Abstract: Disclosed is a display device. The display device includes a plurality of MCC packages each including one source driver IC and one gate driver IC disposed on a film, a panel including a plurality of data lines connected to the source driver IC, a plurality of gate connection lines that are connected to the gate driver IC and disposed in parallel to the data lines, a plurality of gate lines that are disposed vertically to the gate connection lines and the data lines and connected to the gate connection lines, and a plurality of dummy lines disposed in parallel to the gate connection lines and between the data lines, and a timing controller configured to transfer image data and a plurality of control signals to at least one or more of the MCC packages.

Abstract: A flat display panel includes a plurality of gate lines, a plurality of data lines, a plurality of tracking gate lines and a display area. The display area is disposed with pixel modules therein. Each pixel module includes a first pixel unit and a second pixel unit. The first pixel unit is configured to determine whether to receive a data transmitted on the first predetermined data line according to a voltage level of the first predetermined gate line. The second pixel unit is configured to determine whether to receive a voltage level of the second predetermined gate line according to a voltage level of the first predetermined gate line and determine whether to receive a data from the first pixel unit according to a voltage level received from the second predetermined gate line.

Abstract: A display device includes a display panel having an encapsulation substrate over a display substrate, at least one film on the display panel, a black matrix on the at least one functional film, and a viewing angle controller on the display panel and overlapping at least the black matrix.

Abstract: An object is to provide a transistor having a novel electrode structure capable of substantially maintaining on-state current while parasitic capacitance generated in an overlap portion between a source electrode layer (a drain electrode layer) and a gate electrode layer is reduced. Parasitic capacitance is reduced by using a source electrode layer and a drain electrode in a comb shape in a transistor. Curved current flowing from side edges of electrode tooth portions can be generated by controlling the width of an end of a comb-shaped electrode layer or the interval between the electrode tooth portions. This curved current compensates for a decrease in linear current due to a comb electrode shape; thus, on-state current can be kept unchanged even when parasitic capacitance is reduced.

Abstract: The present invention provides a patterned vertical alignment (PVA) pixel electrode comprising: a first electrode in the form of a “” or “” shape disposed on a TFT array substrate; and a second electrode in the form of a “” or “” shape corresponding to the first electrode and disposed on a CF substrate, wherein the first electrode and/or the second electrode includes ITO slits with unequal length which are disposed between the fringes of the first electrode and the second electrode for improving a display quality of the pixel. The present invention further provides a liquid crystal display (LCD) apparatus. The PVA pixel electrode and the LCD apparatus using the same can raise a transmittance and a display quality of the pixel.

Abstract: A pixel array includes a plurality of first and second signal lines, a plurality of active devices, a plurality of pixel electrodes, a plurality of selection lines, and a plurality of protrusions. The second signal lines are electrically insulated to and intersected with the first signal lines. Each active device is electrically connected to one of the first signal lines and one of the second signal lines, respectively. The pixel electrodes are electrically connected to the active devices. The selection lines are electrically insulated to the second signal lines and intersected with the first signal lines so as to form a plurality of intersections including a plurality of first and second intersections. The selection lines are electrically connected to the first signal lines at the first intersections. The protrusions are disposed between the selection lines and the first signal lines, and located at the second intersections.

Abstract: An embodiment of the present invention provides an array substrate comprising a plurality of pixel units, each of the pixel units including a thin film transistor and a insulating layer, wherein a first pixel electrode and a first common electrode are disposed on an upper surface of the insulating layer, a second common electrode aligned to the first common electrode and a second pixel electrode aligned to the first common electrode are disposed on a lower surface of the insulating layer.

Abstract: The disclosed technology is directed to a pixel unit and a method for manufacturing the same and a liquid crystal display device. The pixel unit comprises: an array substrate; a color filter substrate; and a liquid crystal layer located between the array substrate and the color filter substrate. The pixel unit includes a displaying region and a non-displaying region in which a first electrode and a second electrode are formed on the array substrate and the color filter substrate respectively, and the rotation of molecules in the liquid crystal layer between the first electrode and the second electrode can be controlled by a vertical electrical field generated between the first electrode and the second electrode after energized to realize a normal black display mode, so that light leaking from the liquid crystal layer between the first electrode and the second electrode is prevented.

Abstract: Discussed is a flexible display device with a reduced bezel width. The flexible display device according to an embodiment includes a display panel configured to display images, and including a flexible first substrate having a plurality of pixels disposed therein and a second substrate coupled to the flexible first substrate, the flexible first substrate including a display area, a bent part extending from the display area, and a pad part extending from the bent part; a panel driver connected to the pad part, and configured to supply signals to the respective pixels; and a supporting member configured to support the flexible first substrate, and including a bent part for guiding the bent part of the first substrate.

Abstract: The invention provides a liquid crystal display, including: a substrate, wherein the substrate includes a first flat electrode formed thereon; a first alignment layer formed on the first flat electrode; a second substrate disposed oppositely to the first substrate, wherein the second substrate includes a gate line, a data line and a second flat electrode, wherein the gate line intersects with the data line to define a pixel region, the pixel region includes at least one sub-pixel electrode region, and an area of the second flat electrode is smaller than that of the first flat electrode; a second alignment layer formed on the second flat electrode; and a liquid crystal layer formed between the first substrate and the second substrate, wherein the liquid crystal layer has chirality, wherein the sub-pixel electrode region has a multidomain pretilt angle.

Abstract: A display panel includes a first substrate, plural pixel structures on the first substrate, a second substrate and a display medium between the two substrates. Each of the pixel structures includes a scan line, a data line, an active device, a pixel electrode, a common electrode, an insulating layer and a counter electrode. The active device is electrically connected to the scan line and the data line. The pixel electrode is electrically connected to the active device. The common electrode is electrically insulated from the pixel electrode. The insulating layer is between the pixel electrode and the common electrode. The counter electrode is electrically insulated from the pixel electrode and the common electrode, wherein the counter electrode is disposed symmetrically around the pixel electrode, and the voltage absolute value of the counter electrode is greater than the voltage absolute value of the pixel electrode.

Abstract: A display including a plurality of display units and a plurality of holes is provided. Each of the display units includes a transparent area. Each of the holes is formed by a part of the transparent areas. At least one of the holes satisfies 2 ? ? ? ? A ? S < 8 3 ? 3 ? ? A , wherein A is an area of each of the holes and the S is a perimeter of each of the holes, and the at least one of the holes is a hole of a non-quadrilateral-type shape. These holes are arranged along a first direction in staggered arrangement, parts of projections of the holes along a second direction are overlapped with one another, and the first direction is different from the second direction.

Abstract: A display device includes a display area in which pixels are arranged in a matrix, and an inspection area that is formed around the display area, and has an inspection pixel, in which the display area includes plural first electrodes that are disposed in the respective pixels, a light emitting organic layer that includes plural organic material layers having a light emitting layer, and a second electrode that covers the display area, and the inspection pixel includes an inspection first electrode electrically independent from the respective first electrodes, an inspection organic layer in which at least one light emitting layer of the plural organic material layers is continuous from the display area, and comes in contact with the inspection first electrode, and an inspection second electrode that is continuous from the second electrode, and comes in contact with the inspection organic layer.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display apparatus includes a first spacer, a second spacer which is different in height from the first spacer, and a liquid crystal layer held between an array substrate and a counter substrate. The first spacer is provided at an intersection of a source wiring line and an auxiliary capacitive line, and the second spacer is provided in at least a contact hole.

Abstract: A flat panel display device including at least one display module in the form of a matrix of pixels formed by active media enclosed between two sets of conductors, where the display module has a front side by which it is to be exposed to viewers and an opposite back side where an electronic control circuit is located, and includes two sets of electrical conductors extending along two intersecting axes respectively to define a two-dimensional array of junctions forming said pixels, each of the conductors of at least one set of conductors being bent to extend from the front side to the opposite back side of the display module.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display includes: a first substrate, a gate line and a data line disposed on the first substrate, a thin film transistor connected to the gate line and the data line, a first passivation layer disposed on the thin film transistor, a first electrode disposed on the first passivation layer, a second passivation layer disposed on the first electrode and a second electrode disposed on the second passivation layer. A first edge of the first electrode and a second edge of the second passivation layer have substantially the same plane shape as each other, and the second edge of the second passivation layer protrudes more than the first edge of the first electrode.

Abstract: Reduction of the effects of differences in parasitic capacitances in touch screens is provided. A touch screen can include multiple display pixels with stackups that each include a first element and a second element. For example, the first element can be a common electrode, and the second element can be a data line. The display pixels can include a first display pixel including a third element connected to the first element, and the third element can contribute to a first parasitic capacitance between the first and second elements of the first display pixel, for example, by overlapping with the second element. The touch screen can also include a second display pixel lacking the third element. The second display pixel can include a second parasitic capacitance between the first and second elements of the second display pixel. The first and second parasitic capacitances can be substantially equal, for example.

Abstract: An array substrate includes a substrate, a switching element, a pixel electrode, and a common electrode. The substrate includes a plurality of gate lines, data lines insulated from the gate lines, and the data lines extend in a direction crossing the gate lines. The switching element is connected to the gate lines and data lines. The pixel electrode is arranged in a pixel area which is defined on the substrate, and is connected to an output electrode of the switching element. The common electrode corresponds to the pixel area and is insulated from the pixel electrode, and the common electrode has at least one first slit corresponding to the data line.

Abstract: In an embodiment of the disclosure, a pixel structure is provided. The pixel structure includes a first sub-pixel row including a plurality of sub-pixels electrically connecting to a first scan line, and a second sub-pixel row including a plurality of sub-pixels, wherein the first scan line passes through an area of the sub-pixels of the second sub-pixel row.

Abstract: The present invention discloses a liquid crystal panel and a color filter substrate thereof. By providing at least one separation line perpendicular to a scan direction of horizontal source signals, a transparent conductive layer of the color filter substrate is divided into a plurality of transparent conductive layer sections, each of which is not connected with the others. When a horizontal crosstalk (H-crosstalk) phenomenon is generated, an adjacent horizontal area is not influenced, so that it can lower the H-crosstalk phenomenon of the liquid crystal panel, so as to increase the display quality of the liquid crystal panel.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display includes a first substrate, a second substrate, and a liquid crystal layer disposed between the first and second substrates. The liquid crystal display includes first, second, and third sub-pixels respectively displaying red, green, and blue colors. The first, second, and third sub-pixels have different cell gaps from each other.

Abstract: A display device comprising a display area and non-display area is provided. The display device includes a first substrate, a second substrate, a liquid crystal layer, and a connection part. The first substrate includes a first base substrate, a wiring part formed on the first base substrate, and a pixel electrode connected to a portion of the wiring part, the pixel electrode disposed in the display area. The second substrate includes a second base substrate, and a common electrode formed on the second base substrate. The liquid crystal layer is disposed between the first base substrate and the second base substrate. The connection part is formed between the first base substrate and the second base substrate connecting the common electrode and the portion of the wiring part, wherein the common electrode comprises an electric field control pattern formed in the non-display area between the connection part and the display area.

Abstract: Provided is a liquid crystal display to provide improved transmittance and visibility includes a first substrate; a first switching element and a second switching element formed on the first substrate configured to be switched by the same signal; a first subpixel electrode connected to the first switching element; a second subpixel electrode connected to the second switching element; a third switching element connected to the second switching element; a third subpixel electrode connected to the third switching element; a second substrate; a common electrode formed on the second substrate; and a liquid crystal layer formed between the first substrate and the second substrate.

Abstract: According to an aspect, a semi-transmissive liquid crystal display device includes a plurality of pixels arranged in a matrix, a plurality of reflective electrodes, a counter electrode facing the reflective electrode, and a liquid crystal layer. The reflective electrodes are provided for each of the pixels, and each of them includes a plurality of electrodes, with a combination of the areas of which area coverage modulation is performed by using n bits. The electrodes are configured such that a ratio of the sum of the perimeter(s) of electrode(s) corresponding to each bit of the n bits satisfies 1:2: . . . :2n-1. The liquid crystal layer is provided between the reflective electrode and the counter electrode. The semi-transmissive liquid crystal display device is configured to carry out reflective display using the reflective electrode and carry out transmissive display using at least a space of the reflective electrode between the pixels.

Abstract: A display panel includes a first substrate, scan lines, data lines, pixel units, a second substrate, a display medium, and a color filter layer. The scan lines and the data lines are disposed on the first substrate. The pixel units are electrically connected to the scan lines and the data lines. Each pixel unit includes first, second, third, and fourth pixels. An extension direction of slit patterns of the first and second pixels is different from an extension direction of at least one of slit patterns of the third and fourth pixels. The color filter layer includes a first color filter pattern disposed corresponding to the first pixel, a second color filter pattern disposed corresponding to the second pixel, and a third color filter pattern disposed corresponding to the third pixel and the fourth pixel.

Abstract: For an image display apparatus, cost reduction is enabled to prevent display errors while ensuring operational margin to prevent display errors even when the delay time of gate line driving signals is large. A source driver of a liquid-crystal display apparatus includes a data latch circuit for supplying display data to a decode circuit. A gate line inactivation transition detecting circuit detects inactivation of each of a plurality of gate lines and activates a detect signal for a certain period with that timing. The data latch circuit updates the held display data in response to activation of the detect signal.

Abstract: According to one embodiment, a liquid crystal display apparatus includes a display region including a plurality of display pixels arrayed in a matrix, an array substrate including a plurality of first electrodes which are arrayed in a matrix, second electrodes which are arranged on the same layer as a layer of the first electrodes and connect the first electrodes to each other, and third electrodes which are arrayed in a matrix on the first electrodes and the second electrodes, a countersubstrate which is arranged to face the array substrate, and a liquid crystal layer which is interposed between the array substrate and the countersubstrate.

Abstract: The present invention discloses an array substrate, which includes a thin-film transistor, a data line, a gate line, and a pixel electrode. The array substrate further includes a common electrode. The common electrode has a first region, a second region, and at least one opening. The first region is defined on the common electrode, and the first region is a projection of the pixel electrode on a plane where the common electrode is located. The second region is defined on the common electrode, and the second region is close to at least one edge of the first region. The at least one opening is disposed on the second region of the common electrode.

Abstract: A circuit substrate includes, on an insulating substrate, a plurality of devices, a plurality of conductive layers connected in one-to-one correspondence with the devices, and an insulating layer provided between the devices and the conductive layers. The insulating layer includes a first insulating layer covering the devices, a second insulating layer formed on the first insulating layer, and a plurality of contact holes each passing through the first and second insulating layers in a thickness direction thereof. Side surfaces of the first and second insulating layers contact each other in at least part of the inside of each contact hole. Each conductive layer extends along an upper surface of the second insulating layer, at least a part of a side surface of the contact hole in which the side surfaces of the first and second insulating layers contact each other, and a bottom surface of the contact hole.

Abstract: A display device having a liquid crystal lens arranged on a display panel, wherein the display panel includes pixels arranged in a first direction and arranged in a second direction intersecting with the first direction. Each of the pixels includes a plurality of sub-pixels arranged in a first direction and having a first width in the first direction and a second width in the second direction, and the liquid crystal lens is formed by interposing a liquid crystal between a first substrate and a second substrate. The first substrate includes a plurality of first electrodes in stripes, extending in the first direction, and arranged in the second direction, and the second substrate includes a plurality of second electrodes in stripes and a plurality of third electrodes in stripes, extending in the second direction, and arranged in the first direction at predetermined intervals.

Abstract: Embodiments of the invention provide an array substrate and a display device. The array substrate comprises a common electrode and a pixel electrode that are formed on a base substrate. The common electrode comprises a first common electrode and a second common electrode, the first common electrode is provided below the pixel electrode and separated from the pixel electrode by an insulating layer, the second common electrode is provided in the same layer as the pixel electrode. The pixel electrode comprises a plurality of strip electrodes, the second common electrode also comprises a plurality of strip electrodes, and the strip electrodes of the pixel electrode and the strip electrodes of the second common electrode are alternately arranged.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display device is discussed, which includes a substrate; gate and data lines crossing each other on the substrate to thereby define a pixel region; a thin film transistor connected to the gate and data lines; and a plurality of pixel electrodes and a plurality of first common electrodes alternating with each other in the pixel region and configured to induce an in-plane electric field, and each including a first layer and a second layer on the first layer, wherein the first layer is made of an opaque metal and has a first thickness, and the second layer is made of a transparent conductive material and has a second thickness.

Abstract: A liquid crystal lens includes a first substrate, a second substrate, a liquid crystal layer, a plurality of first main electrodes, and a plurality of second main electrodes. The second substrate is disposed opposite to the first substrate. The liquid crystal layer is disposed between the first substrate and the second substrate. The first main electrodes are disposed on a surface of the first substrate adjacent to the liquid crystal layer. Any two adjacent first main electrodes define a first gap therebetween. The second main electrodes are disposed on a surface of the second substrate adjacent to the liquid crystal layer. Any two adjacent second main electrodes define a second gap therebetween. A vertical projection of each first main electrode on the surface of the second substrate overlaps at least two adjacent second main electrodes to form overlapping portions of the at least two second main electrodes, respectively.

Abstract: The present invention connects the first scan line of the (N+1)th set of scan lines to the second scan line of the first set of scan lines such that the vertical start pulse output signal of the first scan line of the (N+1)th set of scan lines serves as a vertical start pulse input signal of the second scan line of the first set of scan lines, and thereby turning on other second scan lines on the array substrate. The present invention can simplify the layout of the array substrate.

Abstract: A display device includes an insulating substrate; a first conductive layer in which a first signal line and a second signal line are formed on the insulating substrate; an insulating layer provided in an upper layer of the first conductive layer; and a semiconductor layer, which is provided in an upper layer of the insulating layer, and in which a semiconductor film, which overlaps the first signal line and the second signal line in plan view, is formed.

Abstract: The present invention provides a thin film transistor array substrate that can eliminate short-circuiting between a source electrode and a drain electrode, while ensuring electrical connection between the drain electrode and a pixel electrode. The thin film transistor array substrate has a thin film transistor, a first interlayer insulating film, a lower layer electrode, a second interlayer insulating film, and an upper layer electrode laminated therein in this order.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display panel includes a substrate, gate lines, data lines, pixel electrodes, an insulating layer, patterned common electrodes and connection lines. Each pixel electrode includes a transparent electrode. The insulating layer covers the pixel electrodes. The patterned common electrodes are disposed on the insulating layer. Each patterned common electrodes includes a plurality of electrode branches, and at least one slit disposed between two adjacent electrode branches. The patterned common electrode includes a transparent electrode. The connection line is disposed on the insulating layer, and each connection line is in contact with and electrically connects to the patterned common electrodes of two adjacent sub-pixel regions.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention includes: a first substrate and an opposing second substrate; a first pixel electrode and a second pixel electrode disposed in a pixel area, on the first substrate, and including a plurality of branch electrodes; and a liquid crystal layer interposed between the first and second electrodes. Branches electrode of the first pixel electrode and the second pixel electrode are interlaced. The first pixel electrode has an extension disposed adjacent to the center of the pixel area, and a minimum distance between the extension and the adjacent branch electrode is different from an average minimum between the adjacent branch electrodes.

Abstract: The implementation of a superhigh-definition liquid crystal display device with a diagonal of 30 inches or more and a resolution of 100 ppi or more is facilitated. There is provided a direct-view-type liquid crystal display device that includes a display portion in which a plurality of pixels are placed in a matrix, the display portion whose diagonal is 30 inches or more, in which the resolution of the display portion is 100 pixels or more per inch, the plurality of pixels include first to fourth pixels, and one of the first to fourth pixels is an RG-type formed of a red subpixel and a green subpixel and another of the first to fourth pixels is a BH-type formed of a blue subpixel and a green, yellow, or white subpixel.

Abstract: A liquid crystal lens panel includes an array substrate, an opposing substrate, and a liquid crystal layer between the array substrate and the opposing substrate. The array substrate includes a first base substrate, a plurality of lens electrodes substantially parallel with one another on the first base substrate, a connection electrode electrically connected to the lens electrodes, a light blocking pattern overlapping the connection electrode and a terminal electrode electrically connected to the connection electrode. The opposing substrate includes a second base substrate which faces the array substrate and a lens common electrode which is on the second base substrate.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display device in which smear error is suppressed and transmittance is uniform is provided. In a liquid crystal display device which includes a plurality of pixels and uses comb-teeth-shaped transparent conductive films 110 as common wirings, the common wirings include mesh-shaped common metal wirings 101v and 101h extending in a vertical direction and a horizontal direction and the comb-teeth-shaped transparent conductive films 110 are connected between adjacent pixels.

Abstract: According to one embodiment, a display device includes a first substrate including a first pixel electrode disposed on a first color pixel of red, a second pixel electrode disposed on a second color pixel of green, a third pixel electrode disposed on a third color pixel of blue, and a fourth pixel electrode disposed on a fourth color pixel of white, a second substrate including a common electrode, and a liquid crystal layer held between the first substrate and the second substrate, wherein a top voltage applied to the fourth color pixel to correspond to a maximum gradation value is set to be less than a top voltage applied to each of the first color pixel and the second color pixel to correspond to respective maximum gradation values.

Abstract: Provided are a display device and a manufacturing method thereof capable of preventing aggregation of an alignment layer and maintaining uniformly a cell-gap. The display device according to an exemplary embodiment of the invention includes: a substrate including a plurality of pixel areas; a thin film transistor formed on the substrate; a pixel electrode connected to the thin film transistor and formed in the pixel area; a barrier layer formed on the pixel electrode; a roof layer formed on the barrier layer to be spaced apart from the barrier layer with a microcavity therebetween; and a liquid crystal formed to fill the microcavity.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display panel including a first substrate, a second substrate, and a liquid crystal mixture is provided. The first substrate includes a first base and a first electrode layer. The first base has a plurality of sub pixels each having at least one first asymmetric protrusion. The first electrode layer is disposed on the first asymmetric protrusion. The second substrate is assembled to the first substrate. The liquid crystal mixture is disposed between the first asymmetric protrusion and the second substrate.

Abstract: A display device having pixels in a matrix where the pixels compose at least two drive blocks each including at least two pixel rows, includes a first signal line and a second signal line disposed in a pixel column direction. The first signal line is disposed in one of the left and right sides of the pixels of the corresponding column, and the second signal line is disposed in the other of the sides. Each of the pixels includes an organic EL element and a current control unit. Pixels in a kth drive block are connected to the first signal line via a first connecting line, and pixels in a (k+1)th drive block are connected to the second signal line via a second connecting line. The first signal line is disposed without crossing the second connecting line, and the second signal line is disposed without the first connecting line.

Abstract: A liquid crystal device including a first substrate including a plurality of picture elements; a second substrate including a common electrode; and a liquid crystal layer sandwiched therebetween. The first substrate and the second substrate are arranged to be opposite to each other, and each of the plurality of picture elements has a plurality of elongated electrodes configured to apply voltages to the liquid crystal layer in cooperation with the common electrode. The elongated electrodes within one of the plurality of picture elements extend in eight directions, and each of the plurality of picture elements is divided into eight regions based upon the eight directions. In each of the eight regions of one of the plurality of picture elements, two or more of the plurality of elongated electrodes extend along a corresponding one of the eight directions.

Abstract: According to one embodiment, a liquid crystal optical apparatus includes a first substrate unit, a second substrate unit, and a liquid crystal layer. The first substrate unit includes a first substrate, first electrodes, and second electrodes. The first electrodes extend in a first direction. The second electrodes are disposed between the first electrodes. The second substrate unit includes a second substrate, a first opposing electrode, and a second opposing electrode. The second opposing electrode is separated from the first opposing electrode. The liquid crystal layer is provided between the first and second substrate units. The distance along the second direction between the central axis and a first separating region between the first opposing electrode and the second opposing electrode is longer than a distance between the central axis and the second electrode.

Abstract: A display apparatus includes a first substrate including a pixel electrode including a first pattern inclined at first and second angles with respect to a center line and a second substrate including a common electrode including a second pattern alternately arranged with the first pattern. The first angle is about +35 degrees to about +45 degrees and the second angle is about ?35 degrees to about ?45 degrees.

Abstract: The present invention provides a liquid crystal display device that appropriately compensates for a feed-through voltage.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display includes gate lines, data lines intersecting with the gate lines to define sub-pixels, and a transmission part including transmission lines connected with the data lines to transmit data signals, where at least one pair of the transmission lines are arranged to cross each other, some of the transmission lines cross each other so that a sequence of data signals applied to the data lines can be changed, any of the transmission lines is opened at a crossing point of the transmission lines and the opened portion is connected by a separate conductor, thereby insulating the transmission lines crossing each other from each other, and an additional process for connecting the opened portion is not needed, thereby simplifying a fabrication process for the liquid crystal display.