Abstract: A piezoelectric device includes an insulating substrate, a piezoelectric vibration device that is mounted on a device mounting pad, a metal lid member that seals the piezoelectric vibration device in an airtight manner, an external pad that is arranged outside the insulating substrate, an oscillation circuit, a temperature compensation circuit, and a temperature sensor. The lid member and the temperature sensor or the lid member and the IC component are connected to each other so as to be heat-transferable, and a heat transfer member having thermal conductivity higher than that of the material of the insulating substrate is additionally included.

Abstract: An electronic device has two oscillators, for example a first highly accurate crystal oscillator and a second less accurate low power oscillator. In a normal mode of operation, time is counted based on an output from the crystal oscillator, but in a low power mode of operation, time is counted based on an output from the less accurate oscillator. During the low power mode of operation, a calibration process is performed repeatedly. During a first calibration time period the second oscillator is calibrated against the first oscillator to obtain a first calibration result, and a recalibration is performed during a second calibration time period to obtain a second calibration result. A correction factor is determined from the first and second calibration results, and the correction factor is applied when subsequently counting time based on the output from the second oscillator.

Abstract: A crystal unit and a thermistor with negative resistance-temperature characteristics are housed in a thermostatic oven heated by a heater. A transistor driving the heater is controlled by an output of a differential amplifier, the thermistor is placed between a power supply voltage and an inverting input of the amplifier, and a first resistor used to adjust the temperature of a zero temperature coefficient point of the crystal unit is installed between the inverting input and a ground point. A second resistor is installed between the power supply voltage and a non-inverting input of the amplifier and a third resistor is installed between the non-inverting input and ground point. One of the second and third resistors is a resistor assembly made up of a plurality of resistance elements and one of these resistance elements is provided with positive resistance-temperature characteristics and adapted to detect ambient temperature.

Abstract: An insulating container as a base substrate includes a loading portion which is disposed on the other surface side, mounting electrodes as first terminals which are provided on a bottom surface as the other surface having a front and rear relationship with the other surface, a first cut-out portion which is provided on a side surface from a corner portion of the bottom surface towards a corner portion on the other surface side, a second cut-out portion which is provided to extend from the first cut-out portion at least on one of the side surfaces on both sides of the first cut-out portion, and second terminals which are provided on the surface of the first cut-out portion and the surface of the second cut-out portion.

Abstract: It is possible to reduce the size of a surface acoustic wave resonator by enhancing the Q value. In a surface acoustic wave resonator in which an IDT having electrode fingers for exciting surface acoustic waves is formed on a crystal substrate, a line occupying ratio is defined as a value obtained by dividing the width of one electrode finger by the distance between the center lines of the gaps between one electrode finger and the electrode fingers adjacent to both sides thereof, and the IDT includes a region formed by gradually changing the line occupying ratio from the center to both edges so that the frequency gradually becomes lower from the center to both edges than the frequency at the center of the IDT.

Abstract: A communication terminal includes a crystal oscillator, a transceiver and circuitry. The crystal oscillator belongs to a specified type in which a dependence of an output frequency on temperature has one or more temperature dependence coefficients. The transceiver is arranged to operate an AFC loop having an initial frequency accuracy requirement that is more stringent than an uncompensated frequency accuracy of the crystal oscillator. The circuitry is arranged to determine output frequencies of the crystal oscillator at respective operating temperatures, to compute the temperature dependence coefficients based on the output frequencies and operating temperatures, to correct a frequency error in the output frequency using the dependence and the temperature dependence coefficients, to ascertain that the corrected frequency error meets the initial frequency accuracy requirement, and to subsequently correct a frequency of the received signal using the AFC loop.

Abstract: A wiring pattern for oscillation input signal and a wiring pattern for oscillation output signal are provided on a printed circuit board, and a wiring pattern for ground power source voltage is arranged in a region therebetween. A quartz crystal unit is connected between the wiring pattern for oscillation input signal and the wiring pattern for oscillation output signal and one ends of capacitors serving as load capacitors thereof are connected to the wiring pattern for ground power source voltage. Further, a wiring pattern for VSS is arranged so as to enclose these wiring patterns, and a wiring pattern for VSS is arranged also in a lower layer in addition thereto. By this means, reduction of a parasitic capacitance between an XIN node and an XOUT node, improvement in noise tolerance of these nodes and others can be achieved.

Abstract: An oscillator circuit includes an amplifier including at least two terminals for receiving a crystal and an automatic amplitude control loop coupled to the amplifier including biasing circuitry switched between a first operational mode and a second operational mode. The first operational mode occurs during an initial time period and the second operational mode occurs after the initial time period is expired. The biasing circuitry includes first and second PMOS transistor circuits, each transistor circuit including an unswitched PMOS transistor and a switched PMOS transistor. Alternatively, the biasing circuitry can include first and second NMOS transistor circuits, each transistor circuit including an unswitched NMOS transistor and a switched NMOS transistor. The biasing circuitry is under control of an internally generated control signal.

Abstract: A calibration circuit includes at least two compensation circuits and a comparator. The at least two compensation circuits are coupled to an input signal for outputting at least a first compensation signal and a second compensation signal respectively. The comparator is coupled to the first compensation signal and the second compensation signal for outputting a calibration signal, where the calibration signal is used for determining an oscillation frequency of a crystal oscillator to achieve a purpose of frequency compensation with a temperature.

Abstract: An improved method of packaging a sensor is provided. The method includes the step of affixing a tuning fork to a platform. The tuning fork includes tines comprising one or more surfaces, with each tine further comprising an electrode and a piezoelectric material. An application specific integrated circuit (ASIC) is affixed to the platform. Electrical communication between the ASIC and the electrode of each tine is established for providing stimulus to the tuning fork and for receiving a response signal from the tuning fork. A protective layer is applied to cover the platform and a portion of the tuning fork while maintaining a portion of a surface of each tine free from the protective layer such that the surface can displace the fluid in contact therewith.

Abstract: Methods and apparatus for calibration and temperature compensation of oscillators having mechanical resonators are described. The method(s) may involve measuring the frequency of the oscillator at multiple discrete temperatures and adjusting compensation circuitry of the oscillator at the various temperatures. The compensation circuitry may include multiple programmable elements which may independently adjust the frequency behavior of the oscillator at a respective temperature. Thus, adjustment of the frequency behavior of the oscillator at one temperature may not alter the frequency behavior at a second temperature.

Abstract: A method in a mobile communication device includes: measuring a first temperature associated with a crystal configured to provide a reference signal having a frequency; measuring a second temperature associated with a component that is coupled to the crystal by an electrically and thermally conductive line; and compensating, based upon the measuring of the first and second temperatures, for a change in the frequency of the reference signal of the crystal.

Abstract: A crystal oscillator circuit is configured to output an oscillation signal. A bias circuit responds to control signal to generate a bias current for application to the crystal oscillator circuit. A current generator generates a sense current from the control signal. The sense current is compared to a reference current by a comparator circuit. The comparator circuit generates a ready signal in response to the comparison. The ready signal is indicative of whether the oscillation signal output from the crystal oscillator circuit is ready for use by other circuitry. The reference current may be generated by a circuit which replicates the bias circuit.

Abstract: An atmosphere temperature at which a quartz-crystal oscillator and an oscillation circuit are placed is controlled in high accuracy, and an output frequency with high stability is obtained. If oscillation outputs of first and second quartz-crystal oscillators are set to f1 and f2, and oscillation frequencies of the oscillation outputs at a reference temperature are set to f1r and f2r, respectively, {(f2?f1)/f1}?{(f2r?f1r)/f1r} is calculated by a frequency difference detection unit. A digital value can be obtained by representing this value by 34-bit digital value, corresponding to a temperature. Therefore, this value is treated as a temperature detection value, a difference with a temperature set value is supplied to the loop filter, and the digital value therefrom is converted into a direct-current voltage to control a heater.

Abstract: An oscillator includes a reference voltage generator, an oscillation element configured to oscillate by either a drive voltage or a drive current and output an oscillation signal, a peak hold element configured to detect a peak level of the oscillation signal for output; and a controller configured to increase or decrease the drive voltage or drive current in accordance with the reference voltage generated by the reference voltage generator and the peak level output from the peak hold element.

Abstract: There are provided a surface-mounted crystal oscillator and a manufacturing method thereof which can realize miniaturization, improve quality, reduce a manufacturing cost, and enhance productivity. According to the surface-mounted crystal oscillator and the manufacturing method thereof, through terminals and of AgPd are formed on wall surfaces of through holes formed at corner portions of a rectangular ceramic substrate, a metal electrode of a support electrode lower portion of AgPd which is connected to the through terminal and forms a lower layer of a support electrode is formed on a front side of the substrate, the support electrode which holds a crystal piece is formed on the support electrode lower layer portion by using Ag, and a cover is mounted on an insulating film formed on the inner side of the periphery of the substrate and effect airtight sealing.

Abstract: A piezoelectric device and a fabricating method thereof are provided. Variation of output frequency is suppressed by forming an organic resin to protect an IC chip that is mounted in a cavity of a container body, and damage that may occur to the IC chip during the mounting process is prevented. The piezoelectric device includes a container body, a crystal resonator, an IC chip and a cover body. A surface of the IC chip, which is a mounting surface for mounting to the container body, has bumps thereon for connecting to terminal pads of a circuit wiring pattern configured on a bottom surface of a bottom cavity of the container body, and the other surface of the IC chip has an insulating protective sheet adhered and fixed thereon.

Abstract: Systems and methods for operating with oscillators configured to produce an oscillating signal having an arbitrary frequency are described. The frequency of the oscillating signal may be shifted to remove its arbitrary nature by application of multiple tuning signals or values to the oscillator. Alternatively, the arbitrary frequency may be accommodated by adjusting operation one or more components of a circuit receiving the oscillating signal.

Abstract: A resonant element driver circuit includes a NMOS transistor and a PMOS transistor that are configured to drive a resonant element. The resonant element driver circuit includes biasing circuitry that is configured to bias the PMOS transistor. The biasing circuitry receives a reference signal that is used to set the biasing on the PMOS transistor. The resonant element driver further includes mirror circuitry that tracks current flowing through the NMOS and PMOS transistors.

Abstract: Provided is a piezoelectric oscillator to attain high-frequency performance and frequency stabilization with the use of reflection characteristics of a reflective element. A piezoelectric oscillator is configured such that a resonant circuit is connected to a gate of a field effect transistor; an output terminal is connected to a drain and a power supply voltage V is applied to the drain; a piezoelectric resonator is connected to a source, as a reflective element; and a resonance frequency of the resonant circuit and an oscillation frequency of the piezoelectric resonator as a reflective element are set to substantially the same frequency, and further, the piezoelectric oscillator may be configured such that a first matching circuit is provided between the resonant circuit and the gate, second matching circuit is provided between the drain and the output terminal, and a third matching circuit is provided between the source and the reflective element.

Abstract: In order to provide a MEMS resonator having a higher Q factor, by suppressing losses in high-frequency signals due to barriers of thin-film lamination portions, in cases where there exist junction interfaces (barriers), such as pn junctions, in AC-current input/output lines for a vibrator (1) and electrodes (2, 3), the MEMS resonator is structured such that a DC current is flowed therethrough along with an AC current at the same time, in order to reduce resistance losses applied to the AC current, wherein there are provided DC bias circuits (22, 23, 24) for continuously flowing DC currents through the junction interfaces, in an input-electrode side and/or output-electrode side.

Abstract: An oscillation device for reducing memory capacity includes a frequency difference detecting unit and a compensation value obtaining unit. When oscillation frequencies of the first and second oscillation circuits are respectively f1 and f2, and oscillation frequencies of the first and second oscillation circuits at a reference temperature are respectively f1r and f2r, the frequency difference detecting unit determines a difference corresponding value x corresponding to a difference value between a value corresponding to a difference between f1 and f1r, and a value corresponding to a difference between f2 and f2r. The compensation value obtaining unit obtains a frequency compensation value of f1 resulting from ambient temperature different from reference temperature based on the difference corresponding value x, and calculates the frequency compensation value of f1 by calculating nth-order polynomial for X being a value corresponding to x/k, where k is a divide coefficient specific to a device.

Abstract: A crystal device includes; a base, a framed crystal vibrating blank in which a mesa section is formed on an upper face end bonded to a seal path on an upper surface of the base via a low melting point glass layer or a resin adhesive layer, and a lid bonded to a seal path on an upper surface of the framed crystal vibrating blank via a low melting point glass layer or a resin adhesive layer. A pillow made of low melting point glass or a resin adhesive that suppresses vibration amplitude at the time of a drop impact of the framed crystal vibrating blank is formed on a rear surface of the lid simultaneously with the low melting point glass layer or the resin adhesive layer.

Abstract: A temperature-compensated oscillator includes a temperature sensor, a temperature compensation circuit, a voltage-controlled oscillation circuit adapted to output an oscillation signal on which temperature compensation is performed based on the temperature compensation voltage, an output circuit adapted to output an ON/OFF signal based on a relationship between variation of the detected-temperature voltage output by the temperature sensor and a reference voltage, a switch circuit adapted to supply the temperature compensation circuit with electrical power in response to the ON/OFF signal, and a sample-and-hold circuit adapted to be switched between a state of outputting the temperature compensation voltage to the voltage-controlled oscillation circuit while holding the temperature compensation voltage output by the temperature compensation circuit, and a state of outputting the temperature compensation voltage held to the voltage-controlled oscillation circuit while cutting the connection to the temperature c

Abstract: An oscillator that can suppress a solder crack caused by a temperature change by a simple structure at low cost and improve heat cycle resistance performance is provided. The oscillator includes an epoxy resin board and an electronic component mounted on the board. Two-terminal electrode patterns are formed on the board, and connected to terminal electrodes of the electronic component by solder. A projection is formed on each of the electrode patterns at a part connected to a corresponding terminal electrode to create a space between the terminal electrode and the electrode pattern, and the solder forms a fillet in the space. This contributes to enhanced adhesion strength of the solder.

Abstract: An oscillator circuit includes a resonator (SAW resonator), an amplifier circuit, and a switching element (NMOS switch). The amplifier circuit has a feedback path from one end to the other end of the resonator, a first inductance element (elongated coil) provided in the feedback path, and a variable capacitance element (variable capacitance diode) provided in the feedback path in series with the first inductance element. The switching element is provided in parallel to a circuit part including the first inductance element and the variable capacitance element.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for correcting oscillator frequency drift due to crystal aging. Correction signals that reflect a difference between an oscillator timing signal and a reference timing signal over a reference timing signal interval are modeled so that auxiliary correction signals can be generated in the event of loss of the reference timing signal. A temperature curve is generated to model how temperature variation impacts oscillator frequency drift. A rate of frequency drift due to crystal aging is also determined. During loss of a reference timing signal, auxiliary correction signals can be generated to maintain the oscillator at a desired frequency until the reference timing signal becomes available again.

Abstract: An ovenized micro-electro-mechanical system (MEMS) resonator including: a substantially thermally isolated mechanical resonator cavity; a mechanical oscillator coupled to the mechanical resonator cavity; and a heating element formed on the mechanical resonator cavity.

Abstract: A temperature-compensated oscillator includes a temperature compensation circuit adapted to output a temperature compensation voltage, a voltage-controlled oscillation circuit on which temperature compensation is performed based on the temperature compensation voltage, a switch circuit adapted to perform ON/OFF control on power supply to the temperature compensation circuit, and a sample-and-hold circuit adapted to perform switching control between an ON state of outputting the temperature compensation voltage to the voltage-controlled oscillation circuit while being connected to the temperature compensation circuit and holding the temperature compensation voltage output from the temperature compensation circuit when the power is supplied to the temperature compensation circuit, and an OFF state of outputting the temperature compensation voltage held to the voltage-controlled oscillation circuit while cutting connection to the temperature compensation circuit when the power supply to the temperature compensat

Abstract: An electronic component package sealing member that can be used as a first sealing member in an electronic component package in which an electrode of an electronic component element is hermetically sealed with the first sealing member and a second sealing member arranged so as to oppose each other, includes: a through hole that passes through a substrate of the electronic component package sealing member; an internal electrode that is formed on a face of the substrate opposing the second sealing member; an external electrode that is formed on a face of the substrate opposite the opposing face; and a through electrode that is formed on an inner side face of the through hole electrically connecting the internal electrode and the external electrode. In the electronic component package sealing member, at least one open face of the through hole is sealed with a resin material.

Abstract: A value corresponding to a difference value between a value corresponding to a difference between f1 and f1r and a value corresponding to a difference between f2 and f2r is treated as an instantaneous temperature, where f1 and f2 denote oscillation outputs of the first and second oscillation circuits, respectively, and f1r and f2r denote oscillation frequencies of the first and second oscillation circuits, respectively, at a reference temperature. A first correction value is obtained using an approximation formula of the frequency correction value of f1 based on the value corresponding to the difference value, and a second correction value for canceling a correction residual error is obtained from the correction residual error which is a difference between the first correction value and the frequency correction value actually measured. The frequency correction value is obtained from a sum of the first and second correction values.

Abstract: A function generator circuit includes a temperature detecting circuit outputting a detection voltage corresponding to an ambient temperature and having a linear temperature characteristic. Zeroth-order, first-order and second-order component generating circuits generate a zeroth-order component, a first-order component and a second-order component, respectively, of the control signal. A third-order component generating circuit generates a third-order component of the control signal based on the detection voltage. An adder-subtractor generates the control signal by obtaining a sum of the zeroth-order component, the first-order component, and the third-order component and adding or subtracting the second-order component to or from the sum. The second-order component generating circuit corrects a temperature at an inflection point of the control signal.

Abstract: An embodiment of a crystal oscillator circuit includes leakage-current compensation, transconductance enhancement, or both leakage-current compensation and transconductance enhancement. Such an oscillator circuit may draw a reduced operating current relative to a conventional oscillator circuit, and thus may be suitable for battery or other low-power applications.

Abstract: There is provided an oscillator using a high-frequency crystal resonator which can satisfy the drive level needed for the crystal resonator and expand a variable frequency range. An oscillator having an oscillation circuit CC for oscillating the resonator SS is provided with a limiter circuit LM1 as a load of the resonator SS which is inductive and is a load circuit for limiting an oscillation amplitude. According to this configuration, the action of the limiter circuit LM1 allows satisfaction of the drive level needed for the crystal resonator and expansion of the variable frequency range.

Abstract: A thermoelectric device transfers heat away from or toward an object using the Peltier effect. In some embodiments, the length of at least one thermoelectric element is at least ten times greater than a combined average cross-sectional dimension, orthogonal to the length, of two thermoelectric elements.

Abstract: An oscillator circuit for producing a frequency signal has a resonator element, an amplifier circuit and a coupling apparatus. The coupling apparatus connects the amplifier circuit to the resonator element for the duration of a switching-on process in the oscillator circuit.

Abstract: The present invention provides a semiconductor device including a first terminal and a second terminal respectively coupled to both ends of a crystal resonator, an inverter circuit having an input coupled to the first terminal and an output coupled to the second terminal, a feedback resistor which couples between the first terminal and the second terminal, a variable capacitor coupled to at least one of the first and second terminals, and a control circuit. The control circuit performs control to increase both of the drive capability of the inverter circuit and the capacitance value of the variable capacitor in a second mode rather than a first mode.

Abstract: One embodiment of communication system comprises a crystal oscillator configured to output a reference clock; cellular radio frequency (RF) and baseband phase locked loops configured to receive the reference clock within a cellular module and compensate for calculated frequency errors between a received cellular downlink signal and a cellular local oscillator signal during operation of the cellular module; global positioning system (GPS) frequency compensation circuitry configured to receive the reference clock within a GPS module and compensate for calculated frequency errors during operation of the GPS module; and a temperature sensing circuit which includes a plurality of sensing resistors and is configured to output a signal corresponding to a temperature of a reference crystal which is translated to a frequency deviation, wherein the (GPS) frequency compensation circuitry is configured to offset the frequency deviation and output a temperate compensated signal to meet GPS clock frequency requirements.

Abstract: Oscillator circuits are disclosed herein. An embodiment of an oscillator circuit includes a first bias circuit and a second bias circuit. An oscillator first connection terminal is coupled to a node, wherein the node is coupled to the first bias circuit and the second bias circuit. An oscillator second connection terminal connected to the second bias circuit. An increase in the oscillation amplitude of the oscillator increases the current in the second bias circuit and causes a reduction in the bias current in the first bias circuit.

Abstract: A resonator element includes a base section, a pair of vibrating arms projecting from the base section in a +Y-axis direction, and arranged in an X-axis direction intersecting with the Y-axis direction with a distance in a plan view, and a support arm disposed between the pair of vibrating arms and projecting from the base section in the +Y-axis direction. The base section includes a first shrunk-width portion disposed on an opposite side to the side on which the support arm projects taking the center of the base section as a boundary, and within a range of the distance, and having a length in the X-axis direction gradually decreasing with a distance from the support arm in a plan view.

Abstract: A method for manufacturing a piezoelectric vibrator is provided. The piezoelectric vibrator includes: a package in which a first substrate and a second substrate are superimposed so as to form a cavity therebetween; extraction electrodes which are formed on the first substrate so as to be extracted from the inner side of the cavity to an outer edge of the first substrate; a piezoelectric vibrating reed which is sealed in the cavity and electrically connected to the extraction electrodes at an inner side of the cavity; and outer electrodes which are formed on an outer surface of the package so as to be electrically connected to the extraction electrodes at the outer side of the cavity.

Abstract: A slew rate enhancing system includes first and second modules. The first module is configured to generate a first output signal in response to complementary first and second input signals. The second module is configured to generate a second output signal in response to the first and second input signals. The first module is configured to switch between tracking the first input signal and not tracking the first input signal during each half cycle of the first input signal based on values of the first input signal, the second input signal, and a predetermined threshold of the first module. The second module is configured to switch between tracking the first input signal and not tracking the second input signal during each half-cycle of the second input signal based on values of the first input signal, the second input signal, and a predetermined threshold of the second module.

Abstract: A resonator element includes a base section, at least one pair of vibrating arms protruding from the base section, a support arm protruding from the base section, and a first through hole provided to the support arm, and penetrating the support arm in a thickness direction, and is fixed to an object via an adhesive entering the first through hole.

Abstract: A piezoelectric device includes: a piezoelectric vibrating reed; and a package, wherein the piezoelectric vibrating reed has a vibrating part and first and second supporting arms extending from a base end part, the package has a base, a lid, a cavity defined by the base and the lid, a convex part projecting from the base or the lid into the cavity, a length of the first supporting arm is shorter than a length of the second supporting arm, and the convex part is provided in a range ahead of a leading end of the first vibrating arm in an extension direction of the first supporting arm and at least partially overlapping with the second supporting arm in a length direction of the piezoelectric vibrating reed so as not to overlap with the piezoelectric vibrating reed in a plan view.

Abstract: Provided is a temperature compensated oscillator includes an oscillation circuit for oscillating an oscillator. In the oscillator, when an oscillation frequency is changed by a second control signal after being controlled by a first control signal, variation in the oscillation frequency due to a second control signal is set to a fixed amount. The oscillation frequency of the oscillator is controlled on the basis of both the first control signal and the second control signal, but an oscillation amplitude adjusting section is also added, the oscillation amplitude adjusting section allowing the oscillation amplitude of the oscillator to be changed by the second control signal. The oscillator thus allows a fixed amount of oscillation frequency control over a wide range (full range) of oscillation frequency control due to the first control signal.

Abstract: There is provided an oscillation drive device that forms an oscillation loop with a vibrator for exciting a driving vibration on the vibrator.

Abstract: A driver circuit includes a comparator (drive signal generation section) that generates a drive signal based on a signal obtained by converting an oscillation current of a vibrator that has been input via a first signal line into a voltage using an I/V conversion circuit (current/voltage conversion section), and supplies the drive signal to the vibrator via a second signal line, an oscillation detection circuit (oscillation detection section) that detects whether or not the oscillation current has reached a predetermined value after the vibrator has started to oscillate, a startup oscillation circuit (startup oscillation section) that assists an oscillation operation of the vibrator until the oscillation current reaches the predetermined value, and a switch that separates a capacitor from the second signal line until the oscillation current reaches the predetermined value, and connects the capacitor to the second signal line when the oscillation current has reached the predetermined value.

Abstract: A piezoelectric vibration element includes: a piezoelectric substrate; excitation electrodes that are arranged so as to face each other on both principal faces of the piezoelectric substrate; drawn-out electrodes; and pads. The piezoelectric substrate includes an excitation portion that is located at the center and a peripheral portion that is thin-walled to be thinner than the thickness of the excitation portion and is disposed on a peripheral edge thereof. The pads have support areas that fix the piezoelectric substrate to a support member at positions of the piezoelectric substrate corresponding to corner portions. The excitation electrodes are formed over the excitation portion and a vibration area that is at least a part of the peripheral portion.

Abstract: A resonating element includes a resonator element that includes a vibrating portion and an excitation electrode provided on both main surfaces of the vibrating portion, an intermediate substrate in which the resonator element is mounted so as to be spaced from the excitation electrode, and a spiral electrode pattern that is provided on at least one main surface of the intermediate substrate, in which the electrode pattern is electrically connected to the excitation electrode.

Abstract: A crystal oscillator is provided, which varies a frequency drift compensation according to a power consumption and compensates a frequency drift characteristic caused by heat. An adder is used to add a temperature compensation control voltage from a temperature compensation circuit, an oscillating frequency control voltage from an AFC circuit, and a frequency drift compensation voltage corresponding to the power consumption from a frequency drift compensation circuit. A voltage added by the adder is outputted to voltage-variable capacitor elements and, which respectively are connected to an input side and an output side of an inverter IC that is connected in parallel to a crystal oscillating unit.