Abstract: Within a magnetic structure, passages are incorporated equatorially about a pherical magnet for entering and exiting a cavity therein. To enhance the density of the field in the cavity, magnetic material other than that of the spherical magnet is incorporated within the magnet structure. A source of synchrotron radiation is derived by combining the magnet structure with means for introducing charge particles through the passages to the cavity wherein the magnetic field influences the particles to travel in a circular path.

Abstract: A synchrotron radiation light-source apparatus is provided in which the characteristics of synchrotron radiation generated by bending electromagnets can be made uniform, and emittance can be made smaller to increase brightness. The synchrotron radiation light-source apparatus for bending the traveling direction of an electron beam with bending electromagnets and for emitting synchrotron radiation includes deflecting electromagnets which cause a negative value (-dBy/dx) of a magnetic-field gradient gradually to increase after gradually decreasing in the traveling direction of the electron beam, that is, along the length of the bending electromagnets, so as to form a smooth recessing distribution, or to increase in a step-like manner after decreasing in a step-like manner.

Abstract: A magnetic system for uniformly scanning an ion beam comprising a magnetic structure having poles with associated scanning coils and respective pole faces that define therebetween a gap through which the ion beam passes; and a magnetic circuit for producing in the gap a magnetic field of sufficient magnitude to prevent the occurrence of a recently observed plasma effect in which the transverse cross-section of the ion beam substantially fluctuates in size while the ion beam is being scanned across the selected surface.

Abstract: A focusing unit for a cathode ray tube comprises a plurality of permanent magnets, each having a longitudinal axis, and a plurality of coils. A form holds the magnets in a first annular array at substantially equally spaced intervals in which the magnet axes are substantially parallel to a longitudinal axis defined by the first annular array and holds the coils in a second annular array at positions spaced angularly between the magnets. Annular flanges of high magnetic permeability are disposed over longitudinally opposite ends of the magnets. At least one annular winding is disposed substantially adjacent to and inwardly from the first array of the magnets. In one embodiment, the coils are helical coils disposed in substantial circumferential alignment with the first annular array of the magnets. The helical coils each having a substantially is radially aligned longitudinal axis.

Abstract: A cyclotron and associated magnet coil and coil fabricating process. The cyclotron (10) includes a return yoke (12) defining a cavity (28) therein. A plurality of wedge-shaped regions called "hills" (29) are disposed in the return yoke (12), and voids called "valleys" (34) are defined between the hills (29). A single, substantially circular magnet coil (40) surrounds and axially spans the hills (29) and the valleys (34). The cyclotron magnet coil fabricating process includes the steps of securing a first end portion of a continuous length of sheet conductor to a substantially circular base, and positioning a first end portion of a length of insulator material coated on opposite sides with a thermosetting resin between the first end portion of the sheet conductor and the base.

Abstract: The present invention is a device to reduce the electromagnetic waves generated by electric appliances with surface displays including but not limited to computer monitors and televisions. Further, the electromagnetic waves can be reduced in electronic products generating high heat including, but not limited to, microwave ovens if the device is installed where the heat does not affect the strength of the magnet. The device, made up of several magnet joined together by joining opposite poles, reduces electromagnetic wave emission, and further, its strength affects the blood stream of the human being in vicinity of the device increasing the ions in the body and helps disposing of the food waste in the human body to enhance the metabolism.

Abstract: In a deflection yoke four Gorner magnets are used for correcting inner north-south raster distortion. The north-south axis of each of the comer magnets is disposed in parallel to the Z-axis.

Abstract: A cathode ray tube device capable of providing sufficient shielding effect against leaking alternating electric field while exhibiting high reliability during long use. Alternating electric field generated by a deflection yoke is sufficiently reduced by the shielding effect produced by a conductive film formed on a funnel portion. A gap formed between the conductive film and an insulating sheet provided between the conductive film and the deflection yoke, due to dimensional error, is filled with insulating silicone grease, so as to avoid secular degradation of insulation which otherwise may occur due to accumulation of dust and other matters.

Abstract: A deflection unit comprising a set of preformed diametrical deflection coils. A hollow coil support of synethic material includes at least two lugs into which respective permanent deformations are impressed. The coils are mechanically anchored to the lugs by means of, for example, an ultrasonic welding process in which the locations of the coil support situated opposite supported locations of the coils are softened and pressed into the coils. The coils substantially free of the coil support, i.e., the larger part of each coil is free of the coil support, and are not deformed so that their mutual position is accurately maintained.

Abstract: A multipolar wiggler has magnets that are arranged in two opposed rows. A charged particle beam passes along the rows in the space defined between the two opposed rows. Alternating magnetic fields are produced along the direction of travel of the charged particle beam to cause the charged particle beam to follow a periodically undulating orbit. At least some of the magnets in each of the rows are offset from other magnets in the same row in a direction perpendicular to the direction of travel of the charged particles in a plane parallel to the opposed surfaces of the rows.

Abstract: A coil-winding frame body for deflection yoke coil, includes: a straight portion formed as a neck side; a trumpet-shaped curved surface portion spreading outward from the end of the straight portion toward a head side; and a plurality of flanges formed on the inner face of the body for defining a plurality of coil-winding grooves and walls, and each of the grooves is elongated from the neck side to the head side and into which a wire ribbon will be wound in layers.

Abstract: A pair of ring-shaped magnets, or magnetic pole pieces, having the same magnetic field strength, or magnetic flux density, are disposed about the neck portion of a cathode ray tube (CRT) for statically converging a plurality of inline electron beams on the CRT's faceplate. The magnetic ring pair includes an inlet ring magnet facing the CRT's base and an outlet ring magnet facing the CRT's faceplate, with the inlet ring magnet having a thickness greater than that of the outlet ring magnet along the CRT's longitudinal axis. The inlet ring magnet thus exerts a larger off-axis force on the electron beam than the outlet ring magnet because of the longer beam path in the inlet ring magnet to permit the magnetic ring pair to apply a maximum convergence correction for substantially misconverged electron beams and a minimum convergence correction when the beams are in convergence.

Abstract: A magnetic electron lens for use in charged particle beam-applied apparatuses such as electron microscopes, the lens having concave lens characteristics in a geometric-optical sense. The magnetic concave lens of the invention comprises a first and a second magnetic field generating coil arranged in the propagating direction of the charged particle beam, and a first and a second magnetic shielding plate made of a superconductor each and furnished so as to enclose the first and the second magnetic field generating coils. The first magnetic shielding plate shields the magnetic field generated above the first magnetic field generating coil, and the second magnetic shielding plate shields the magnetic field generated under the second magnetic field generating coil. This setup constitutes a magnetic electron lens that is concave in terms of geometric-optical lens characteristics.

Abstract: Deflection apparatus is shown for high perveance ion beams, operating at 20 Hz fundamental and substantially higher order harmonics, having a magnetic structure formed of laminations with thickness in range between 0.2 and 1 millimeter. Additionally, a compensator is shown with similar laminated structures with resonant excitation circuit, operating at 20 Hz or higher, in phase locked relationship with the frequency of the previously deflected beam. Furthermore, features are shown which have broader applicability to producing strong magnetic field in magnetic gap. Among the numerous important features shown are special laminated magnetic structures, including different sets of crosswise laminations in which the field in one lamination of one set is distributed into multiplicity of laminations of the other set of coil-form structures, field detection means and feedback control system, cooling plate attached in thermal contact with number of lamination layers.

Abstract: Disclosure relates to a cathode ray tube formed in the neck portion of a funnel, which comprises an electron gun including a cathode, a control electrode and a screen electrode constituting a triode, and a magnetic substance formed between the cathode and the control electrode to focus the electron beam on the control electrode, so that the electron beam emitted from the cathode ray tube is focused toward an electron beam passing hole of the control electrode to improve the focussing characteristics and current density of the electron beam.

Abstract: A charged particle beam exposure method for deflecting a charged particle beam in a deflection system which includes electromagnetic deflection coils, includes the steps of (a) controlling the deflection system based on deflection data, and (b) generating heat at least a vicinity of the electromagnetic deflection coils so as to compensate for a change in heat generated from the electromagnetic deflection coils.

Abstract: A pair of saddle type horizontal deflection coils are provided at those upper and lower places on the inner wall of the coil separator. Vertical deflection coils toroidally wound on a core are provided on the outer periphery of the coil separator. Neck-side magnetic pieces are provided at those upper and lower sides of the neck-side area between the coil separator on one hand and the vertical deflection coils on the other hand. A pair of magnetic pieces, right and left, are provided, as a pair of crossarms, on the coil separator at a front-side section. In a deflection yoke apparatus thus provided, magnetic field creation areas at the crossarms are provided mainly on a Y axis side and four permanent magnets are provided on the front-side flange section of the coil separator at an angle of about 10.degree. relative to an X axis so that these permanent magnets are magnetized substantially in a tube direction of a CRT.

Abstract: A superconducting magnet for use in a particle accelerator of the synchotron type is disclosed. The disclosed magnet includes twin bores, each having beam pipes therein. A flux pipe is provided between the twin bores such that a 360.degree. magnetic flux path is formed. A superconducting coil encircles the bores and flux pipe, for generating the transverse magnetic field across the beam pipes. The flux pipe may be formed of non-magnetic material for a linear magnet, or alternatively may be formed of ferromagnetic laminations parallel to the direction of the magnetic field to form a superferric magnet with minimal eddy current generation. The flux pipe includes magnetic stress relief bubbles near the bores, compensating for the crowding effect near the inner radius of the flux pipe.

Abstract: A coil structure of a pulse electromagnet designed to enable adjustment of the position at which a current supply cable is connected to current introducing terminals as well as to the adjustment of the attachment position of conductor rods for connecting return yoke members, thereby enabling the inductance of the coil to be easily changed.

Abstract: A cathode-ray tube comprises an evacuated envelope having a faceplate panel with a sidewall joined to a funnel. A shrinkfit implosion protection band surrounds at least a portion of the sidewall and is in contact therewith. A plurality of openings are formed in the implosion protection band to support a degaussing coil. The implosion protection band is improved over prior bands by providing a cavity in the band around at least three sides of each of the openings. The cavity is directed toward the sidewall of the panel so that the openings in the band are spaced therefrom.

Abstract: The present invention is a periodic permanent magnet (PPM) assembly used to produce a focussing field within an electron tube, and the corresponding method of manufacturing the same. The present invention PPM includes producing two opposing semi-cylindrical stacks by alternately stacking semi-annular shaped magnets and pole pieces. Once the two semi-cylindrical stacks are formed, they are joined around the electron tube, such that the various pole pieces and magnets of the two semi-cylindrical stacks align. As a result of the joining of the two semi-cylindrical stacks, a cylindrical periodic permanent magnet assembly is formed around the electron tube in a cost effective and labor efficient manner.

Abstract: A magnetic field source that produces a stepped field of greater magnitude than the remanence of the magnetic material used to construct it. The source is basically a magnetic igloo comprised of two hemispheres having different cavity flux value that are separated by a passive ferromagnet slab. The hemispheres are positioned such that they share the same radial center point. The slab has a predetermined thickness and a tunnel of predetermined radius passing through its center along the radial center point of said hemispheres such that the flux in the cavity of the hemisphere abruptly changes when passing from the first hemisphere flux to the second.

Abstract: In a deflection yoke mounted on a cathode ray tube, a pair of silicon steel field harmonic enhancers are placed over rear portions of a horizontal deflection coil of a saddle coil type near an electron beam entrance region of the coils such that portions of the saddle coils are interposed between the field harmonic enhancers and a neck portion of the cathode ray tube. The field harmonic enhancers reduce horizontal coma error by making the horizontal deflection field in the rear portion of the saddle coils more pincushion shaped.

Abstract: Dimples or depressions are formed in a deflection coil for a CRT deflection yoke assembly by inserting a spherically shaped end of a dowel-like pin through a hole in the wall of a female arbor, to protrude into a winding cavity formed between a male arbor and the female arbor of the associated yoke coil winding machine. The pin end is inserted only partially into the cavity, for acting as a deformation in the wall of the female arbor, thereby causing convolutions of wire being wound around the cavity to overly the pin. This creates the desired dimple or depression, and controls the distribution of the wires in that area of the deflection coil.

Abstract: A charged particle beam system utilizes a box-shaped cooling member accommodating the lens in order to cool the particle-optical lenses. The cooling medium is circulated between the wall of the lens and the wall of the cooling member, enabling a high transfer of heat by convection. By using a cooling liquid which is undersaturated for air and which is heated prior to its passage through the cooling duct, accumulation of air due to heating can be prevented in the cooling member.

Abstract: The present invention relates to an electron beam adjusting device which is attached around the neck of a color picture tube, a CRT display, etc., and aims at providing an electron beam adjusting device in which each pair of constituent magnets can be readily magnetized with minimal magnetization variations and which is less costly. The present invention provides an electron beam adjusting device having pairs of two-, four- and six-pole ring-shaped magnets formed of an alnico metal system bonded magnet material, which are attached around the neck of a cathode-ray tube, wherein the two-pole ring-shaped magnets and the four- and six-pole ring-shaped magnets are made of respective bonded magnet materials which are different in the alnico metal magnetic powder content.

Abstract: A deflection system for a cathode-ray tube including a horizontal deflection core, a magnetic coil, and a vertical deflection coil toroidally wound on the magnetic core. The vertical deflection coil has a plurality of superimposed winding layers arranged with respect to a vertical axis of the deflection system with at least one of the layers of the vertical deflection coil being disposed asymmetrically with respect to the vertical axis or disposed symmetrically with respect to the vertical axis and having winding portions delimiting at least one gap along an extent thereof at a position other than the vertical axis. In this manner, an induced voltage in the at least one of the layers is substantially equal to an induced voltage in each of another of the layers at least in the region of the vertical axis, whereby ringing is substantially prevented.

Abstract: An electron beam exposure system comprises a beam source for producing and directing an electron beam along an optical axis, an evacuated column for accommodating the beam source and extending along the optical axis, an electron lens for focusing the electron beam on a substrate; and an electromagnetic deflector supplied with a control signal for deflecting the electron beam in response to the control signal.

Abstract: A deflection yoke for a cathode ray tube is provided with two separated winding portions, a first portion provided around the neck portion and the tapered portion from the neck to the screen of the cathode ray tube has a uniform and circular winding distribution and a second portion close to the screen of the picture tube has a non-uniform winding distribution and is elongated in the x-axis direction to provide a pin cushion magnetic field without adversely affecting the focus.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a focus magnet for a projection type cathode-ray tube where a non-magnetic heat insulating member is disposed between a magnet having a penetrating hole formed therein and a coil wound within the magnet, whereby it can minimize a variation of focusing characteristics of an electron beam due to the heat generated in operation of the projection type cathode-ray tube, and improve a degree of roundness of a coil wound within the magnet.

Abstract: A deflection yoke includes a horizontal deflection coil including a pair of saddle-shaped coils having a front transverse conductor and a rear conductor; a pair of void-core type horizontal auxiliary coils disposed only on the front transverse conductor, each auxiliary coil having a front semi-circular arc side part, a rear semi-circular arc side part, a right straight side part connected between the front semi-circular arc side part and a left straight side part connected between the front semi-circular arc side part, the horizontal auxiliary coils being connected with the horizontal deflection coil, such that a horizontal deflection current flows in the horizontal auxiliary coils in a direction corresponding to a more intense leak magnetic field generated by the front transverse conductor of the horizontal deflection coil; and a coil holder for holding the horizontal auxiliary coils such that the front semi-circular arc side parts are positioned along the front transverse conductor of the pair of saddle-sha

Abstract: A deflection yoke for a color cathode ray tube has a cone part and a neck holder part. The neck holder part is attached on the outer circumferential surface of the neck of the CRT. The cone part can be rotated against the neck holder part and the neck holder part can be disconnected from the cone part. In the neck holder part, elastic bridges are equally arranged on the outer circumferential surface of a tubular plug. A plurality of ratchets are projected on the elastic bridges. Furthermore, teeth are equally arranged on the inner circumferential surface of the opening of the cone part. The teeth receive the tubular plug in order to mesh with the plurality of ratchets.

Abstract: A deflection yoke mounted on a television picture tube comprising:a horizontal deflection coil, a vertical deflection coil, a core disposed outside the horizontal deflection coil, and a separator extending completely between the horizontal deflection coil and the vertical deflection coil for isolating the horizontal deflection coil from the vertical deflection coil, the separator being entirely comprised of a mixture of plastics and granular ceramics having a high thermal conductivity wherein a resinous material having a high thermal conductivity is filled in spaces between the picture tube and the horizontal deflection coil, the horizontal deflection coil and the separator, the separator and the vertical deflection coil, and the core and the vertical deflection coil so as to bond and fix the deflection yoke to the tube and form a heat transmission passage in the spaces, whereby heat produced in said horizontal and vertical deflection coils is reduced even when they are scanned with a large current of a high

Abstract: Color display tube comprising an electron gun for producing three co-planar electron beams, and including a deflection system which, in operation, generates deflection fields of the self-convergent type, with three consecutive elements influencing convergence being arranged between the electron gun and the display screen, the two outer elements producing, in operation, opposite effects and the central element being energizable for correcting remaining convergence errors.

Abstract: An electromagnetic deflection unit (7) coaxially surrounds a part of the envelope (1) of a cathode array tube. The deflection unit (7) comprises a coil support (8) and a deflection coil system (11, 11') which is located between the coil support (8) and the envelope (1). Each end portion (18, 18') of the coils (11, 11') is located exclusively on the side of the front flange (16, 16') of the associated coil (11, 11') facing away from the envelope (1). By virtue thereof, the deflection unit (7) can be tilted relative to the envelope (1) such that a sufficient degree of convergence of electron beams on the display screen of the cathode ray tube is obtained.

Abstract: The invention relates to an attachment structure of a magnetic piece of a defection yoke to be fixed to the center of a coil separator, and the invention is constructed such that a center protuberance 3 is formed by protruding at the center of a supporting base 2 of a coil separator 1, and a pair of opposed side protuberances 6 or a pair of opposed guiding member 8 provided with a guiding groove 7 which are made to support the right and left side surfaces of the magnetic piece 4 are integrally formed at the right and left of the center protuberance 3 whereby the shaking of the magnetic piece 4 is prevented, so that a misconvergence of the screen of a CRT tube can be effectively compensated.

Abstract: A deflection yoke has a tight coupler is provided. On periphery of a neck holder of the deflection yoke of a cathode ray tube, tapered threads are formed on threaded members on which a locking nut can be throttled. Peripheral slots are provided around the threads to enable compression of the threads. As a locking nut is screwed on the tapered threads, the threads compress and tighten around the neck of the cathode ray tube, firmly securing the deflection yoke to the periphery of the neck of the cathode ray tube. Protrusions on one end of the threads act as a stop for the locking nut and also hold a magnetic ring in place on the CRT.

Abstract: This invention enables the control of the electron beam position within a picture tube. Control is achieved by the use of a magnetized strip which is formed into a ring around the neck and secured by an adhesive film. In one implementation of this invention the strip has at least one end tapered in thickness for preventing an increase in thickness at the ring overlap. The strip ends are overlapped to provide a continuous ring of magnetic medium for optimum control capability.

Abstract: In a cathode ray tube apparatus, a deflection yoke for generating an effective magnetic field to deflect electron beams in an envelope is provided around a funnel of the envelope. A pair of front magnetic coils are in substantially symmetrical with respect to a horizontal plane including a tube axis and a horizontal direction and are provided on a skirt of the envelope. A pair of rear magnetic coils are also arranged in substantially symmetrical with respect to the horizontal plane and are provided on the deflection yoke. Leakage magnetic fluxes generated from the deflection yoke are reduced by compensating magnetic fluxes generated from the front and rear magnetic coils.

Abstract: A deflecting unit of a color cathode ray tube is constituted by a main deflecting section whose deflecting center is located on a phosphor screen side from an optimal deflecting center of the color cathode ray tube and at least one sub deflecting section whose deflecting center is located on an electron gun assembly side from the optimal deflecting center of the color cathode ray tube.

Abstract: A deflection yoke liner for mounting deflection coils on a cathode ray tube; the liner has at least two interconnectable sections with interengaging snap fasteners in the form of a tab and block that position and fix together the liner sections. The tab has a stop or hook adjacent a distal end for clasping over the block. The block has an inlet groove for guiding the tab and thereby positioning the liner sections relative to one another. One of the groove and tab tapers inwardly and the other is complementary and tapers outwardly. Preferably the tapering sections of the groove and tab engage near a point of full abutment of the liner sections, by way of tapered shoulders at the proximal end of the tab and a narrowing inlet taper on the block. The liner sections are positively positioned as the tab is advanced in the groove until the hook snaps over the abutment upon bringing together the liner sections. The block can be discrete or formed by a continuous ridge.

Abstract: A deflection yoke mounted on a television picture tube comprises a horizontal deflection coil, a vertical deflection coil and a separator for isolating the horizontal deflection coil from the vertical deflection coil, wherein the separator is a molded product of a mixture of plastics and granular ceramics having high thermal conductivity.

Abstract: A thermally stable magnetic deflection assembly for use in an electron or particle beam machine with several separately potted magnetic coils spaced apart and arranged in a particular vertical position on a central pipe. Non metallic, low coefficient of thermal expansion, highly thermally conductive materials are used throughout and means are provided for maintaining the entire assembly at a desired temperature. Also disclosed is a method of making a thermally stable magnetic deflection assembly.

Abstract: System for irradiating the surface of a substrate with atomic or molecular ions by rapid scanning of a beam in two dimensions over the surface of the substrate. A scanning system is shown for deflecting the beam in two dimensions relative to a reference axis and a magnetic ion beam transport system following the scanning system is arranged to receive the beam from the scanning system over the range of two dimensional deflections of the scanning system and constructed to impose magnetic field conditions along the beam path of characteristics selected to reorient the two-dimensionally deflected beam to a direction having a predetermined desired relationship with the axis in the two dimensions at the desired instantaneous two dimensional displacement of the beam from the axis, to produce the desired scan of the beam over the substrate.

Abstract: A novel construction of a superconductive coil system, having sufficient coupling strength and stiffness and being easy to assemble, is disclosed. A coil retainer of a stiffened cylindrical shell is divided into two parts for receiving coils and spacers. The inner circumference sides of the adjoining portions of the two parts form a dividing surface consisting of a plane extending longitudinally and are coupled with bolts having their axes directed in the circumferential direction. The outer circumference sides of the same adjoining portions form comb teeth meshed with each other and keyways extending longitudinally along the outer surface of the same comb teeth, and are coupled by keys inserted into the keyways and having their axes directed in the longitudinal direction.

Abstract: A deflection yoke capable of damping the leaking magnetic fields leaking to the front of the screen is disclosed. The characteristic feature of the deflection yoke includes: two pairs of ferrite cores opposingly facingly disposed on the flange portion of the beam outgoing side of the deflection yoke; and coils extended from the horizontal deflection coil and wound on the ferrite cores in such a manner as to offset all the magnetic fields other than the main horizontal deflection magnetic field.

Abstract: A projection yoke has a main deflection yoke with main vertical and horizontal coils wound on a coil separator and an auxiliary deflection yoke attached to a back surface of the coil separator. The auxiliary deflection yoke has pairs of auxiliary vertical and horizontal deflection coils wound toroidally on an annular core, the coils of each pair being opposite from each other with respect to the annular core and the two pairs being perpendicular to each other.

Abstract: An electromagnet for a charged-particle apparatus. The electromagnet of the first form of this invention may consist of a deflecting electromagnet comprising an iron core equipped with clamping plates having cavities through which a vacuum chamber runs. Provided in these cavities are small-sized coils using the iron core as the magnetic path and adapted to adjust the orbit for charged particles. The electromagnet of the second form of this invention consists of a deflecting electromagnet equipped with a banana-shaped principal coil whose radius of curvature is larger in its end sections than in its middle section, thereby leveling the magnetic-field distribution on the equilibrium orbit. In the electromagnet of the third form of this invention, the thickness of the iron core, surrounding the principal coil, is different at different positions along the equilibrium orbit for charged particles, thereby making it possible to obtain some desired magnetic-field distribution.

Abstract: A focus magnet having (a) three axially magnetized hollow cylindrical permanent magnets disposed concentrically along a center axis of a cathode ray tube such that their opposite magnetic poles face each other; (b) yokes in the form of hollow discs disposed on both sides of the permanent magnets; (c) a static control coil disposed inside a center permanent magnet; (d) a horizontal dynamic control coil disposed inside one of side permanent magnets; and (e) a vertical dynamic control coil disposed inside the other side permanent magnet, whereby electron beams passing in the cathode ray tube are converged to a small spot diameter.

Abstract: Periodic permanent magnet (PPM) stacks for use in wigglers and traveling e tubes having magnetic cladding. A variable magnetic potential cladding along the adjacent surfaces of working magnets is used, thereby increasing the efficient use of magnetic material and increasing the magnetic field while minimizing weight. The magnetic cladding has a direction of polarity perpendicular to the direction of polarity of the working magnets. Extraneous magnetic fields are also reduced. A magnetic shunt, or soft iron, is used to facilitate the conduction of magnetic flux and create an equal magnetic potential exterior surface.