Abstract: An apparatus worn by a subject includes an energy-harvesting power source, at least one physiological sensor and/or at least one environmental sensor coupled to the energy-harvesting power source. The at least one physiological sensor senses physiological information from the subject and the at least one environmental sensor senses environmental information in a vicinity of the subject. The energy-harvesting power source may include one or more of the following: a solar cell module configured to collect and store solar energy, a piezoelectric device or a microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) device configured to collect and store energy caused by movement of the subject and/or energy emanating from an environment in which the subject is located, a thermoelectric or thermovoltaic device configured to collect and store energy caused by thermal energy or temperature gradients in an environment in which the subject is located, a cranking or winding mechanism configured to store mechanical energy.

Abstract: This disclosure provides an integrated and automated sample-to-answer system that, starting from a sample comprising biological material, generates a genetic profile in less than two hours. In certain embodiments, the biological material is DNA and the genetic profile involves determining alleles at one or a plurality of loci (e.g., genetic loci) of a subject, for example, an STR (short tandem repeat) profile, for example as used in the CODIS system. The system can perform several operations, including (a) extraction and isolation of nucleic acid; (b) amplification of nucleotide sequences at selected loci (e.g., genetic loci); and (c) detection and analysis of amplification product. These operations can be carried out in a system that comprises several integrated modules, including an analyte preparation module; a detection and analysis module and a control module.

Abstract: A method for determining the absorption of a blank (2) for producing an optical element (3), including: radiating a heating light ray (8) through the blank (2) for the purpose of heating the blank (2), and determining the absorption in the blank (2) by measuring at least one property of a measurement light ray (10) influenced by the heating of the blank (2). In the method, either the heating light ray (8) and the measurement light ray (10) or the heating light ray and a further heating light ray are oriented to enter into the blank (2) through a first polished surface (2a) or a second polished surface (2b), situated opposite the first surface, and meet one another exclusively in the interior of the blank (2), preferably in a volume (12) used for the production of the optical element (3). An associated measuring apparatus (1), optical element (3), and optical arrangement are also disclosed.

Abstract: An apparatus for measuring transmissivity of a patterned glass substrate. A beam radiator radiates a laser beam. A collimation lens collimates the laser beam radiated from the laser beam radiator. A beam expander expands a size of the laser beam collimated by the collimation lens. A detector has a light-receiving section, which receives the laser beam that has passed through the patterned glass substrate after having been expanded by the beam expander. A measuring instrument measures a transmissivity of the patterned glass substrate using the laser beam received by the detector.

Abstract: Remote absorption spectroscopy uses coded electromagnetic transmission directed through a medium under investigation to one or more remote receivers. The coded transmission includes at least one wavelength coincident with an absorption band of interest and one wavelength in an off-line band and a predefined relationship between spectral components in and outside the absorption band is controlled. The relationship between spectral components may be evaluated at the receiver to determine whether deviation thereof from the controlled relationship at the transmitter exists at the receiver. The deviation of the received optical signal from the prescribed relationship is processed to indicate the absorption of the radiation in the absorption band.

Abstract: A non-dispersive gas analyzer comprising a light source, having light that shines through a measuring cuvette containing a measuring gas to be analyzed onto a non selective detector having a downstream evaluation unit, wherein a multi-component gas analysis is made possible using in a simple manner in that the light source is a flash discharge lamp and the evaluation unit is configured to evaluate the temporal pulse curves of the flash shining onto the detector such that it is possible to take advantage of the property of flash discharge lamps in that the emitted wavelength components vary over the duration of the flash.

Abstract: Embodiments of the present invention generally relate to an optical metrology system and methods of using the optical metrology system. The optical metrology system has a linear optical array including a plurality of optical components. One end of the linear optical array is configured to receive a confined beam. At various stages of the fabrication process, the performance of the actual optical components used in HAMR devices is evaluated based on the performance of the optical metrology system.

Abstract: An aircraft fuel tank arrangement for the relief of a pressure differential between the interior of the aircraft fuel tank and the ambient atmosphere is provided. The aircraft fuel tank arrangement comprises a removable cartridge received within a cartridge-receiving body located at least partially in the fuel tank, said cartridge comprising a first burstable member operable to rupture in the presence of a pressure differential between the interior of the aircraft fuel tank and the ambient atmosphere which is greater than a predetermined pressure differential.

Abstract: The invention relates to an incoherent light full field interference microscopy device for the imaging of a volumetric scattering sample (106). The device comprises an interference device (100) between a reference wave (401), produced by reflection of an incident wave by a reflective surface (105) of a reference arm of the interference device, and an object wave (402) produced by backscattering of the incident wave by a slice of the sample, an acquisition device (108) for at least a first interference signal and at least a second interference signal resulting from the interference of the reference and object waves, the at least two interference signals having a phase difference, an processing unit (403) for calculating an image of the slice of the sample, based on said interference signals.

Abstract: A method is provided for diagnosing the operation of a photometric particle analyzer. The method may determine when the operation is degraded from normal operating conditions, automatically, and the result displayed locally as well as being transmitted to a remote observer. The present invention may be used by optical photometric particle analyzers, or by analyzers that measure other properties of particles collected on filters.

Abstract: A gas analyzing apparatus includes a probe for measuring a concentration of sample gas flowing in a pipe by an optical measurement system. Influence of a thermal lens effect phenomenon is suppressed so that measurement accuracy is improved. The apparatus includes a probe tube disposed to cross a flow path of the sample gas in the pipe to introduce the sample gas flowing in the pipe to a predetermined hollow measurement region. A light emission portion and a light receiving portion for project measurement light to the measurement region in the probe tube and receive the measurement light after passing through the sample gas in the measurement region. A purge gas feed tube disposed in the probe tube supplies purge gas to a region between the optical system members and the measurement region, with a gap to the inner wall surface of the probe tube.

Abstract: Optical computing devices are disclosed. One optical computing device includes an electromagnetic radiation source that emits electromagnetic radiation into an optical train to optically interact with a sample and at least one integrated computational element, the sample being configured to generate optically interacted radiation. A sampling window is arranged adjacent the sample and configured to allow transmission of the electromagnetic radiation therethrough and has one or more surfaces that generate one or more stray signals. A first focal lens is arranged to receive the optically interacted radiation and the one or more stray signals and generate a primary focal point from the optically interacted radiation. A structural element defines a spatial aperture aligned with the primary focal point such that the optically interacted radiation is able to pass therethrough while transmission of the one or more stray signals is substantially blocked by the structural element.

Abstract: An apparatus for measuring transmittance which can realize reliability for measurement of the transmittance of a piece of patterned glass by post dispersion of light. The apparatus includes a light source which is disposed in front of an object that is to be measured, and directs light into the object. An integrating sphere is disposed in the rear of the light source and integrating light incident thereinto. The object is mounted on the front portion of the integrating sphere. A light dispersing part is disposed in the rear of the integrating sphere, and disperses light that has been integrated by and then emitted from the integrating sphere. An optical receiver is disposed adjacent to the light dispersing part, and receives light that has been dispersed by the light dispersing part.

Abstract: The present invention includes: an optical fiber being provided either of between a light source and a measurement cell and between the measurement cell and a light detection part; and light path switching means adapted to achieve switching between a measurement cell passage state in which a light path formed by light transmission means passes through the measurement cell and a measurement cell non-passage state in which the light path formed by the light transmission means passes through a region different from the measurement cell, wherein calibration processing for a first calibration with a long calibration cycle is performed in the measurement cell passage state, and calibration processing for a second calibration with a short calibration cycle is performed in the measurement cell non-passage state.

Abstract: Disclosed is a multi-channel light measurement system adapted to illuminate and measure a test sample in a vessel. The multi-channel light measurement system has at least one photodetector per channel and a variable integrate and hold circuit coupled to each photodetector, the variable integrate and hold circuit allows adjustment of a sampling factor selected from a group of an integration time, a value of capacitance, an area of a discrete photodetector array, or any combination thereof. The system may readily equilibrate reference intensity output for multiple channels. Methods and apparatus are disclosed, as are other aspects.

Abstract: This invention relates to a method of detecting the transition, between a first compound and a second compound, of a product, which may contain such a first compound and/or such a second compound, and flowing inside a conduit for conveying this product.

Abstract: A method for inspecting the product of a coating process is provided. In certain embodiments, the release of at least one volatile species from the coated surface into the gas space adjacent to the coated surface is measured and the result is compared with the result for at least one reference object measured under the same test conditions. Microbalance weighing methods are also disclosed to detect and distinguish among PECVD coatings. Thus the presence or absence of the coating, and/or a physical and/or chemical property of the coating can be determined. The method is useful for inspecting any coated articles, e.g. vessels. Its application on the inspection of PECVD coatings made from organosilicon precursors, especially of barrier coatings, is also disclosed.

Abstract: An apparatus comprises a substrate (110), the substrate having: a source (141) for generating electromagnetic radiation for illuminating an object; a detector (120) for detecting a response, such as scattered or fluorescent radiation, by the object to illumination by the electromagnetic radiation; and a least one conduit (150) formed through at least a portion of the substrate for transmission of electromagnetic radiation therethrough in a path from the source to the object or a path from the object to the detector, wherein the source and the detector are not in direct line of sight of one another.

Abstract: A method for detecting component concentrations in human gas emissions such as breath and gas emitted from skin. A gas sample containing a specified component is collected into a gas cell using a pump and a series of valves to draw the gas sample into the cell and control the gas pressure within the cell. A tunable optical radiation beam is passed through the gas cell and the amount of energy absorbed by the specified component may be measured indirectly by taking the difference between the incident and emerging beam energy or directly by optoacoustic methods. Concentrations of the specified component as small as 0.1 ppB may be determined. Additionally, the tunable optical radiation beam may be multiplexed for use with a plurality of systems utilizing the beam for medical purposes.

Abstract: An analytical assembly within a unified device structure for integration into an analytical system. The analytical assembly is scalable and includes a plurality of analytical devices, each of which includes a reaction cell, an optical sensor, and at least one optical element positioned in optical communication with both the reaction cell and the sensor and which delivers optical signals from the cell to the sensor. Additional elements are optionally integrated into the analytical assembly. Methods for forming and operating the analytical system are also disclosed.

Abstract: A laminar assembly including a first optically opaque layer defining a plurality of through-holes, a second optically opaque layer, an optically transparent inner layer between the inner surface of the first optically opaque layer and the inner surface of the second optically opaque layer, and a preprinted layer proximate the outer surface of at least one of the first and second optically opaque layers. The plurality of through-holes is at least partially filled with material from the optically transparent inner layer, and light is visibly transmitted in a single direction through the plurality of through-holes. Unidirectional opacity watermarks defined by the plurality of through-holes in the laminar assembly provide advantageous anti-counterfeiting measures, and are easy to view and authenticate, yet difficult to simulate.

Abstract: A sensor apparatus is provided for sensing relative position of two objects. First and second molecular components, each comprising at least one electronic system, are connected to respective objects. The molecular components are arranged in mutual proximity such that an interaction between the electronic systems of respective components varies with relative position of the objects, the interaction affecting an electrical or optical property of the components. A detector detects the property to produce an output dependent on relative position of the objects.

Abstract: A method of determining auto-calibrating information of a test sensor includes providing an optical read head that includes a light source, a light guide and a detector. The read head forms an opening that is sized to receive a test sensor. The detector includes a linear-detector array or single detector. A test sensor is provided having apertures formed therein. The test sensor is placed in the opening of the optical read head. Light is transmitted from the light source through the apertures. The light transmitted through the apertures using the detector or detecting the absence of light being transmitted through the test sensor using the detector is detected. The detected light or the absence of detected light information from the detector is used to determine the auto-calibration information of the test sensor.

Abstract: An apparatus for measuring the transmittance of a piece of cover glass for a photovoltaic cell which can measure an accurate transmittance irrespective of whether or not the cover glass has a pattern and irrespective of the shape of the pattern. The apparatus includes a light source part disposed in front of the piece of cover glass. The light source part directs light into the piece of cover glass. A detector is disposed in the rear of the piece of cover glass, and detects light that has been directed into the piece of cover glass and then has passed through the piece of cover glass. The detector is disposed within a range where the intensity of the light that has passed through the piece of cover glass is uniform.

Abstract: The invention refers to a fouling detection setup (I) and method for determining the amount of fouling (5) of surfaces (3) of fluid (6) treating devices (2) and/or internal functional components (4) of such devices, which are exposed to said fluid and are subjected to fouling. Fouling detection setups and methods are useful for monitoring the amount of fouling of surfaces, e.g. heat-transfer surfaces and also for monitoring the cleaning procedure of such fluid treating devices and/or internal functional components of such devices. According to the invention the detection setup (I) comprises at least one first sensor (7), with means (9) for measuring the optical transparency T and/or electrical conductive conductivity Q of said fluid (6). The Sensor includes at least one sensitive area (8) that is located nearby and/or within said surfaces (3) and wherein said area is at least temporarily exposed to said fluid (6).

Abstract: A medicine inspection device includes an inspection unit for inspecting a medicine disposed on the inspection unit; a vibrator to impart vibration to the medicine disposed on the inspection unit; and a shooting unit capable of photographing the medicine disposed on the inspection unit. The medicine inspection device further includes a medicine information detector capable of detecting at least the quantity or type of the medicine based on an image obtained by the shooting unit and a distribution detector which is configured to detect a distribution of the medicine on the inspection unit based on the image obtained by the shooting unit. The inspection unit includes a plurality of inspection areas where the vibrator independently provides vibration to each inspection area. The medicine inspection device is characterized by operating the vibrator so as to provide vibration in the inspection areas chosen based on the detection result of the distribution detector.

Abstract: A spectroscopic sensor and a spectroscopic method of determining a concentration of a sample are disclosed. The sensor is used in connection with a sample cell containing a sample. The sensor includes a coherent light source configured to transmit an interrogation light beam along an optical sample path directed towards the sample. The sensor also includes an in-line reference cell located in the sample path. The sensor also includes a detector having outputs responsive to absorption signals from the sample and the in-line reference cell. The sensor also includes a processor configured to isolate the reference absorption signals from the in-line reference cell and sample absorption signals from the sample cell and generate calibration information based on the reference absorption signals and determine a concentration of the sample based on the sample absorption signals.

Abstract: A screening module configured to screen at least a portion of a biological sample disposed on an analysis surface is provided. The screening module comprises a laser source a scanning unit comprising one or more scanning devices, wherein the scanning devices are configured to rotate in an oscillatory scanning motion about an axis of rotation to scan the analysis surface in at least one direction, wherein the scanning unit is physically coupled to the laser source, and a detection unit comprising one or more detection devices.

Abstract: An optical sensor includes a substrate having an upper surface, a plurality of protrusions on the substrate, wherein each of the plurality of protrusions is defined by a base at the upper surface of the substrate and by one or more sloped surfaces oriented at oblique angles relative to the upper surface, and two or more structural layers in the sloped surfaces. The surfaces of the two or more structural layers can adsorb molecules of a chemical or biological substance.

Abstract: Optical sensors for use in examining and analyzing a fluid material are described. The optical sensors include a channel configured to transport a fluid material to be examined and analyzed, a first waveguide positioned adjacent to the channel and configured to guide radiation through the channel and a first tunable grating defined on the first waveguide and configured to variably define a cavity for selecting a first wavelength of the radiation.

Abstract: A photometer has a light source, a sensor, a liquid-core light guide which defines an optical path between the light source and the sensor and through which a liquid to be analyzed can be guided, and at least one port for the liquid. The port for the liquid to be analyzed runs through the light source.

Abstract: A precision densitometer for radiosensitive films and the like provides point-to-point scanning in which a laser source and collimated receiver are moved in tandem over the area of the film. The film may be supported only at its edges to remove scattering and interference caused by a glass support bed. Highly repeatable 25 ?m resolution density measurements may be obtained.

Abstract: A transmittance testing apparatus includes a frame bearing rod for support, and a light emitter carriage, a DUT carriage and a light receiver carriage supported by the frame bearing rod from bottom up; the light emitter carriage is used for placing a light emitter capable of emitting light, the DUT carriage is used for mounting a touch sensor, a light receiver carriage is used for placing a light receiver facing the DUT carriage. Positions of the light emitter, the touch sensor and the light receiver in the apparatus are fixed with respect to each other. Thus, stable and accurate measurement of transmittance can be obtained.

Abstract: The present invention discloses a device to measure optical properties of a three-dimensional transparent dosimeter, and a method to use the device to produce a valid, reproducible, and quantitative image of optical properties across essentially the entire volume of the transparent dosimeter. The invention provides significant and useful improvements over existing practice.

Abstract: A for traceably determining an unknown optical path length of a sample in an optical measuring device comprises the steps of: providing a drop analyzer connected to a standard spectrophotometer; providing a certified reference material contained in first and second closed high accuracy cuvettes; measuring absorbance of the certified reference material to obtain a first absorbance measurement for the first specified path length; measuring absorbance of the certified reference material for a second path length to obtain a second absorbance measurement; using a dropping device to drop a specified volume of the solvent on an optical surface so that the path length of the specified volume can be determined by reference to the first and second absorbance measurement; and using the dropping device to drop the same volume of sample as the specified volume of solvent on the optical measuring device.

Abstract: A medicine inspection device includes an inspection unit for inspecting a medicine disposed on the inspection unit; a vibrator to impart vibration to the medicine disposed on the inspection unit; and a shooting unit capable of photographing the medicine disposed on the inspection unit. The medicine inspection device further includes a medicine information detector capable of detecting at least the quantity or type of the medicine based on an image obtained by the shooting unit and a distribution detector which is configured to detect a distribution of the medicine on the inspection unit based on the image obtained by the shooting unit. The inspection unit includes a plurality of inspection areas where the vibrator independently provides vibration to each inspection area. The medicine inspection device is characterized by operating the vibrator so as to provide vibration in the inspection areas chosen based on the detection result of the distribution detector.

Abstract: A method for distinguishing and sorting cells characterized by comprising distinguishing and sorting a specific cell mass or a part of the cells in the cell mass with the use of transmitted light data reflecting the morphological characteristics of the cells such as size and shape optionally together with side-scattering light data reflecting the characteristics of the internal structure of the cells. The part of the cells in the specific cell mass as described above are at the G1 stage or at a part of the M stage in the cell cycle. A part of the cells at the G1 stage are referred to as the left bottom line in an analytical dispersion diagram of the cells wherein the abscissa indicates the transmitted light data, while a part of the cells at the M stage are referred to as the right bottom line in the analytical dispersion diagram of the cells wherein the abscissa indicates the transmitted light data.

Abstract: A new trend in chemical analysis is introduced including design of new instruments used for counting of molecules and enantiomers in a given solution. The method is mainly based on quantum optics and quantum chemistry which are the reasons for the expression “Quantum Chemical Analysis”. Where a modern technology of photon counting is used. Also, the wavelength used is estimated through molecular orbital calculations. The method dose not require a raw material to construct a calibration curve. So, it can be applied for determination of compounds where their raw materials can not be provided like impurities, degradation products, biological compounds etc. In addition to the small time of analysis which allow study of kinetics of transition state.

Abstract: In certain embodiments, a system for detecting an agent includes a resonator device configured to receive an agent. The resonator device is also configured to transmit light received from a light source, the transmitted light having an altered peak wavelength due to the presence of the received agent. The system further includes a filter device configured to filter the transmitted light having the altered peak wavelength such that the transmitted light having the altered peak wavelength does not reach one or more detectors of a detector array configured to receive transmitted light not filtered by the filter device. The system further includes a processing system operable to determine that the one or more detectors of the detector array are not generating a signal, the absence of the signal being generated by the one or more detectors of the detector array indicating the presence of the agent.

Abstract: A confocal laser scanning microscope for examining a sample has a light source, which generates an illumination light beam, and a scanning unit which deflects the illumination light beam such that it optically scans the sample. A main beam splitter separates the illumination light beam from detection light emerging from the sample. The detection light separated from the illumination light beam passes at least partially through a detection pinhole diaphragm. At least two detector units detect the detection light passing through the detection pinhole diaphragm. An optical element is arranged in the beam direction between the detection pinhole diaphragm and the detector units and splits the detection light into at least two beam bundles and spectrally decomposes it within the beam bundles.

Abstract: In a particle analyzing apparatus including a capillary for passing through a fluid containing particles to be analyzed, an optical system is employed to collect fluorescent light emitted from particles or substances labeled to the particles with improved collection efficiency preserving resolution of the instrument. The optical system may include a first collection lens attached to the capillary and a first reflection element arranged adjacent to the first collection lens configured to reflect fluorescent light of one or more wavelengths. The optical system may include a second collection lens attached to the capillary and a second reflection element arranged adjacent to the second collection lens configured to reflect fluorescent light of one or more wavelengths.

Abstract: A semiconductor distributed Bragg reflector (DBR) including a first multilayer structure including a plurality of first semiconductor layers and one or more second semiconductor layers each interposed between a corresponding pair of the plurality of first semiconductor layers; a second multilayer structure including a plurality of third semiconductor layers and one or more second semiconductor layers each interposed between a corresponding pair of the plurality of third semiconductor layers; and a protection layer interposed between the first multilayer structure and the second multilayer structure. The second semiconductor layer has a lower decomposition temperature than the first semiconductor layer. The third semiconductor layer has a lower decomposition temperature than the second semiconductor layer.

Abstract: A method for estimating a quantity of sample material borne by an absorptive substrate. A first radiation is directed onto the substrate. The radiation interacts with the substrate to an extent relative to anisotropy of the substrate. Interaction of the radiation with the substrate is measured at a plurality of measurement sites of the substrate to obtain a first measurement. Then a sample is applied to the substrate to cause absorption of sample material into the substrate at at least one of the measurement sites. After absorption of the sample by the substrate, a second radiation is directed onto the substrate. Interaction of the radiation with the substrate and sample is measured, to obtain a second measurement. The first measurement is compared with the second measurement to estimate a quantity of sample material borne by the substrate.

Abstract: An absorption measurement system, flexibly usable over a large measuring range, for measuring at least one property of a medium reflected in its absorption behavior, especially a property such as an absorption coefficient (?). The absorption measurement system comprises: a measuring chamber filled with the medium in measurement operation, in which radiatable beam paths usable as measuring paths and of different lengths, extend completely through the medium; a transmitting unit, which transmits radiation along the measuring paths through measuring chamber in measurement operation; a measuring and receiving unit, which receives radiation passing through measuring chamber on the measuring paths and measures its radiation intensities dependent on the property of the medium and the lengths of the measuring paths; and a measuring electronics, which determines the property based on the measured radiation intensities and the lengths of measuring paths.

Abstract: A system is disclosed that includes a combustor having an end cover and at least one fuel nozzle assembly extending from an inner face of the end cover. A cartridge may extend through the end cover and into the fuel nozzle assembly. The cartridge may define an opening for receiving light emitted from within the combustor. Additionally, a fiber optic cable may be disposed within the cartridge and may be configured to capture at least a portion of the light received through the opening.

Abstract: A phantom has a base material, light absorbers/scatterers in the base material, and a film member on the surface of the base material. The base material has light propagation characteristics and acoustic propagation characteristics similar to those of a human tissue. The film member covers at least a portion of the base material. The phantom is for use with photoacoustic-wave diagnostic apparatus.

Abstract: The present invention provides a method of determining the amount of an optical probe species binding to or releasing from an optical sensor surface characterized in that the determination comprises the steps of: a) determining, at one single wavelength or at more than one wavelength, a physical measurand (xi) that is related to the absorptivity of said probe, b) correlating the value of the measurand to the amount of said optical probe species binding to or releasing from said surface, respectively, wherein the physical measurand (xi) of step a) is a physical measurand in which the contribution from the refractive index is substantially zero. The present invention further provides different uses of a peak width as well as a computer program product and reagent kits for the disclosed methods.

Abstract: A gas measurement apparatus measures a target gas. The gas measurement apparatus includes a light source, a first light receiving apparatus, a first phase-sensitive detection apparatus, an R calculation unit, and a setting unit. The light source oscillates a laser light that has a central wavelength determined by a main current and is modulated according to a modulation current, with the central wavelength being varied. The first light receiving apparatus outputs a detection signal according to an intensity of the laser light transmitted through a standard sample. The first phase-sensitive detection apparatus obtains a second harmonic component oscillated at a harmonic frequency ?2 twice as large as a modulation frequency ?1. The R calculation unit calculates a peak-bottom ratio R. The setting unit sets a width of wavelength modulation of the laser light so that the peak-bottom ratio R satisfies a predetermined condition.

Abstract: In accordance with one exemplary embodiment of the present invention, a photoacoustic probe includes: at least one optical fiber irradiating laser to a target; an ultrasonic probe collecting a photoacoustic signal generated by the target having absorbed the laser; and a fluid-type light reflector reflecting laser reflected, scattered, or deflected from the target.

Abstract: Disclosed are apparatus, kits, methods, and systems that include a radiation source configured to direct radiation to a sample; a detector configured to measure radiation from the sample; an electronic processor configured to determine information about the sample based on the measured radiation; a housing enclosing the source, the detector, and the electronic processor, the housing having a hand-held form factor; an arm configured to maintain a separation between the sample and the housing, the arm including a first end configured to connect to the housing and a second end configured to contact the sample; and a layer positioned on the second end of the arm, the layer being configured to contact the sample and to transmit at least a portion of the radiation from the sample to the detector.