Abstract: A high frequency signal source module includes a housing have a high-Q dielectric puck and a transition enclosure employing an antipodal finline transition. A circuit module connected to the high-Q puck includes an oscillator circuit that cooperates with the high-Q puck, and a frequency doubling circuit. In turn, the output of the frequency doubler is coupled to the antipodal finline transition, and thence to the output standard rectangular waveguide.

Abstract: A dielectric resonator is formed on a dielectric substrate. A pair of microstrip lines is formed to be electromagnetically coupled with the dielectric resonator. An end of each of the microstrip lines is open to define an open end while another end is arranged to approximate to the dielectric resonator for defining a node. A cathode and an anode of a varactor diode are connected to the node of each of the microstrip lines respectively.

Abstract: A microwave synthesizer apparatus features very low phase noise, fine frequency resolution and wide tuning range coverage. The microwave synthesizer apparatus utilizes a fundamental offset source in an offset phase lock loop (PLL) to translate an output signal Fout to a lower IF signal Fif for locking to a low frequency interpolation signal Fint. The use of the fundamental offset source instead of the conventional multiple frequency offset signal from a comb generator or sampler results in superior phase noise and spurious performance. The synthesizer comprises a main signal loop having a main loop VCO that produces an output signal Fout and an offset signal loop having an offset VCO that produces an output signal Fos. The signals Fos and Fout are mixed in the main loop to control the frequency of the signal Fout. The main loop VCO and the offset loop VCO preferably are YIG-tuned Oscillators (YTOs) that share a main coil.

Abstract: A Gunn diode which is formed by sequentially laminating a first semiconductor layer, an active layer and a second semiconductor layer onto a semiconductor substrate. The Gunn diode comprises first and second electrodes arranged on the second semiconductor layer for impressing voltage on the active layer, and a concave layer portion which is cut from around the first electrode in a direction of the second semiconductor layer and the active layer and which subdivides the second semiconductor layer and the active layer to which the first electrode is connected as a region which functions as a Gunn diode. Since etching for defining a region that is to function as a Gunn diode is performed by self-alignment dry etching utilizing electrode layers formed above this region as masks, variations in characteristics are restricted.

Abstract: A voltage controlled oscillator is provided which oscillates in a stable manner at a high frequency and obtains a large variable range of frequency. The oscillator includes a transistor, and distributed-constant line connected to the base of the transistor. The distributed-constant line has substantially 1/4 wavelength at the oscillation frequency of the oscillator, and has one open end. An inductance element is provided comprising a capacitor having a self-resonance frequency which is lower than the oscillation frequency. This inductance element is connected to the collector of the transistor. A varactor diode is connected to the capacitor.

Abstract: An improved resonant tunneling device (RTD) oscillator is provided by supplying electrical power to the RTD device 23 using a photocell 21 and a light source 25 such that essentially no spurious resonances are possible.

Abstract: A resonator, a filter, an oscillator, a duplexer, and a communication apparatus employing these devices have improved efficiency characteristics in confining an electromagnetic field in an opening of an electrode, suppressed current concentration, and minimized conductor loss. Electrode patterns are formed near short-circuited positions in a slot so that the slot will be divided into smaller-width slot lines. Consequently, the efficiency in confining the electromagnetic field is improved, and conductor loss is minimized.

Abstract: A variable-tuned type YIG oscillator accompanied with substantially no mechanical variations in the resonance circuit and a method of manufacturing the same are provided. An amplifier element, electrode, circuit pattern and others of the oscillator circuit portion of a YIG oscillator are integrated on the front face of a semiconductor substrate by the monolithic microwave integrated circuit manufacturing technique. A coupling loop is formed as a thick film conductor shaped so as to surround at least a portion of the outer periphery of a YIG crystal ball on the semiconductor substrate having the amplifier element, electrode, circuit pattern and others formed thereon. A hole for positioning a YIG crystal ball at a predetermined position inside of the coupling loop is formed in the semiconductor substrate from the front surface of the substrate, and the YIG crystal ball is fitted and fixed in the hole.

Abstract: An oscillation circuit is constructed by providing a line, a Gunn diode, and a dielectric resonator on a dielectric substrate; by disposing a dielectric stripline between upper and lower conductor plates to form an NRD guide which serves as a output transmission line; and the line and the NRD guide are coupled.

Abstract: A balanced oscillator comprises a frequency selective circuit and a balanced active circuit coupled with the frequency selective circuit. The frequency selective circuit includes a short circuited quarter-wave paired line. A cost effective short circuited quarter-wave paired line can be U-shaped to take up only a small space and can be integrated easily on a dielectric, especially glass. The balanced active circuit comprises a cross coupled differential pair of transistors. The balanced oscillator can be tuned in a number of different ways.

Abstract: In the case of a tuning circuit for a YIG oscillator, wherein the output frequency of the YIG oscillator which is reduced by a frequency divider or mixer is compared in a phase detector with a lower reference frequency and via a loop filter the output voltage of the phase detector feeds the air-cored coil of the YIG oscillator serving for fine tuning, the main coil of the YIG oscillator is also fed by the output voltage of the phase detector.

Abstract: A YIG oscillator including a magnetic structure; an oscillator circuit board attached to the magnetic structure and carrying a YIG resonator positioned in an air gap of the magnetic structure; an interface circuit board including terminals for external connections, the interface circuit board supporting the magnetic structure by means of a resilient component attached to the interface circuit board; and a flexible circuit connected at one end to the oscillator circuit board and connected at the other end to the interface circuit board.

Abstract: A voltage controlled oscillator formed as a first layout with metallized areas by a planar technique is located on a high dielectric loss substrate. A second layout formed of metallized area for control circuits of the voltage controlled oscillator is formed on a high loss dielectric substrate is also formed by the same technique as the first layout. A ground plane for the controlling oscillator is formed on an opposite side of the dielectric substrate on which the voltage controlled oscillator is formed.

Abstract: A YIG oscillator is provided having a YIG enclosure with a top housing and a bottom housing, and a YIG sphere magnetically tuned by a permanent magnet. The YIG sphere has a zero temperature compensation (ZTC) axis and is attached to an end portion of a sphere holder. The sphere holder has a mounting surface which is configured to attach the sphere holder directly to the bottom housing of the YIG enclosure. The YIG sphere is aligned with the sphere holder such that the ZTC axis is at a predetermined angle to the mounting surface. A coupling loop is configured to transceive resonance signals to and from the YIG sphere. In one embodiment, the mounting surface is substantially planar and the predetermined angle is zero.

Abstract: A resonator tuning system includes an apparatus coupled to a resonator for changing the resonator's resonance frequency. Tuning of the resonator is accomplished by varying the coupling to a capacitor or varactor, rather than by varying the capacitor. An interferometer, such as a Mach-Zender interferometer is coupled to the resonator and changes the resonance of the resonator by applying an actuation voltage to vary the coupling to the resonator. In this way, a resonator may be tuned and maintain high unloaded Q properties while being coupled to a varactor or other load.

Abstract: The arrangement for producing electrical oscillations in a Giga hertz region has a Gunn element, a housing in which the Gunn element is accommodated and which has an electrically conductive housing cover, the Gunn element being in electrical contact with the electrically conductive housing cover, and an elastic, electrical contact element clamped between a contact surface of the Gunn element and the housing cover.

Abstract: A microwave/millimeter-wave integrated circuit (IC) realizes stable oscillation by reducing time-based variation of a load impedance. This IC connects an oscillator to an input terminal of a Lange coupler and connects to the isolation port of the Lange coupler a terminating resistor having a resistance equal to the load impedance connected to the output terminals of the Lange coupler. This connection stabilizes load impedance to the oscillator, and reduces variation in the oscillation frequency as a result of changes in load impedance.

Abstract: A microwave oscillator includes at least two active components and a dielectric resonator. The coupling between each active component and the dielectric resonator is of the transmission type and the inputs of neighboring active components are connected to a first point coupled to the resonator and likewise the outputs of the active components are connected to a second point coupled to the resonator. A push-push oscillator of the above kind is simple to produce and its operation is relatively insensitive to adjustments.

Abstract: A variable-tuned type YIG oscillator accompanied with substantially no mechanical variations in the resonance circuit and a method of manufacturing the same are provided.

Abstract: An oscillator circuit comprising first and second mutually electromagnetically couplable resonant circuits, the second circuit comprising a dielectric element and excitation means operable to produce a first frequency of oscillation, the first circuit comprising the dielectric element, excitation means including a two-terminal Schottky device, preferably a Schottky diode, operable, responsive to an applied signal, to vary the resonant frequency of the first resonant circuit, and thereby vary the frequency of oscillation of the oscillator circuit.

Abstract: A push—push oscillator is formed by (a) a resonator circuit including a transmission line having one-half wavelength and both ends of the line being left open, and a capacitance for frequency control coupled to the transmission line in parallel, and (b) two oscillators electrically identical to each other and their input sections being coupled to both the ends of the transmission line. Further, this oscillator can take out an output signal of even-order-harmonics from a midpoint of the transmission line in a transmitting direction as well as take out two fundamental waves from respective output sections of two branch oscillators. This push—push oscillator operating with a high frequency is downsized and simplified from a conventional one. Its phase-noise-characteristics and noise immunity are also improved.

Abstract: A voltage control oscillation circuit is provided on the respective layers of a ceramic multilayer substrate, and an unbalanced transmission line and a balanced transmission line are provided to sandwich a predetermined ceramic layer, whereby an unbalance-balance conversion circuit is defined due to the mutual induction coupling between the transmission lines.

Abstract: A variable-tuned type YIG oscillator accompanied with substantially no mechanical variations in the resonance circuit and a method of manufacturing the same are provided. An amplifier element, electrode, circuit pattern and others of the oscillator circuit portion of a YIG oscillator are integrated on the front face of a semiconductor substrate by the monolithic microwave integrated circuit manufacturing technique. A coupling loop is formed as a thick film conductor shaped so as to surround at least a portion of the outer periphery of a YIG crystal ball on the semiconductor substrate having the amplifier element, electrode, circuit pattern and others formed thereon. A hole for positioning a YIG crystal ball at a predetermined position inside of the coupling loop is formed in the semiconductor substrate from the front surface of the substrate, and the YIG crystal ball is fitted and fixed in the hole.

Abstract: A microwave oscillator is disclosed, that comprises an FET, a series feedback short-circuited stub connected to the source terminal of said FET, a transmission line and a capacitor connected in series to the gate terminal of said FET, a gate bias circuit connected to said transmission line through a resistor, a drain bias circuit connected to the drain terminal of said FET through said transmission line, and an output matching circuit, a resonating circuit, and a load resistor connected in series to said transmission line, wherein said output matching circuit is composed of a transmission line and a matching open stub, said resonating circuit being composed of a first open stub and a second open stub, the length of the first open stub being shorter than (2n−1)/4 (where n=1, 2, . . .

Abstract: A voltage-controlled oscillator has a frequency of oscillation that is varied using a substrate on which the same circuit pattern as that of the voltage-controlled oscillator is printed. In a resonant circuit included in the voltage-controlled oscillator, a first land is arranged substantially parallel to an inductor. A second land is arranged substantially parallel to the inductor and to a variable-capacitance diode. The capacitances of capacitors attached to the first land and second land are changed in order to vary the frequency of oscillation of the voltage-controlled oscillator. The frequency of oscillation can be varied without the necessity of scraping the inductor through which a major signal passes. Therefore, electrical characteristics of the voltage-controlled oscillator are not degraded and the frequency of oscillation is very steady. The frequency of oscillation can be varied merely by changing the capacitances of the capacitors attached to the first and second lands.

Abstract: In a microwave/millimeter-wave injection locked oscillator, an oscillation circuit (15) has an active element section (1), a resonant circuit (4) connected with the active element section (1) at one side thereof and resonating at predetermined frequency f, and a harmonic output circuit (3) connected with the active element section (1) at the other side thereof and providing a signal having an nth (n: an integer ≧2) harmonic component of the signal having the frequency f from the resonant circuit (4). An injection circuit (16) is connected with the oscillation circuit (15) via an input terminal (7). A reference signal having a frequency component of f/m (m integer) is injected through the input terminal (7) into the resonant circuit (4), whereby signals in the resonant circuit (4) are frequency-locked to the reference signal. The injection circuit (16) can use a crystal oscillator for a stable low frequency.

Abstract: A signal generator 5 which generates one of two input signals to a frequency mixing circuit 1 for outputting a signal having a frequency which is a difference between frequencies of the two signals or a sum thereof. In the present invention, an attenuating circuit 6 for attenuating an output signal from a voltage-controlled oscillator 2 for generating one of the input signals as well as a filter circuit 7 for limiting a frequency band of an output signal from the attenuating circuit are interposed between the frequency mixing circuit and a voltage-controlled oscillator 2.

Abstract: An oscillating circuit adjusts its oscillating frequency through the following method. A tip-open type strip-line stub coupled to the base terminal of the transistor. An electrical length of the stub is changed by an adjusting mechanism such as coupling the stub with conductive small lands provided near the stub tip by a chip resistor. A “kotatsu” employs a remote controller including this oscillating circuit.

Abstract: A planar radiating oscillator apparatus for micro- and milliwaves includes a pair of conductor patches disposed with their pointed portions in proximity and their far edges on opposite sides, a high-frequency transistor disposed between and connected to the conductor patches, a conductor planar surface disposed under and parallel to the fan-shaped conductor patches from which it is separated by a distance equal to between one-fifteenth and one-fifth the generated wavelength therefrom, and at least one direct current power source connected to the conductor patches and having a ground potential in common with a source potential of the high-frequency transistor.

Abstract: An oscillator structure includes at least one oscillator circuit and at least one resonator. The oscillator circuit is disposed on a support and the resonator is situated essentially within the support and/or is a constituent part of the support. The resonator is preferably formed by an electrical conductor and the oscillator circuit is preferably formed by an integrated electronic circuit.

Abstract: An oscillator wherein deviation in the position of a cap of a package is monitored when removing and replacing the cap to adjust the characteristics of the oscillator, and which has stable characteristics. The oscillator comprises a package, a resonator stored in the package, a circuit board and a member for securing the package, the member for securing being attached to the circuit board and contacting two opposing inside faces of the package.

Abstract: The dielectric notch filter of the invention includes: a transmission line for transmitting a high-frequency signal; input and output terminals provided at both ends of the transmission line; a ground conductor for supplying a ground potential; and a dielectric resonator connected to the ground conductor and the transmission line. The dielectric notch filter further includes an impedance matching element connected to the ground conductor and the transmission line in parallel with the dielectric resonator. The dielectric resonator includes: a cavity connected to the ground conductor; a dielectric block provided in the cavity; a coupling device coupled with an electromagnetic field, produced in the cavity; and a coupling adjusting line for connecting the coupling device to the transmission line and for adjusting the degree of electromagnetic coupling.

Abstract: A multifunction high frequency integrated circuit structure and circuit configuration includes a resonator or oscillator circuit coupled to a buffer amplifier by way of a stripline coupler. The resonator circuit includes an input terminating region which is coupled to three input terminating ports. A first one of the input terminating ports is coupled directly to the resonator for either being electrically connected to a selected signal source or load, a second one of the input terminating ports is electrically connected to either a fixed or variable potential source, and the remaining input terminating port is coupled to the resonator input terminating region through another stripline coupler, and is intended to be electrically connected to another selected signal source.

Abstract: A YIG oscillator is provided having a YIG sphere magnetically coupled to a permanent magnet, a field straightener, and a ferromagnetic ring. The field straightener is attached to the permanent magnet and has a predetermined circumference. The ferromagnetic ring is configured to fit around the predetermined circumference of the field straightener. The ferromagnetic ring fine-tunes the magnetic field combination of the permanent magnetic and the field straightener. A coupling loop is configured to transceive resonance signals to and from the YIG sphere.

Abstract: The present invention discloses an electronic device formed by interconnecting a plurality of circuit elements. The electronic device includes a first patterned conductive layer constituting micro-strips for interconnecting the plurality of circuit elements. And, one of the micro-strips constituting an open-transmission line having a first end connected to a capacitor and a second end as an open-end, wherein the open transmission line is cut into separate segments for adjusting capacitance of the electronic device. In another preferred embodiment, this invention discloses an electronic device formed by interconnecting a plurality of circuit elements. The electronic device includes a first patterned conductive layer constituting micro-strips for interconnecting the plurality of circuit elements.

Abstract: A small-sized oscillator which readily oscillates and an oscillation apparatus using same are described. In the oscillator, an oscillation transistor, such as a silicon bipolar transistor, is arranged on a dielectric substrate and a quarter-wave open-circuit terminal stub is connected to the base of the oscillation transistor. Also, the collector of the oscillation transistor is grounded through a capacitor. In addition, the emitter of the oscillation transistor is connected to the collector and base through feedback capacitors C1 and C2, respectively. In this case, the quarter-wave open-circuit terminal stub can be considered grounded from the standpoint of distributed constants, and accordingly, the oscillator is also grounded.

Abstract: Feedback capacitors and first inductance means which constructs a parallel resonance circuit together with the feedback capacitors are provided, the first inductance means is comprised of second inductance means whose inductance equivalent value increases as the frequency becomes lower and third inductance means which is connected to the second inductance means in series, and an oscillation signal is outputted from both ends of the third inductance means.

Abstract: A dielectric resonator allowing size reduction and easy modulation of coupling between adjacent resonating sections and electrodes is provided. A configuration is such that electric conductors 2a and 2b having openings on two main faces of a dielectric substrate 2 are arranged so as to oppose each other. Electrodes 5 and 6 are respectively formed on one main face each of supporting members 3a and 3b, the supporting members 3a and 3b are arranged via spacers 9 so as to oppose each other and so as to be apart from each other with a predetermined spacing in the thickness direction of the dielectric substrate 2 for the dielectric substrate 2, first and second conductor plates 4a and 4b are arranged apart with a predetermined spacing from the supporting members 3a and 3b, and the dielectric substrate positioning between the openings opposing each other is used as a resonating section.

Abstract: A TE0&ggr;&dgr; mode dielectric resonator (12) includes a cylindrical dielectric disk (32, 32′, 32″) having top and bottom ends (20, 22) spaced apart by a closed curve wall (24). The dielectric disk has an effective dielectric constant greater than 40. An axially aligned hole (36) is formed through the disk (32) between the top and bottom ends (20, 22). A conductive wall (34, 34″) is formed at or slightly beyond the wall (24) but does not cover the top and bottom ends (20, 22). The hole (36) has a preferred diameter between 0.21 and 0.4 times the diameter of the disk (32, 32′, 32″). The disk may be configured as a heterogeneous composite of dissimilar materials which exhibit increasing dielectric constant at increasing radial distance and increasing Q at decreasing radial distance.

Abstract: A local oscillator noise rejection circuit is described which has a resistance between the output of an MES FET/HEMT and ground. This resistance has the effect of introducing a self-biasing arrangement to the oscillator circuit which means that when there is any increase in current through the MES PET/HEMT device, the voltage drop across the resistance also increases. Since the gate is tied to ground via a low resistance (51 .OMEGA.) this leads to an increased negative gate to source voltage which causes the device to "pinch-off" slightly which, in turn, gives a reduction in the current level through the device. This arrangement therefore has the effect of reducing any current surges within the device and produces an improvement in phase noise. In a preferred arrangement a 30 Ohm resistor is located between the source of the FET/HEMT and ground, the resistor being located in series within the printed circuit inductor and the output line.

Abstract: A millimeter-wave/microwave oscillator circuit and method of fabricating same are disclosed. A high Q-factor resonator is formed by disposing a transferred electron negative resistance device, such as a Gunn diode, or an IMPATT negative resistance device in a semi-circular cross-sectional shaped resonator cavity. The equivalent capacitance of the negative resistance diode can be designed to resonate with the equivalent series inductance for the resonator cavity by adjusting the dimensions of the cavity and the placement of the negative resistance device therein. Very low cost, compact and lightweight microwave and millimeter-wave integrated circuit power sources using negative resistance diodes can be batch manufactured.

Abstract: A voltage-controlled oscillator and a method capable of precisely adjusting a frequency shift amount are provided irrespective of a fluctuation in characteristics of elements such as a strip-line. A center tap 19 is formed in a strip-line 16 of a resonator. A switching element 20 is connected to the center tap 19, and this switching element 20 is turned ON, so that the center tap is shortcircuited to the ground so as to vary the oscillating frequency. A slit A1 is conducted in the vicinity of the center tap 19 along the strip-line 16 and directed toward a shortcircuited end 17 of the strip-line, so that a frequency shift amount is adjusted. Also, a slit B1 is conducted in the vicinity of the shortcircuited end 17 along the strip-line 16 and directed toward the center tap 19, so that a frequency shift amount is adjusted.

Abstract: A circuit for controlling the loss of a VCO in a master-slave tuning system includes an envelope detector, an amplitude regulator, a current-mode circuit, and a low-pass filter. The envelope detector receives the VCO output voltage and provides VCO output envelope voltage, V.sub.ENV. The amplitude regulator receives V.sub.ENV and a reference voltage, V.sub.REF, and provides a sourcing current if V.sub.ENV is less than V.sub.REF, and draws a sinking current if V.sub.ENV is greater than V.sub.REF. The current-mode circuit receives V.sub.ENV and provides a control current, I.sub.Q. The low-pass filter has high DC gain for integrating the control current and the sourcing or sinking current to provide the VCO control voltage, V.sub.CON, to the VCO. The control current, I.sub.Q, is proportional to the inverse of V.sub.ENV multiplied by the time derivative of V.sub.ENV.

Abstract: A stabilised voltage controlled oscillator circuit comprises a closed loop circuit containing a voltage controlled oscillator (34), a local oscillator (40) and a harmonic mixer (38) that mixes a stabilised local oscillator (LO) frequency signal and a radio frequency (RF) signal from the voltage controlled oscillator (34) to obtain an intermediate frequency (IF) signal. An IF amplifier (42) is connected to a linear frequency discriminator (44) that provides an output signal to a summing amplifier (46), which is connected to the voltage controlled oscillator (34). The closed loop circuit uses the linear frequency discriminator (44) to provide a feedback signal that stabilises the voltage controlled oscillator (34).

Abstract: In plural oscillation systems each of which can be described by the van der Pol equation, each oscillation system is reciprocally connected with at least one oscillation system other than the own oscillation system by a coupling factor to realize automatically the phenomenon of synchronization of the respective oscillation systems to enable spontaneous tuning of the entire system. A self-excited oscillation of an oscillation system prescribed by a van der Pol equation is controlled on/off by varying an applied voltage as a variable.

Abstract: An RF/Microwave oscillator is disclosed that has the high-Q, low-loss, and phase noise performance of a DRO, without the need of a dielectric resonator to achieve such performance. The RF/Microwave oscillator includes a field effect transistor having a drain coupled to an output circuit, a source coupled to a series feedback circuit, and a gate coupled to a resonator circuit. Each of these circuits are comprised of cascaded pairs of coupled transmission lines designed to resonate at the operating frequency of the oscillator. The RF/Microwave oscillator may also include a frequency-adjustable bias circuit, a frequency-adjustable FET gate return, and a frequency tuning circuit.

Abstract: A low phase-noise device, like e.g. a microstrip-mounted voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO) is described, and also a method of reducing such a noise in such devices or other devices comprising a microstrip-mounted coaxial ceramic resonator. In practice, a recess is made in the metallic support, opening towards the substrate, extending beneath the terminal area of the ceramic resonator or, possibly, even beyond it. Said recess is filled with air and the layer of electrically conducting material between the substrate and the metallic support at said recess is removed.

Abstract: A launch quasi-optical amplifier including a photonic bandgap crystal, designed to operate within a specific frequency range. The photonic bandgap crystal is populated with active devices that are coupled to the alternate layers, or defects, in the crystal to compensate for the absorption in the alternate layers thereby creating a negative absorption coefficient. The photonic bandgap crystal is operable as an amplifier when the active devices are amplifiers, and as a wave source when the active devices are oscillators.

Abstract: Phase noise in an RF oscillator is significantly reduced by loosely couping another quieter RF oscillator having noise patterns uncorrelated to the first RF oscillator so that it frequency locks with the first RF oscillator. The coupling is increased until a significant reduction in phase noise occurs at high coupling levels where the first RF oscillator displays phase noise similar to the the second RF oscillator.

Abstract: A voltage controlled oscillation circuit includes a resonance circuit and an oscillation circuit. The oscillation circuit includes a capacitor, a variable capacitance diode, and a resonator composed of a strip line one end of which is grounded. The oscillation circuit includes an oscillation transistor, bias resistors, and, a Colpitts capacitor, a harmonic bypass capacitor, and a chip capacitor, one end of which is connected in series with a resistor and the other end of which is grounded. A node between the bias resistor and the chip capacitor connects the resonator composed of a strip line provided within the resonance circuit via a connection line, whereby the emitter of the oscillation transistor provided within the resonance circuit is grounded via the bias resistor and the resonator. In addition, a parallel resonance circuit is composed of the resonator and the chip capacitor.