a large field of view, and thereby are simply constructed and reliable in operation.

Abstract: A sign apparatus of the present disclosure includes a light source operable to emit light, a front panel having a front portion and a side portion, and a rear panel attached to the front panel and having a back portion, a side portion and a rim portion. The rear panel and the front panel define a cavity where the light source is housed. The side portion of the front panel extends between the cavity and the side portion of the rear panel, and the rim portion of the rear panel is configured to follow a contour of the front panel, extend beyond a periphery of the front panel, and have opaque properties.

Abstract: Provided is a 3-dimensional confocal microscopy apparatus which is manufactured by combining a confocal microscope and an optical tweezers technique, wherein a pair of lenses for focal plane displacement where one lens is movable in the optical axis direction is arranged between a fixed objective lens and a fluorescent light imaging camera, and the 3-dimensional confocal microscopy apparatus also includes a mean which corrects the aberration of a fluorescent confocal image obtained by the fluorescent imaging camera. Accordingly, it is possible to provide a 3-dimensional confocal microscopy apparatus which can acquire a 3-dimensional image of a specimen during a manipulation of the specimen using optical tweezers without affecting an optical trap.

Abstract: Provided are a method for simultaneously detecting fluorescence and Raman signals for multiple fluorescence and Raman signal targets, and a medical imaging device for simultaneously detecting multiple targets using the method. The method includes: injecting at least one marker particle comprising Raman markers and receptors into the body of an animal, which can be a human; irradiating a laser beam onto the body of the animal; and detecting the optical signals emitted by the marker particle after the irradiation of the laser beam separately as fluorescence signals and Raman signals. The simultaneous detection of multiple targets may be performed even without scanning optical signals emitted by the marker particle individually with different optical fibers. As an examination may be performed by injecting surface-enhanced Raman marker particles, weak Raman signals may be augmented so as to obtain a more accurate diagnosis result in real time.

Abstract: A radiation image detecting device includes a photodetecting element that detects fluorescence light, and a prism that is disposed on an optical path of excitation light traveling toward an imaging plate and between the photodetecting element and the imaging plate. The prism includes, as surface thereof, a side face that is opposed to the imaging plate, and a side face and a side face that are inclined relative to the side face. The prism is disposed so that the excitation light incident through the side face propagates inside and is output from the side face and so that reflection from the imaging plate incident through the side face propagates inside and is output from the side face. The photodetecting element is disposed so as to be opposed to a region different from a region where the reflection from the imaging plate is output, in the surface of the prism.

Abstract: Methods and apparatus for use in connection with the performance of the polymerase chain reaction are provided. An exemplary sample processing module is described that includes a sample assembly and a PCR assembly, the sample processing module being configured to hold the sample therein at a pressure higher than ambient pressure. A sample is added to the sample assembly at the time of use, which is then connected to the PCR assembly. Embodiments of the cartridge include a flow restriction device that enables or aids in creating a higher pressure within the reaction vial. The sample is introduced into a PCR reaction vial, which contains all of the constituents of a PCR reaction mixture that are necessary to process the sample and provide amplified DNA of interest, if that DNA was present in the sample.

Abstract: In the present invention, a fluorescent substance detection system (S) for detecting fluorescent substances in any environment is provided. Said detection system (S) comprises at least one illumination unit (1) which emits light to said environment in order to excite said substances; detection units (2), at least at a number equal to the number of types of fluorescent substances, for detecting emissions coming from said excited fluorescent substances and bandpass filters (3), each connected to detection units (2) one by one, wherein bandpass filters (3) have a center wavelength matched to the center emission wavelength of corresponding fluorescent substance.

Abstract: Portable systems for processing and analyzing biological or environmental samples as well as different configurations of chip-based flow cytometers are provided. The portable systems include an automated assay preparation module configured to process a sample into a fluid assay with fluorescently tagged particles and a microfluidic analysis module coupled to the fluid assay module, wherein the microfluidic analysis module includes a chip-based flow cytometer.

Abstract: A laser machining apparatus has a laser beam irradiation unit that includes: a pulsed laser oscillator that oscillates a pulsed laser beam at a given repetition frequency; first and second condensers that collect the pulsed laser beam oscillated by the pulsed laser oscillator; and a beam splitting unit arranged between the pulsed laser oscillator and the first and second condensers to split the pulsed laser beam oscillated by the pulsed laser oscillator and direct the resultant beams alternately toward the first and second condensers. The beam splitting unit includes a photoelastic modulator that has a piezo element and a synthetic quartz formed in one piece and modulates the laser beam so that a polarization plane of the laser beam is alternately at 0 and 90 degrees by applying, to the piezo element, a high frequency voltage at a frequency that matches the natural frequency of the synthetic quartz.

Abstract: A SPM head incorporates a probe and a cantilever on which the probe is mounted. The cantilever has a planar reflecting surface proximate a free end of the cantilever. The cantilever extends from a mechanical mount and a single-mode optical fiber is supported by the mechanical mount to provide a beam. A micromirror is mounted to reflect the beam substantially 90° to the planar reflecting surface.

Abstract: Embodiments of the invention include an apparatus including at least one illumination source configured to emit illumination energy and an illumination control system to receive the illumination energy. The illumination control system is configured to control the illumination energy to output a sequence of different illumination wavelengths using the illumination energy. The apparatus also includes a plurality of optical fibers connected to the illumination control system and configured to sequentially output the different illumination wavelengths. Each optical fiber is configured to transmit a different illumination wavelength of the sequence to output the sequence of different illumination wavelengths from the optical fibers toward an object.

Abstract: A component or device is provided for the detection or the measurement in parallel of one or more specific types of biological or chemical target products. This component includes a group of nanotubes selected and/or functionalized to interact with the target product, around an optical waveguide. Thus, an optical coupling is produced between the optical waveguide and one or more optical characteristics of these nanotubes, the modifications of which are evaluated in the presence of the target product. In addition, a method is provided for manufacturing and preparing such a component or device, and a detection method using them, as well as a post-manufacture preparation method comprising a specific functionalization for different target products starting from the same type of pluripotent generic component. Also provided is a family of PFO-based functionalization polymers.

Abstract: Embodiments of a fluorescence microscopy system that employs a technique for distinguishing stimulated emission as a means for enhancing signal strength of fluorescent markers are disclosed.

Abstract: In a portable electronic device, a temperature sensor is provided for sensing an ambient temperature of the portable electronic device. At least one other temperature sensor is provided for sensing a temperature inside the portable electronic device. The portable electronic device further comprises a set of components radiating heat in an active state in response to the consumption of electrical energy. A calibration module is adapted to conduct a calibration measurement during or in connection with an active state of at least a first component out of the set, and is adapted to determine a set of calibration parameters in response to the calibration measurement for adjusting the at least one sensed inside temperature. A compensator is provided for determining a compensated ambient temperature dependent on at least the sensed ambient temperature and the at least one adjusted sensed inside temperature.

Abstract: An assembly and a method are disclosed for analyzing nucleic acid sequences by way of so-called sequencing-by-synthesis. According to an embodiment of the invention, a chemical substance group that is released when a nucleotide bonds to a nucleic acid sequence to be sequenced is detected. The reagents are applied by way of a spraying device to a sensor that detects the released substance group. This has the advantage that no lateral flow occurs. The rate of false-negative and false-positive results is significantly reduced. Furthermore, a small amount of the reagent is sufficient to completely wet the sensor. Filling of the supply and discharge lines as for a flow cell is not necessary.

Abstract: The present disclosure concerns a method and detector (10) for detecting an analyte (1) in a sample volume (2), such as nitrosamine in an amine solvent. The method comprises measuring a resonance Raman spectrum (I1) with a first light beam (PI) matching an electronic transition of the analyte (1). The detection of the analyte is enhanced by measuring an off-resonance Raman spectrum (12) using a second light beam (P2) that is shifted in wavelength at least 10 nm away from the electronic resonance. The resonance Raman signal (S1) of the analyte (1) is isolated from the background (Q1, Q2) by a difference analysis between the resonance and off-resonance Raman spectra (I1, I2). The method and detector (10) can be employed for detecting nitrosamine in a carbon capture process or plant (20) that employs an amine solvent.

Abstract: A system and a method for characterizing a crude oil sample from the weight and ultraviolet visible spectroscopy of the sample, including calculating a crude oil ultraviolet visible index and using the index to calculate the API gravity and the aromaticity of the sample.

Abstract: The fiber optic probe (7) comprises: a first optical fiber (9) to convey an electromagnetic radiation towards a measuring area at an exit end of said first optical fiber (9); a second optical fiber (11) to collect an electromagnetic radiation from said measuring area, the second optical fiber comprising an entrance end arranged in the measuring area and adjacent to the exit end of the first optical fiber. The exit end of the first optical fiber and the entrance end of the second optical fiber (11) are treated so that at least part of the electromagnetic radiation conveyed along the first optical fiber exits laterally from the first optical fiber and enters laterally in the second optical fiber. Moreover, in the measuring area an indicating material (15) is arranged, indicating a parameter to be measured with the probe.

Abstract: A system and method for compensating signal delay across a solid state photomultiplier. The method including determining respective arrival times of signals from a plurality of microcells of the photomultiplier, calculating a signal transit time delay difference between the respective arrival times for individual signals, correlating the individual transit time delay differences to an amount of respective signal propagation compensation for respective microcells of the photomultiplier, and introducing the respective signal propagation compensation into circuitry of the respective microcells. The method also includes at least one of adjusting a response shape of a photodiode within each of the plurality of microcells, adjusting operating parameters of a one-shot pulse circuit within the microcells, and modifying circuit design values of each microcells during fabrication of the photomultiplier.

Abstract: Apparatuses and methods of optically analyzing fluid within a pipette are described herein. In an embodiment, an optical reader subassembly includes a housing including an internal area, a container configured to hold a fluid sample at a sample position in a light tight manner within the internal area of the housing, a light source configured to project light onto the fluid sample within the container, and an optical sensor configured to move between different sensor positions while the fluid sample remains stationary at the sample position, the different sensor positions including at least two of: (i) a first sensor position for taking a luminescence reading of the fluid sample; (ii) a second sensor position for taking a dark current or other background measurement; and (iii) a third sensor position for taking a fluorescence reading of the fluid sample.

Abstract: Analysis of a system and/or sample involves the use of absorption-encoded micro beads. Each type of micro bead is encoded with amounts of the k dyes in a proportional relationship that is different from proportional relationships of the k dyes of others of the n types of absorption-encoded micro beads. A system and/or a sample can be analyzed using information obtained from detecting the one or more types of absorption-encoded micro beads.

Abstract: An integrated circuit includes a photodetection region configured to receive incident photons. The photodetection region is configured to produce a plurality of charge carriers in response to the incident photons. The integrated circuit also includes at least one charge carrier storage region. The integrated circuit also includes a charge carrier segregation structure configured to selectively direct charge carriers of the plurality of charge carriers into the at least one charge carrier storage region based upon times at which the charge carriers are produced.

Abstract: A urine analyzer capable of operating in a urine measurement mode and a body fluid measurement mode, the urine analyzer includes a specimen preparing section configured to prepare a measurement specimen and a detecting section configured to derive signals of particles in the measurement specimen supplied from the specimen preparing section. A computer and a memory including programs on a computer-readable medium that enable the computer to execute operations to control the specimen preparing section and the detecting section in the urine measurement mode and in the body fluid measurement mode.

Abstract: An initial set of parameters for operating one or more detection tools is automatically derived and subsequently adjusted so that each detection tool is more or less sensitive to signal characteristics in a region of interest. Detection tool(s) may be applied to physiological signals sensed from a patient (such as EEG signals) and may be configured to run in an implanted medical device that is programmable with the parameters to look for rhythmic activity, spiking, and power changes in the sensed signals, etc. A detection tool may be selected and parameter values derived in a logical sequence and/or in pairs based on a graphical representation of an activity type which may be selected by a user, for example, by clicking and dragging on the graphic via a GUI. Displayed simulations allow a user to assess what will be detected with a derived parameter set and then to adjust the sensitivity of the set or start over as desired.

Abstract: Provided are methods and systems for concurrent imaging at multiple wavelengths. In one aspect, a hyperspectral/multispectral imaging device includes a lens configured to receive light backscattered by an object, a plurality of photo-sensors, a plurality of bandpass filters covering respective photo-sensors, where each bandpass filter is configured to allow a different respective spectral band to pass through the filter, and a plurality of beam splitters in optical communication with the lens and the photo-sensors, where each beam splitter splits the light received by the lens into a plurality of optical paths, each path configured to direct light to a corresponding photo-sensor through the bandpass filter corresponding to the respective photo-sensor.

Abstract: The invention relates to a portable reflectometer and to a method for characterizing the collector mirrors used in solar power plants for the in-field characterization of reflection coefficients. The equipment includes all of the components required for this measurement, such as a module to measure the reflection coefficient of the mirror, an electronic data acquisition and processing system, a system for processing data and controlling the equipment, a system for storing the data of interest, a user interface system, and a system allowing communication between the aforementioned systems and an outer casing. The equipment can be used to characterize the specular reflection coefficient of flat or curved mirrors of different thicknesses, without requiring adjustments to be made to the equipment, minimizing the influence of diffuse reflection on the measurement.

Abstract: In the scanning molecule counting method using optical measurement with a confocal or multiphoton microscope, there is provided a technique of computing a light-emitting particle concentration which changes with time and detecting a concentration change velocity or a reaction velocity. The inventive optical analysis technique of detecting light of light-emitting particles in a sample solution generates time series light intensity data of light from a light detection region detected with moving the position of the light detection region of the microscope in the sample solution; measures successively an interval of generation times of signals of the light-emitting particles detected in the time series light intensity data; and determines the concentration or concentration change velocity of the light-emitting particles, using the successively measured signal generation time intervals.

Abstract: A banknote discrimination apparatus includes a plurality of photoelectric conversion elements in which an incident light including fluorescence emitted from a banknote irradiated with excitation light enters; a plurality of organic film filters that are arranged so as to overlap each of the plurality of photoelectric conversion elements, and have mutually different transmission bands; a circuit including a plurality of pixel circuits which are each connected to one corresponding element among the plurality of photoelectric conversion elements and output a pixel signal converted by each photoelectric conversion element in accordance with an intensity of the incident light that transmits through the organic film filter and enters to the photoelectric conversion element; a spectral processor; and a discriminator. At least one of the plurality of organic film filters is a filter obtained by overlapping two or more filter layers on each other.

Abstract: A display device, a display method, and a display program used in a measurement system capable of facilitating positioning in a measurement information image by displaying an IP (imaging plate) image having measurement information for ?+ rays contained in blood to be measured and appending a guide G based on design information of a disc housing the blood to an IP image and displaying the image. The guide G is appended to an IP image in which a guide is not originally reflected, which makes it possible to visually discern a reference position (for example, the central position of the disc) in the IP image based on design information. As a result, it is possible to facilitate positioning in the IP image based on the guide G indicating the reference position (central position of the disc).

Abstract: A method is specified for operating an organic optoelectronic component, which has at least one organic light-emitting element having an organic functional layer stack with at least one organic light-emitting layer between two electrodes and at least one organic light-emitting element having an organic light-detecting layer. These elements are arranged on a common substrate in laterally adjacent area regions. The at least one organic light-detecting element detects ambient light, which is incident onto the organic optoelectronic component. The intensity of the light emitted by the at least one organic light-emitting element is regulated depending on a signal of the at least one organic light-detecting element with a characteristic signal form.

Abstract: Microscopy instruments with detectors located on one side of the instruments are disclosed. The microscopy instruments include a splitting system and an array of detectors disposed on one side of the instrument. A beam composed of two or more separate emission channels is separated by the splitting system into two or more beams that travel along separate paths so that each beam reaches a different detector in the array of detectors. Each beam is a different emission channel and the beams are substantially parallel.

Abstract: Methods of measuring gut transit time in animals are presented. Steps include fasting an animal, then feeding it a food containing a fluorescent dye, and then monitoring bedding for fluorescent droppings by using an ultraviolet (UV) fluorescent excitation light that is in the visible range of the animal, and thus is perceived by the animal as daylight, while turning off human-visible white light so that a camera may record UV emissions without faint emission light being burned out by human-visible light. Such methods are fully automatic with continual monitoring in the home-cage of the animal. Animals may be multi-housed with automated animal-ID. A single camera may be used to observe fluorescent emission light, animal activity under white light, and animal activity under infrared (IR) light. The method may be repeated to create a measurement sequence to determine matching to a disease model.

Abstract: The light emitting device includes: an ultraviolet light emitting diode emitting light in an ultraviolet wavelength region; and blue phosphors, green phosphors, and red phosphors excited by the ultraviolet light emitting diode, wherein white light is formed by synthesis of the light emitted from the ultraviolet light emitting diode, light emitted from the blue phosphors, light emitted from the green phosphors, and light emitted from the red phosphors, the white light includes ultraviolet light, green light, blue light, and red light, an intensity of a peak wavelength of the green light is in a range of 1.8 to 2.1 times the intensity of a peak wavelength of the blue light, and an intensity of a peak wavelength of the red light is in a range of 2.8 to 3.1 times the intensity of the peak wavelength of the blue light.

Abstract: A phosphor thermometer is disclosed. The phosphor thermometer may comprise a light source configured to emit an excitation light, and an input waveguide configured to transmit at least a portion of the excitation light from the light source to a temperature sensing end. A phosphor may be located at the temperature sensing end and it may be configured to emit a fluorescence signal upon absorption of at least a portion of the excitation light transmitted by the input waveguide. The phosphor thermometer may further comprise an output waveguide configured to transmit at least a portion of the fluorescence signal from the phosphor to a detector. The detector may determine a fluorescence decay constant from the time dependent decay of the fluorescence signal, and the fluorescence decay constant may be correlated with a temperature.

Abstract: Methods of digital communication utilizing entangled qubits are disclosed. The communication methods exploit selective entanglement swapping to transfer an entangled state between a sending device and a receiving device. Each device includes pairs of qubits that are independently entangled with pairs of qubits in the other device. By selectively entangling the qubits within a pair in the sending device, the qubits of the corresponding pair in the receiving device also are selectively entangled. When the qubits are entangled, they are projected onto a particular entangled state type. Though no information may be transferred through selective entanglement of one qubit pair, the disclosed methods determine whether a set of pairs of qubits are entangled by determining whether the distribution of pairs is a correlated or uncorrelated distribution (a probabilistic approach) and transform the distribution type to a classical bit of data to transfer classical bits in a qubit-efficient approach.

Abstract: A multiphoton microscope is provided. The microscope includes: an excitation source for providing an optical excitation beam at an excitation wavelength ?; a scanner for scanning the excitation beam on a sample; an objective for irradiating the sample with the excitation beam scanned by the scanner and for collecting an emission beam from the sample; a first detector for detecting a plurality of multiphoton signals; and an emission light path allowing transmission from the objective to the first detector a wavelength band limited to greater than or equal to ?/2 and less than ?, wherein the plurality of multiphoton signals have wavelengths within the wavelength band; wherein the plurality of multiphoton signals com-prises a first multiphoton signal and a second multiphoton signal of different types. Fast image capture rate multiphoton microscopes for in vivo imaging, as well as photothermolysis methods using the microscopes are also provided.