Abstract: A semiconductor device includes a substrate, a gate stack, and epitaxy structures. The substrate has a P-type region. The gate stack is over the P-type region of the substrate and includes a gate dielectric layer, a bottom work function (WF) metal layer, a top WF metal layer, and a filling metal. The bottom WF metal layer is over the gate dielectric layer. The top WF metal layer is over and in contact with the bottom WF metal layer. Dipoles are formed between the top WF metal layer and the bottom WF metal layer, and the dipoles direct from the bottom WF metal layer to the top WF metal layer. The filling metal is over the top WF metal layer. The epitaxy structures are over the P-type region of the substrate and on opposite sides of the gate stack.

Abstract: A semiconductor device includes a substrate, a gate stack, and an epitaxy structure. The gate stack over the substrate and includes a gate dielectric layer, a bottom work function (WF) metal layer, a top WF metal layer, and a filling metal. The bottom WF metal layer is over the gate dielectric layer. The top WF metal layer is over and in contact with the bottom WF metal layer. At least one of the top and bottom WF metal layers includes dopants, and the top WF metal layer is thicker than the bottom WF metal layer. The filling metal is over the top WF metal layer. The epitaxy structure is over the substrate and adjacent the gate stack.

Abstract: A method is provided for fabricating a double gate structure for transistors with superposed bars, including: providing, on a support, a stack including an alternation of one or several first bars based on a first semiconducting material, and one or several second bars based on a second semiconducting material; removing lateral portions of the second bars; forming insulating plugs in contact with lateral regions of the second bars; removing the first bars; and forming a gate electrode facing an upper face and a lower face of the second bars, the insulating plugs being arranged in contact with the lateral regions of the second bars when the gate electrode is being formed.

Abstract: A method for fabricating semiconductor device includes the steps of: forming a first gate structure on a substrate; forming a second gate structure on the substrate and on one side of the first gate structure; forming a third gate structure on the substrate and on another side of the first gate structure; forming source/drain regions adjacent to the second gate structure and the third gate structure; and forming contact plugs to contact the first gate structure, the second gate structure, the third gate structure, and the source/drain regions.

Abstract: A thin film transistor and manufacturing and testing methods thereof, an array substrate and a display device, and the thin film transistor includes a semiconductor layer, at least three source/drain electrodes and a gate electrode. The semiconductor layer includes a non-doped part which is continuously formed and at least three doped parts which are connected with the non-doped part; the doped parts are spaced from each other and distributed at a periphery of the non-doped part; the source/drain electrodes are spaced from each other and respectively electrically connected with the doped parts; and the gate electrode overlaps the non-doped part in a direction perpendicular to the semiconductor layer and at least extends to a junction of the non-doped part and each doped part. The thin film transistor can improve the accuracy of comparison results of the characteristics of sub-thin film transistors included by the thin film transistor.

Abstract: A semiconductor device, including: a first memory cell including a first transistor; a second memory cell including a second transistor, where the second transistor overlays the first transistor and the second transistor self-aligned to the first transistor; and a plurality of junctionless transistors, where at least one of the junctionless transistors controls access to at least one of the memory cells.

Abstract: The present invention relates generally to semiconductor devices and more particularly, to a structure and method of forming a replacement channel composed of a III-V compound semiconductor material in a doped layer of a III-V compound semiconductor substrate. The replacement channel may be formed by removing a portion of the doped layer located directly below a dummy gate stack that has been removed. A III-V compound semiconductor material may be grown in the removed the portion to form the replacement channel and a gate stack may be formed on the replacement channel.

Abstract: An organic light-emitting diode display may have an array of pixels. Each pixel may have an organic light-emitting diode and thin-film transistor circuitry that controls current flow through the organic light-emitting diode. The thin-film transistor circuitry may include silicon thin-film transistors and semiconducting-oxide thin-film transistors. Double gate transistor structures may be formed in the transistors of the thin-film transistor circuitry. A double gate transistor may have a semiconductor layer sandwiched between first and second dielectric layers. The first dielectric layer may be interposed between an upper gate and the semiconductor layer and the second dielectric layer may be interposed between a lower gate and the semiconductor layer. Capacitor structures may be formed from the layers of metal used in forming the upper and lower gates and other conductive structures.

Abstract: A level shifter circuit is implemented with dual gate fully depleted silicon-on-insulator (FDSOI) technology. By enhancing the performance of the NMOS and devices within the level shifting circuit, the Vt of the dual gate FDSOI NMOS transistors is lowered without a need for additional control circuitry. Lowering the Vt can be accomplished through dynamic secondary gate control, by coupling together primary and secondary gates of the NMOS devices, while secondary gates of the PMOS devices can be coupled to a high voltage supply level. Such high performance NMOS devices can then operate at higher frequencies and run on a much wider range of core power supplies. Meanwhile, conventional DC conditions are maintained during steady state operation. Because no components are added to the level shifter circuit, the higher performance is achieved without an increase in size and current consumption.

Abstract: A semiconductor component may include a semiconductor layer which has a front side and a back side, a first terminal electrode on the front side, a second terminal electrode on the back side, a first dopant region of a first conduction type on the front side, which is electrically connected to one of the terminal electrodes, a second dopant region of a second conduction type in the semiconductor layer, which is electrically connected to the other terminal electrode, a pn junction being formed between the first and second dopant regions, a dielectric layer on the back side between the semiconductor layer and the second terminal electrode, and the dielectric layer having an opening through which an electrical connection between the second terminal electrode and the first or second dopant region is passed.

Abstract: In sophisticated semiconductor devices, the encapsulation of sensitive gate materials, such as a high-k dielectric material and a metal-containing electrode material, which are provided in an early manufacturing stage may be achieved by forming an undercut gate configuration. To this end, a wet chemical etch sequence is applied after the basic patterning of the gate layer stack, wherein at least ozone-based and hydrofluoric acid-based process steps are performed in an alternating manner, thereby achieving a substantially self-limiting removal behavior.

Abstract: After formation of a gate electrode, a source trench and a drain trench are formed down to an upper portion of a bottom semiconductor layer having a first semiconductor material of a semiconductor-on-insulator (SOI) substrate. The source trench and the drain trench are filled with at least a second semiconductor material that is different from the first semiconductor material to form source and drain regions. A planarized dielectric layer is formed and a handle substrate is attached over the source and drain regions. The bottom semiconductor layer is removed selective to the second semiconductor material, the buried insulator layer, and a shallow trench isolation structure. The removal of the bottom semiconductor layer exposes a horizontal surface of the buried insulator layer present between source and drain regions on which a conductive material layer is formed as a back gate electrode.

Abstract: Provided is a transistor including an oxide semiconductor in a channel formation region in which the threshold voltage is controlled, which is a so-called normally-off switching element. The switching element includes a first insulating film, an oxide semiconductor layer over the first insulating film and includes a channel formation region, a second insulating film covering the oxide semiconductor layer, a source electrode layer and a drain electrode layer electrically connected to the oxide semiconductor layer. The semiconductor device further includes a first gate electrode layer overlapping the channel formation region with the first insulating film therebetween, a second gate electrode layer overlapping the channel formation region with the second insulating film therebetween, and a third gate electrode layer overlapping a side surface of the oxide semiconductor layer in a channel width direction with the second insulating film therebetween.

Abstract: An LCD device includes dual gate transistors provided to an output portion of the shift register for outputting a gate voltage. As such, the charge/discharge time of the output portion is reduced so the response time of liquid crystal is improved.

Abstract: A bottom-contacted top gate (TG) thin film transistor (TFT) with independent field control for off-current suppression is provided, along with an associated fabrication method. The method provides a substrate, and forms source and drain regions overlying the substrate, each having a channel interface top surface. A channel is interposed between the source and drain, with source and drain contact regions immediately overlying the source/drain (S/D) interface top surfaces, respectively. A first dielectric layer is formed overlying the source, drain, and channel. A first gate is formed overlying the first dielectric, having a drain sidewall located between the contact regions. A second dielectric layer is formed overlying the first gate and first dielectric. A second gate overlies the second dielectric, located over the drain contact region.

Abstract: Multiple threshold voltage (Vt) field-effect transistor (FET) devices and techniques for the fabrication thereof are provided. In one aspect, a FET device is provided including a source region; a drain region; at least one channel interconnecting the source and drain regions; and a gate, surrounding at least a portion of the channel, configured to have multiple threshold voltages due to the selective placement of at least one band edge metal throughout the gate.

Abstract: A semiconductor substrate of a semiconductor device includes a body region of a first conductivity type, a drift region of a second conductivity type coming into contact with a lower surface of the body region, a gate electrode that is provided in a gate trench passing through the body region and extending to the drift region and faces the body region, and a gate insulator that is provided between the gate electrode and a wall surface of the gate trench. An inverted U-shaped section is formed in a lower surface of the gate insulator, and a floating region of the first conductivity type is formed in the inverted U-shaped section. The floating region protrudes under a portion that is located at a lowermost portion in the lower surface of the gate insulator.

Abstract: The present disclosure provides a TFET, which comprises: a substrate; a channel region formed in the substrate, and a source region and a drain region formed on two sides of the channel region; a gate stack formed on the channel region, wherein the gate stack comprises: a gate dielectric layer, and at least a first gate electrode and a second gate electrode distributed in a direction from the source region to the drain region and formed on the gate dielectric layer, and the first gate electrode and the second gate electrode have different work functions; and a first side wall and a second side wall formed on a side of the first gate electrode and on a side of the second gate electrode respectively.

Abstract: In one embodiment, a semiconductor device includes a first diffusion layer of a first conductivity type and a second diffusion layer of a second conductivity type that are provided in a semiconductor layer at a distance, the second conductivity type being an opposite conductivity type of the first conductivity type, a first insulating film and a second insulating film that are provided on the semiconductor layer between the first diffusion layer and the second diffusion layer at a distance, a gate electrode provided on the first insulating film, and a threshold regulating electrode provided on the second insulating film.

Abstract: A display substrate includes a switching transistor electrically connected to a gate line and a data line, the data line extending in a first direction substantially perpendicular to the gate line extending in a second direction, the switching transistor including a switching active pattern comprising amorphous silicon, a driving transistor electrically connected to a driving voltage line and the switching transistor, the driving voltage line extended in the first direction, the driving transistor including a driving active pattern comprising a metal oxide; and a light-emitting element electrically connected to the driving transistor.

Abstract: A transistor having a narrow bandgap semiconductor source/drain region is described. The transistor includes a gate electrode formed on a gate dielectric layer formed on a silicon layer. A pair of source/drain regions are formed on opposite sides of the gate electrode wherein said pair of source/drain regions comprise a narrow bandgap semiconductor film formed in the silicon layer on opposite sides of the gate electrode.

Abstract: The present disclosure provides a tunneling device, which comprises: a substrate; a channel region formed in the substrate, and a source region and a drain region formed on two sides of the channel region; and a gate stack formed on the channel region and a first side wall and a second side wall formed on two sides of the gate stack, wherein the gate stack comprises: a first gate dielectric layer; at least a first gate electrode and a second gate electrode formed on the first gate dielectric layer; a second gate dielectric layer formed between the first gate electrode and the first side wall; and a third gate dielectric layer formed between the second gate electrode and the second side wall.

Abstract: In one preferred form shown in FIGS. 2a to 2c there is provided a field effect transistor (24). The field effect transistor includes an off switch gate (42) and a switch bridge semiconductor (44). The switch bridge (44) is provided for charging the off switch gate (42) such that the off switch gate (42) is able to screen the electric field of the control gate (32) of the field effect transistor.

Abstract: A method is provided for fabricating a transistor. The method includes providing a semiconductor substrate, and forming a metal layer on the semiconductor substrate. The method also includes forming a silicon layer having at least one layer of graphene-like silicon on the metal layer, and forming a metal oxide layer by oxidizing a portion of the metal layer underneath the silicon layer. Further, the method includes forming a source region and a drain region connecting with the silicon layer.

Abstract: Recessed access transistor devices used with semiconductor devices may include gate electrodes having materials with multiple work functions, materials that are electrically isolated from each other and supplied with two or more voltage supplies, or materials that create a diode junction within the gate electrode.

Abstract: A transistor having a narrow bandgap semiconductor source/drain region is described. The transistor includes a gate electrode formed on a gate dielectric layer formed on a silicon layer. A pair of source/drain regions are formed on opposite sides of the gate electrode wherein said pair of source/drain regions comprise a narrow bandgap semiconductor film formed in the silicon layer on opposite sides of the gate electrode.

Abstract: A method and circuit for implementing an embedded dynamic random access memory (eDRAM), and a design structure on which the subject circuit resides are provided. The embedded dynamic random access memory (eDRAM) circuit includes a stacked field effect transistor (FET) and capacitor. The capacitor is fabricated directly on top of the FET to build the eDRAM.

Abstract: A tunnel transistor is provided including a drain, a source and at least a first gate for controlling current between the drain and the source, wherein the first sides of respectively the first and the second gate dielectric material are positioned substantially along and substantially contact respectively the first and the second semiconductor part.

Abstract: An integrated circuit fabrication is disclosed, and more particularly a field effect transistor with a low resistance metal gate electrode is disclosed. An exemplary structure for a metal gate electrode of a field effect transistor comprises a lower portion formed of a first metal material, wherein the lower portion has a recess, a bottom portion and sidewall portions, wherein each of the sidewall portions has a first width; and an upper portion formed of a second metal material, wherein the upper portion has a protrusion and a bulk portion, wherein the bulk portion has a second width, wherein the protrusion extends into the recess, wherein a ratio of the second width to the first width is from about 5 to 10.

Abstract: It is an object to form a conductive region in an insulating film without forming contact holes in the insulating film. A method is provided, in which an insulating film is formed over a first electrode over a substrate, a first region having many defects is formed at a first depth in the insulating film by adding first ions into the insulating film at a first accelerating voltage; a second region having many defects is formed at a second depth which is different from the first depth in the insulating film by adding second ions into the insulating film at a second accelerating voltage, a conductive material containing a metal element is formed over the first and second regions; and a conductive region which electrically connects the first electrode and the conductive material is formed in the insulating film by diffusing the metal element into the first and second regions.

Abstract: A structure and method of fabrication thereof relate to a Deeply Depleted Channel (DDC) design, allowing CMOS based devices to have a reduced ?VT compared to conventional bulk CMOS and can allow the threshold voltage VT of FETs having dopants in the channel region to be set much more precisely. The DDC design also can have a strong body effect compared to conventional bulk CMOS transistors, which can allow for significant dynamic control of power consumption in DDC transistors. The semiconductor structure includes an analog device and a digital device each having an epitaxial channel layer where a single gate oxidation layer is on the epitaxial channel layer of NMOS and PMOS transistor elements of the digital device and one of a double and triple gate oxidation layer is on the epitaxial channel layer of NMOS and PMOS transistor elements of the analog device.

Abstract: A method is provided for making a semiconductor device, which comprises (a) providing a semiconductor structure comprising a top gate (228) and a bottom gate (240); (b) creating first (251), second and third (252) openings in the semiconductor structure, wherein the first opening exposes a portion of the bottom gate; (c) filling the first, second and third openings with a conductive material, thereby forming source (258) and drain (260) regions in the second and third openings and a conductive region (253) in the first opening; and (d) forming an electrical contact (278) to the conductive region.

Abstract: The invention relates to a transistor, a semiconductor device comprising the transistor and manufacturing methods for the transistor and the semiconductor device. The transistor according to the invention comprises: a substrate comprising at least a base layer, a first semiconductor layer, an insulating layer and a second semiconductor layer stacked sequentially; a gate stack formed on the second semiconductor layer; a source region and a drain region located on both sides of the gate stack respectively; a back gate comprising a back gate dielectric and a back gate electrode formed by the insulating layer and the first semiconductor layer, respectively; and a back gate contact formed on a portion of the back gate electrode. The back gate contact comprises an epitaxial part raised from the surface of the back gate electrode, and each of the source region and the drain region comprises an epitaxial part raised from the surface of the second semiconductor layer.

Abstract: A structure and method of fabricating the structure. The structure includes a first region of a semiconductor substrate separated from a second region of the semiconductor substrate by trench isolation formed in the substrate; a first stressed layer over the first region; a second stressed layer over second region; the first stressed layer and second stressed layer separated by a gap; and a passivation layer on the first and second stressed layers, the passivation layer extending over and sealing the gap.

Abstract: The present application provides a MOSFET and a method for manufacturing the same. The MOSFET comprises: a semiconductor substrate; a first buried insulating layer on the semiconductor substrate; a back gate formed in a first semiconductor layer which is on the first buried insulating layer; a second buried insulating layer on the first semiconductor layer; source/drain regions formed in a second semiconductor layer which is on the second buried insulating layer; a gate on the second semiconductor layer; and electrical contacts on the source/drain regions, the gate and the back gate, wherein the back gate is only under a channel region and one of the source/drain regions and not under the other of the source/drain regions, and a common electrical contact is formed between the back gate and the one of the source/drain regions. The MOSFET improves an effect of suppressing short channel effects by an asymmetric back gate, and reduces a footprint on a wafer by using the common conductive via.

Abstract: A back-gated field effect transistor (FET) includes a substrate, the substrate comprising top semiconductor layer on top of a buried dielectric layer on top of a bottom semiconductor layer; a front gate located on the top semiconductor layer; a channel region located in the top semiconductor layer under the front gate; a source region located in the top semiconductor layer on a side of the channel region, and a drain region located in the top semiconductor layer on the side of the channel region opposite the source regions; and a back gate located in the bottom semiconductor layer, the back gate configured such that the back gate abuts the buried dielectric layer underneath the channel region, and is separated from the buried dielectric layer by a separation distance underneath the source region and the drain region.

Abstract: In one embodiment, a semiconductor device includes a substrate, and a gate insulator disposed on the substrate. The device further includes a gate electrode including a first electrode layer which is disposed on an upper surface of the gate insulator and has a first work function, and a second electrode layer which is continuously disposed on the upper surface of the gate insulator and an upper surface of the first electrode layer and has a second work function that is different from the first work function, and sidewall insulators disposed on side surfaces of the gate electrode. A height of the upper surface of the first electrode layer is lower than a height of upper surfaces of the sidewall insulators.

Abstract: An electronic device can include a gate electrode having different portions with different conductivity types. In an embodiment, a process of forming the electronic device can include forming a semiconductor layer over a substrate, wherein the semiconductor layer has a particular conductivity type. The process can also include selectively doping a region of the semiconductor layer to form a first doped region having an opposite conductivity type. The process can further include patterning the semiconductor layer to form a gate electrode that includes a first portion and a second portion, wherein the first portion includes a portion of the first doped region, and the second region includes a portion of the semiconductor layer outside of the first doped region. In a particular embodiment, the electronic device can have a gate electrode having edge portions of one conductivity type and a central portion having an opposite conductivity type.

Abstract: A MUGFET and method of manufacturing a MUGFET is shown. The method of manufacturing the MUGFET includes forming temporary spacer gates about a plurality of active regions and depositing a dielectric material over the temporary spacer gates, including between the plurality of active regions. The method further includes etching portions of the dielectric material to expose the temporary spacer gates and removing the temporary spacer gates, leaving a space between the active regions and a remaining portion of the dielectric material. The method additionally includes filling the space between the active regions and above the remaining portion of the dielectric material with a gate material.

Abstract: The present disclosure provides a tunneling device, which comprises: a substrate; a channel region formed in the substrate, and a source region and a drain region formed on two sides of the channel region; and a gate stack formed on the channel region and a first side wall and a second side wall formed on two sides of the gate stack, wherein the gate stack comprises: a first gate dielectric layer; at least a first gate electrode and a second gate electrode formed on the first gate dielectric layer; a second gate dielectric layer formed between the first gate electrode and the first side wall; and a third gate dielectric layer formed between the second gate electrode and the second side wall.

Abstract: Disclosed are a semiconductor device with a metal gate and a method of manufacturing the same.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is a field effect transistor (FET), device including a FET, and a method of making the same. In embodiments of the disclosure, a semiconductor-on-insulator (SOI) substrate is provided. The SOI substrate includes a body having a first conductivity type formed in the semiconductor layer of the SOI substrate, the body including a first body region connecting a second body region to a third body region; and a source and a drain, each having a second conductivity type, disposed on opposite sides of the first body region. A first gate electrode having a second work function is disposed above the first body region; and a second gate electrode having a first work function disposed above the second and third body regions. A first gate dielectric layer may be disposed vertically between the first body region and the first gate electrode, and a second gate dielectric layer may be disposed vertically between the second and third body regions and the second gate electrode.

Abstract: A microelectronic device includes a P-I-N (p+ region, intrinsic semiconductor, and n+ region) semiconductive body with a first gate and a second gate. The first gate is a gate stack disposed on an upper surface plane, and the second gate accesses the semiconductive body from a second plane that is out of the first plane.

Abstract: A transistor having a narrow bandgap semiconductor source/drain region is described. The transistor includes a gate electrode formed on a gate dielectric layer formed on a silicon layer. A pair of source/drain regions are formed on opposite sides of the gate electrode wherein said pair of source/drain regions comprise a narrow bandgap semiconductor film formed in the silicon layer on opposite sides of the gate electrode.

Abstract: A planar double-gate transistor is manufactured wherein crystallisation inhibitors are implanted into the channel region (16) of a semiconductor wafer (10), said wafer having a laminate structure comprising an initial crystalline semiconductor layer (14) adjacent an amorphous semiconductor layer (12). Upon heating, partial re-growth of the amorphous semiconductor layer is restricted in the channel area thus allowing for the thickness of the source/drain extension regions to be increased whilst maintaining a thin channel. Any remaining amorphous material is selectively removed leaving a cavity to allow for the forming of gate electrodes (30,32) on opposing sides of the channel region. The invention can be exploited to a greater extent by providing an amorphous layer on both sides of the initial crystalline semiconductor layer thus providing for re-growth limitation in two directions.

Abstract: A method of making a semiconductor device on a semiconductor layer includes forming a select gate, a recess, a charge storage layer, and a control gate. The select gate is formed have a first sidewall over the semiconductor layer. The recess is formed in the semiconductor layer adjacent to the first sidewall of the select gate. The thin layer of charge storage material is formed in which a first portion of the thin layer of charge storage material is formed in the first recess and a second portion of the thin layer of charge storage material is formed along the first sidewall of the first select gate. The control gate is formed over the first portion of the thin layer of charge storage material. The result is a semiconductor device useful a memory cell.

Abstract: An integrated circuit containing an MOS transistor with a trenched gate abutting an isolation dielectric layer over a drift region. The body well and source diffused region overlap the bottom surface of the gate trench. An integrated circuit containing an MOS transistor with a first trenched gate abutting an isolation dielectric layer over a drift region, and a second trenched gate located over a heavily doped buried layer. The buried layer is the same conductivity type as the drift region. A process of forming an integrated circuit containing an MOS transistor, which includes an isolation dielectric layer over a drift region of a drain of the transistor, and a gate formed in a gate trench which abuts the isolation dielectric layer. The gate trench is formed by removing substrate material adjacent to the isolation dielectric layer.

Abstract: A semiconductor device with reduced contact resistance between a substrate and a plug includes a gate electrode disposed over the substrate, the plug formed over the substrate at both sides of the gate electrode and having a sidewall with a positive slope, a capping layer disposed between the gate electrode and the plug, and a gate hard mask layer whose sidewall disposed over the gate electrode is extended to a top surface of the capping layer. By employing the capping layer having a sidewall with a negative slope, the plug having the sidewall with a positive slope can be formed regardless of a shape or profile of the sidewall of the gate electrode. As a result, the contact area between the substrate and the plug is increased.

Abstract: The invention provides a three-dimensional stacked fin metal oxide semiconductor (SF-MOS) device (10,30) comprising a protrusion or fin structure with a plurality of stacked semiconductor regions (3,5,12), in which a second semiconductor region (5,12) is separated from a first semiconductor region (3,5) by an isolation region (4,11). A gate isolation layer (8) extends at least over the sidewalls of the protrusion (7) and a gate electrode extends over the gate isolation layer (8). The gate electrode comprises a plurality of gate regions (13,14,15) wherein each gate region (13,14,15) extends over another semiconductor region (3,5,12). In this way each gate region (13,14,15) influences the conduction channel of another semiconductor region (3,5,12) and hence adds another degree of freedom with which the performance of the SF-MOS device (10,30) can be optimized. The invention further provides a method of manufacturing the SF-MOS device (10,30) according to the invention.

Abstract: A high quality imager is constructed using a silicon-on-insulator (SOI) process with sensors fabricated in the SOI substrate and isolated by the buried oxide (BOX) from associated readout circuitry in the SOI layer. Handle windows are opened in the SOI device layer for fabrication of the sensors in the handle layer substrate and then closed prior to processing in the device layer. By keeping the buried oxide layer intact, the described technique allows for independent processing of sensors and readout circuitry so that each is optimized with regard to thermal and dopant properties without concern for degradation of the other. The process is compatible with the fabrication of readout circuitry using transistors having independent double-gates, which offer simultaneous advantages in scalability, low power and low noise. Photodiode sensors are shown with allowance for many other types of sensors. The process easily accommodates hardening against radiation.