Abstract: An interior lighting system for a vehicle, including two optical modules, each optical module including a plurality of selectively activatable light sources, a primary optical element including primary members, each arranged to face one of the light sources respectively, for collecting the rays emitted by the corresponding source, the primary optical element being configured to form an elementary beam which is dependent on the rays emitted, and a secondary optical element for projecting the elementary beam into an area of the passenger compartment. According to the invention, the optical modules are configured so that the two projected elementary beams are at least partially superimposed on one another in the area of the passenger compartment.

Abstract: A 3D free space mirrored optical cross connect switch has mirror arrays angled at twice the central incident angle. Path length variation and insertion loss variation are minimized between different switch ports. For each port, the incident angle may be selected to maximize the useful range of the mirror actuator.

Abstract: Flexible photonic crystal structures capable of changing color in response to strain are described. Methods for forming two-dimensional and three-dimensional flexible photonic crystal structures are described. In some aspects, the flexible photonic crystal structures include an array of holes or voids formed within a flexible material. The flexible material changes dimensions of the array when the flexible photonic crystal structures is stretched, pulled, pushed or bent. In some aspects, the flexible photonic crystal structures include an array of features made of a first material, such as a first type of polymer, embedded within a matrix material made of a second material, such as a second type of polymer. The flexible photonic crystal structures can be used in the manufacture of consumer products, such as electronic products, electronic product accessories, thin films, flexible displays and wearable products.

Abstract: The present disclosure discloses a pixel structure, including a reflective layer, a reflective electrode, a flexible electrode and a bottom electrode sequentially disposed along a direction of incident light. An optical resonant cavity is formed between the reflective layer and the reflective electrode, the reflective layer and the flexible electrode are connected to each other; and a first voltage is loaded between the reflective electrode and the flexible electrode, and a second voltage is loaded between the flexible electrode and the bottom electrode; depending on at least one of changes of the first voltage and the second voltage, the flexible electrode deforms along the direction of incident light, and drives the reflective layer to move along the direction of incident light. The present disclosure also discloses a display substrate and a control method thereof and a display device.

Abstract: The present disclosure discloses a display panel, and the display panel includes: a first substrate and a second substrate; a plurality of first gate lines and a plurality of first data lines arranged on the first substrate, a plurality of second gate lines and a plurality of second data lines arranged on the second substrate, wherein a plurality of first pixel areas are defined by the plurality of first gate lines and the plurality of first data lines, and a plurality of second pixel areas are defined by the plurality of second gate lines and the plurality of second data lines; the projections of the portion of the plurality of first pixel areas with the first thin film transistors projected on the second substrate is located between at least two adjacent second pixel areas with the second thin film transistors.

Abstract: Novel methods of fabricating porous structures (e.g., nanostructures) and resulting structures are disclosed. The novel methods use precision optics to cure a slurry made from one or more powders mixed with photopolymers. Pore size control preferably is achieved by controlling the powder size and powder loading in the slurry. As the disclosed methods are based on optics to control the thickness preferably without any mechanical movements, extreme tight thickness tolerance, as well as control of the profile structure, may be achieved. The novel disclosed methods are highly-cost effective with shorter manufacturing cycle time compared to conventional methods. Moreover, a supporting substrate may not be required as the resultant structure made by the novel fabrication techniques disclosed herein has enough strength to be free-standing.

Abstract: A spatial light modulator (SLM) and methods of operating the same are described. The SLM includes an array of pixels formed on a substrate, each pixel including a one or more electrostatically operable optical modulators, a receiver, a memory coupled to the receiver, and a driver including a number of drive channels coupled to the memory. Each of the drive channels is coupled to one of the pixels to drive the optical modulators in the pixel to one of a number of discrete modulation levels. The receiver receives reduced depth programming data in a predetermined sequence whereby the location of the programming data in the received data sequence implies the associated pixel address within the pixel array. The memory includes look-up-table circuitry to convert the reduced depth programming data to full depth programming data. Generally, the receiver, memory and driver are integrally formed on the same substrate with the array.

Abstract: A backlight module, a controlling method thereof, and a display device are disclosed. The backlight module includes a light guide plate and at least one digital micro-mirror device located on a side of the light guide plate away from a light exiting surface. The at least one digital micro-mirror device includes a plurality of micro-mirrors, and a reflective surface of each of the plurality of micro-mirrors faces the light guide plate. A local brightness of the backlight module is adjusted by controlling the micro-mirrors in the digital micro-mirror device.

Abstract: A household appliance as described herein includes a front panel forming an exterior, a display window formed with a plurality of through holes having minute or fine sizes formed at the front panel, and the plurality of through holes are filled with a urethane coating liquid including an anti-foaming agent.

Abstract: A mirror element, in particular for a microlithographic projection exposure apparatus. According to one aspect, the mirror element includes a substrate (111, 112, 113, 114, 115, 211, 212, 213, 311a-311m, 411, 412, 413) and a layer stack (121, 122, 123, 124, 125, 221, 222, 223, 321a-321m, 421, 422, 423) on the substrate. The layer stack has at least one reflection layer system, wherein a curvature of the mirror element is generated on the basis of a setpoint curvature for a predetermined operating temperature by a non-vanishing bending force exerted by the layer stack, wherein the generated curvature varies by no more than 10% over a temperature interval (?T) of at least 10 K.

Abstract: An electrophoretic particle includes a base particle (particle), a first compound, a second compound, and a third compound bonded to the base particle. The first compound is a polymer having a dispersion portion derived from a first monomer, and a bonding portion derived from a second monomer, and is connected to the base particle at the bonding portion. The second compound includes a non-polar group and a second functional group and is connected to the base particle at the second functional group. The third compound includes a charging group and a second functional group and is connected to the base particle at the second functional group.

Abstract: Methods and apparatus for using two stage ultrasonic lens cleaning for water removal are disclosed. An apparatus can expel fluid from a droplet on an optical surface using an ultrasonic transducer mechanically coupled to the optical surface and having first and second resonant frequency bands. A signal generator can generate a first signal including a first frequency to be coupled with the ultrasonic transducer mechanically coupled to the surface, and can generate a second signal including a second frequency to be coupled with the ultrasonic transducer mechanically coupled to the surface. Switching circuitry can activate the ultrasonic transducer at the first frequency to reduce the droplet from a first size to a second size, and to activate the ultrasonic transducer at the second frequency to reduce the droplet from the second size to a third size.

Abstract: The invention relates to a beam combiner for a microscope, in particular a scanning microscope, which receives at least a first illuminating light bundle and a second illuminating light bundle and combines them into a collinear output light bundle, the first illuminating light bundle and the second illuminating light bundle having the same illuminating light wavelength but a different polarization, in particular linear polarization. The beam combiner is embodied as an acousto-optic beam combiner and is constructed and operated in such a way that by interaction with at least one mechanical wave, both the first illuminating light bundle and the second illuminating light bundle are diffracted and are thereby directed into a common optical axis.

Abstract: Provided is a liquid crystal display that achieves both reliability and a narrowed-down frame at a relatively high level. In a liquid crystal display according to an aspect of the present invention, alignment films are disposed on a surface of an array substrate and a surface of a counter substrate. The alignment films are each disposed in a display region and each have an overlap with part of the inside of a sealant. The surfaces of the substrates in the overlaps each have an uneven surface. All over an outer edge portion of the sealant, a portion is disposed in which the sealant is joined to the surfaces of the individual substrates without the alignment films interposed therebetween.

Abstract: A display device with high visibility or low power consumption is provided. The display device includes a pixel. The pixel includes a self-luminous display element and a reflective display element. The self-luminous display element is provided closer to the display surface than the reflective display element. The reflective display element includes a unit for adjusting the amount of light which changes its arrangement on the basis of electric power supplied from an electrode and blocks light with the unit for adjusting the amount of light to change the intensity of reflected light. Electrophoretic particles, a shutter, a film which reflects part of light, a film which reflects light, or the like can be used as the unit for adjusting the amount of light.

Abstract: A display panel, a display device, and a control method therefor are disclosed. The display panel includes a first substrate and a second substrate and a plurality of first pixels between the first substrate and the second substrate; wherein, at least one of the plurality of first pixels comprises: a first insulating layer on the first substrate; a second insulating layer on the second substrate; a first colored fluid layer contacted with and having the same hydrophilicity/hydrophobicity as that of a surface of the first insulating layer; a second colored fluid layer contacted with and having the same hydrophilicity/hydrophobicity as that of a surface of the second insulating layer; and a first transparent conductive fluid disposed between the first colored fluid layer and the second colored fluid layer and having a hydrophilicity/hydrophobicity contrary to those of the first colored fluid layer and the second colored fluid layer.

Abstract: The invention relates to a vehicle headlight comprising at least one light source, at least one projection optical system, and an electronic component (1) with an active optical surface on a front face, an active thermal surface, and electric contacts. A component housing (110), which is made of a housing shell (120) and a housing cover (150), a first printed circuit board (130) and at least one first spacer (160) are also contained. The component housing (110) at least partly receives the electronic component (1). The housing shell (120) comprises an assembly position for the electronic component (1) and a component opening (121) which is located in the region of the assembly position, in which the electronic component (1) is arranged, and by means of which the active optical surface of the electronic component (1) can be accessed. The electronic component (1) can be connected to the first printed circuit board (130) via the electric contacts of the electronic component.

Abstract: A method for manufacturing a freestanding film having at least one population of through holes cumulatively totaling at least 1% of the film area, wherein the standard deviation of hole diameters is less than 25% and a thickness less than 25 micrometers, The film provides a carrier substrate, a photo-curable material, a release agent and deposits a photo-curable material on the substrate, selectively curing the material and leaving uncured material in the pattern of holes, dissolving away the uncured material and removing the cured material from the carrier substrate. Methods and apparatus are described.

Abstract: An organic light-emitting display apparatus, including: a first electrode disposed on the substrate; a pixel defining layer covering an edge of the first electrode; a residual layer disposed on the pixel defining layer, the residual layer including a fluoropolymer; a first organic functional layer including a first light emitting layer, the first organic functional layer having a lower surface directly contacting a top surface of the first electrode and a side surface directly contacting the residual layer; and a second electrode disposed on the first organic functional layer.

Abstract: Novel microlens array architectures for enhanced light outcoupling from light emission are provided. Organic light emitting devices (OLEDs) that include an outcoupling layer including these novel microlens array architectures and method for fabricating such OLEDs are provided. These devices may be used to provide OLEDs with optimized light extraction.

Abstract: In described examples, a hermetic package of a microelectromechanical system (MEMS) structure includes a substrate having a surface with a MEMS structure of a first height. The substrate is hermetically sealed to a cap forming a cavity over the MEMS structure. The cap is attached to the substrate surface by a vertical stack of metal layers adhering to the substrate surface and to the cap. The stack has a continuous outline surrounding the MEMS structure while spaced from the MEMS structure by a distance. The stack has: a first bottom metal seed film adhering to the substrate and a second bottom metal seed film adhering to the first bottom metal seed film; and a first top metal seed film adhering to the cap and a second top metal seed film adhering to the first top metal seed film.

Abstract: A light-emitting device includes a semiconductor layered structure; an upper electrode disposed on a portion of an upper surface of the semiconductor layered structure; a lower electrode disposed on a lower surface of the semiconductor layered structure in a region spaced from a region directly under the upper electrode, the lower electrode being reflective; and a protective film disposed continuously on a surface of the upper electrode and the upper surface of the semiconductor layered structure. A thickness of a first portion of the protective film, which is disposed at least in a region directly above the lower electrode, is smaller than a thickness of a second portion of the protective film, which is disposed continuously on the surface of the upper electrode and the upper surface of the semiconductor layered structure adjacent to the portion on which the upper electrode is disposed.

Abstract: The disclosed system may include (1) a light source, (2) a first diffractive optical element (DOE), optically coupled with the light source, that produces a first diffracted light pattern, (3) at least one additional DOE, optically coupled with the light source in series with the first DOE, that produces at least one additional diffracted light pattern, (4) an actuator that moves, in response to a first actuator control signal, the first DOE in a first plane perpendicular to an optical axis of the system, and (5) a lens, optically coupled with the first DOE and the at least one additional DOE, that projects structured light onto a local area based on the first diffracted light pattern and the at least one additional diffracted light pattern. Various other systems and methods are also disclosed.

Abstract: A method of manufacturing a semiconductor device includes forming first and second pattern structures on first and second regions of a substrate, respectively, forming a preparatory first interlayer insulating layer covering the first pattern structure on the first region, forming a preparatory second interlayer insulating layer covering the second pattern structure on the second region, the preparatory second interlayer insulating layer including a first colloid, and converting the preparatory first and second interlayer insulating layers into first and second interlayer insulating layers, respectively, by annealing the preparatory first and second interlayer insulating layers.

Abstract: A display device includes a bottom support plate and an opposing top support plate. A pixel region is positioned between the bottom support plate and the top support plate. The pixel region includes a plurality of sub-pixels. A color filter layer is positioned within the pixel region. The color filter layer includes a plurality of color filters, wherein each color filter is positioned within a respective sub-pixel. A diffusion layer is positioned on a first surface of the top support plate between the top support plate and the color filter layer.

Abstract: An electrowetting element comprising a first fluid and a second fluid immiscible with the first fluid. A first support plate comprises: a first support plate surface in contact with at least one of the first fluid or the second fluid, a substrate having a substrate surface, an electrode and a ridge. The ridge comprises a substantially parallel ridge surface substantially parallel to the substrate surface and a sloping ridge surface angled relative to the substantially parallel ridge surface. A wall is located at least partly on the substantially parallel ridge surface. The ridge is configured to reduce a flow of the first fluid along an inner surface of the wall.

Abstract: Disclosed is an electrofluidic support plate and a method for preparing the same, and an electrofluidic device comprising the support plate. The method comprises the following steps of: providing a substrate which has a surface provided with an electrode layer; arranging a first amorphous fluoropolymer layer on the surface of the substrate, and carrying out hydrophilic modification on a surface of the amorphous fluoropolymer layer; arranging pixel walls on the amorphous fluoropolymer layer after hydrophilic modification; arranging a second amorphous fluoropolymer layer which is a hydrophobic layer; the second amorphous fluoropolymer layer covering all surfaces of the pixel walls and a groove area encircled by the pixel walls; filling the groove area encircled by the pixel walls with a protective material; removing the second amorphous fluoropolymer layer not covered by the protective material and on a top of the pixel walls; and removing the protective material.

Abstract: A display device may include a light-emitting element and a controllable element. The light-emitting element may emit a light. The controllable element may neighbor the light-emitting element in a plan view of the display device and may include a fluid set. The fluid set may include at least one of a light-reflecting element set and a black element set. The controllable element may have a first average reflectance value in a first direction if the controllable element receives no voltage or receives a first voltage. The controllable element may have a second average reflectance value in the first direction if the controllable element receives a second voltage. The second voltage may be unequal to the first voltage. The second average reflectance value may be unequal to the first average reflectance value.

Abstract: A display device includes a first support plate and a pixel region over the first support plate. A thin film transistor (TFT) structure is disposed over the first support plate and associated with the pixel region. The TFT structure includes a first metal layer over the first support plate. The first metal layer includes a gate. A silicon layer is disposed over the gate. A second metal layer is disposed over the silicon layer. The second metal layer includes a source and a drain covering a first portion of the silicon layer. A light-absorbing material layer is disposed over at least a second portion of the silicon layer.

Abstract: An image displacement module is adapted for an optical apparatus to switch image positions of a plurality of plane image. The image displacement module includes a carrying base and a rotating base. The carrying base is adapted to control the rotating base to vibrate back forth within an angle, such that the imaging positions of the plane image on the horizontal direction are moved by a first distance and the imaging positions of the plane image on the vertical direction are moved by a second distance at the same time. Alternatively, the carrying base is adapted to control the rotating base to rotate relative to two axes of a reference plane, such that the plane image are moved by a distance along one of a plurality of movement directions.

Abstract: A display device includes a first support plate and an opposing second support plate. A first pixel region between the first support plate and the second support plate includes a first thin film transistor (TFT) structure over the first support plate. A second pixel region between the first support plate and the second support plate and adjacent the first pixel region includes a second TFT structure over the first support plate. A first pixel wall portion is positioned over the first support plate between the first pixel region and the second pixel region such that each of the first TFT structure and the second TFT structure is positioned adjacent the first pixel wall portion. A light-blocking portion is disposed on an inner surface of the second support plate and positioned over the first TFT structure and the second TFT structure.

Abstract: A display device according to an exemplary embodiment of the present inventive concept includes: a first insulation substrate; a thin film transistor disposed on the first insulation substrate; a pixel electrode coupled to the thin film transistor; a second insulation substrate facing the first insulation substrate; and a common electrode disposed on the second insulation substrate. The pixel electrode includes a first subpixel electrode including a first vertical stem portion and a first horizontal stem portion that is disposed perpendicular to the first vertical stem portion at an end of the first vertical stem portion, and a second subpixel electrode including a second vertical stem portion and a second horizontal stem portion that is disposed perpendicular to the second vertical stem portion at an end of the second vertical step portion.

Abstract: An electrowetting element comprising a first fluid and a second fluid immiscible with the first fluid. A support plate comprises a first layer comprising a migration pathway, the first layer comprising a first surface in contact with at least one of the first fluid or the second fluid. A substance is disposed within at least a portion of the migration pathway in the first layer. The substance is distinct from both the first fluid and the second fluid and is configured to reduce migration of at least a component of the first fluid or a component of the second fluid into the migration pathway in the first layer.

Abstract: A microphone comprises: a vibration member having a plate shape and formed so as to have elasticity and cause bending due to sound waves; a case having a depressed groove, which forms an air layer between the depressed groove and the vibration member since the vibration member is stacked on an upper part thereof, and coupled to the upper part of the depressed groove such that the vibration member is vibrated by sound waves; and a vibration detection unit provided on the vibration unit and the case and measuring the vibration of the vibration member vibrating by sound waves on the case, wherein when the vibration member vibrates, the air in the air layer flows so as to damp the vibration of the vibration member.

Abstract: The disclosed examples relate to methods and systems facilitate self-healing of regions of electrowetting devices. Electrowetting devices may be coupled to a switchable AC/DC electrical power supply that provides AC power to the electrowetting device to control electrowetting device operation and DC power to promote self-healing of the electrowetting device. A monitoring circuit outputs a signal in response to electrical power supply operating characteristic changes due to a failure of the electrowetting device's dielectric. The controller, responding to the signal, switches the power supply output from AC power to DC power to the electrowetting device. In response to the DC power, the electrowetting device responds by healing the degraded dielectric. When the failure is determined to be corrected, the power supply output is switched from DC power to AC power to the electrowetting device. The number of times self-healing is applied may be tracked for future analysis.

Abstract: Provided is an optical modulator in which low-voltage drive and a stable modulation characteristic are secured over a wide bandwidth.

Abstract: A method for fabricating an electrowetting display may include forming pixel electrodes on a support plate; depositing a first layer on the pixel electrodes; etching portions of the first layer to form pixel walls that partition pixel regions; depositing a second layer on the pixel electrodes and the pixel walls; etching portions of the second layer to form spacers on tops of the pixel walls; and depositing a hydrophobic layer to at least partially cover the pixel electrodes.

Abstract: A display panel includes a first substrate and a second substrate which are arranged opposed to each other. The space between the first substrate and the second substrate is separated into a plurality of sub-pixel regions. Within each sub pixel region, a first electrode, a first fluid layer, a second fluid layer, a hydrophobic dielectric layer and a second electrode are arranged in this order. The first fluid layer is made of hydrophilic liquid. The second fluid layer is made of ink. When no electric field is applied between the first electrode and the second electrode, the ink spreads over the surface of the hydrophobic dielectric layer. When an electric field is applied between the first electrode and the second electrode, the ink aggregates to expose the hydrophobic dielectric layer.

Abstract: Subject matter disclosed herein relates to improving luminance and reducing color shifts in electrowetting displays. The electrowetting display comprises a plurality of electrowetting elements separated by partition walls and spacers. The spacers and/or partition walls are reflective. When incident light that enters a pixel or subpixel is reflected and encounters a spacer and/or partition wall, the light is reflected such that the reflected light exits the pixel or subpixel into which the incident light entered. This improves luminance and reduces color shifts of the electrowetting display.

Abstract: A transparent layered element includes two outer layers that each have a smooth outer main surface and are constituted of dielectric materials having substantially the same refractive index. The layered element also includes a central layer inserted between the outer layers. The central layer is formed either by one or more layers made of metallic material or made of dielectric material having a refractive index different from that of the outer layers. All of the contact surfaces between two adjacent layers of the layered element are textured and parallel to one another. A ratio of a total reflection of the layered element on a side of a first outer layer in a given wavelength range to a total reflection of the layered element on a side of a second outer layer in the given wavelength range is greater than or equal to 1.5.

Abstract: Discussed are a light control device, a transparent display device including the same, and a method of manufacturing the same, which lower a light transmittance in a light shield mode. The light control device may include a first substrate and a second substrate facing each other, a first electrode disposed on one surface of the first substrate facing the second substrate, a second electrode disposed on one surface of the second substrate facing the first substrate, a plurality of partition walls disposed on one surface of the first electrode facing the second substrate to maintain a gap between the first substrate and the second substrate, a first alignment layer disposed on the one surface of the first electrode and the plurality of partition walls, and a second alignment layer disposed on one surface of the second electrode facing the first substrate.

Abstract: Aspects of the disclosure relate to an integrated spectral unit including a micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS) interferometer fabricated within a first substrate and a light redirecting structure integrated on a second substrate, where the second substrate is coupled to the first substrate. The light redirecting structure includes at least one mirror for receiving an input light beam propagating in an out-of-plane direction with respect to the first substrate and redirecting the input light beam to an in-plane direction with respect to the first substrate towards the MEMS interferometer.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a radiation imaging sensor with at least one detection element, which is implemented on a substrate as a micromechanical resonator and which absorbs the radiation to be detected. The resonator is set into a resonant oscillation with an excitation device and a shift in the resonance frequency of the detection element under exposure to radiation is detected with a detection device. The radiation sensor is characterized by the fact that it comprises a scanning device with a single-axis or multi-axis tiltable scanning element. The facility to tilt the device means that the detection element can be used to detect radiation from different directions. The imaging sensor can be realized in a compact manner and be economically produced.

Abstract: A household appliance according to an embodiment of the present disclosure includes a front panel forming an exterior, a display window formed with a plurality of through holes having minute or fine sizes formed at the front panel, and the plurality of through holes are filled with a coating liquid including an anti-foaming agent.

Abstract: An electrowetting display device comprises a first fluid, an array of electrowetting elements, each respectively comprising a portion of the first fluid, and a first support plate. The first support plate comprises a first region extending along a first edge of the first support plate and a second region extending along a second edge of the first support plate. The first and second regions are located outside the array of electrowetting elements, and the first region is non-overlapping the second region. A first electrode is located in the first region and an electrical component is located in the second region. A second support plate of the electrowetting display device includes a second electrode in electrical contact with a second fluid immiscible with the first fluid. An electrical connector connects the first electrode to the second electrode and a conductor connects the first electrode to the electrical component.

Abstract: An optical apparatus includes an illumination module, a first structured light generation module, a second structured light generation module and a beam splitting unit. The beam splitting unit is arranged between the illumination module, the first structured light generation module and the second structured light generation module. When a source beam from the illumination module is received by the beam splitting unit, the source beam is split into a first light beam and a second light beam. The first light beam is propagated in a direction toward the first structured light generation module. The second light beam is propagated in a direction toward the second structured light generation module. After the first light beam passes through the first structured light generation module, a first structured light is generated. After the second light beam passes through the second structured light generation module, a second structured light is generated.

Abstract: Apparatus (systems) and methods are described for generating and displaying a virtual true 3D image viewable by a single eye of a viewer. A fixed-curve mirror is translated along an optical axis in synchrony with a temporally-modulated 2D image generator to generate a virtual image in multiple virtual image planes, enabling depth perception of the image by a single eye of the viewer.

Abstract: A method for fabricating electronic displays comprises placing a fluoropolymer layer on a support plate for the electronic display device and etching the fluoropolymer layer. Etching changes a surface of the fluoropolymer layer so that the fluoropolymer layer becomes less hydrophobic. Pixel walls are formed on the hydrophilic surface of the fluoropolymer layer to form an array of electrowetting display elements. The fluoropolymer layer is subsequently immersed in a vapor or a liquid that is heated to heat the surface of the fluoropolymer layer. Such immersion allows the surface of the fluoropolymer layer to reflow and to become more hydrophobic.

Abstract: Subject matter disclosed herein relates to arrangements and techniques that provide for improving contact between spacers of a first substrate of an electrowetting display device and pixel walls of a second substrate of the electrowetting display device by providing an adhesive between the spacers and the pixel walls. An electrowetting display device comprises a first substrate including a plurality of pixel walls and a second substrate including a plurality of spacers. A first fluid is disposed between the first substrate and the second substrate within the pixel walls. A second fluid is disposed on the first fluid, wherein the first fluid is immiscible with the second fluid. An adhesive couples the spacers to the pixel walls.

Abstract: An optical filter includes a first multi-layer having a width W1 and including a first optical layer and a second optical layer that are made of materials different from each other and that are alternately laminated, the first optical layer having a refractive index nH and an average layer thickness dH, and the second optical layer having a refractive index nL lower than nH and an average layer thickness dL, a second multi-layer having a width W2 and including the first and the second optical layers alternately laminated, the first and the second multi-layers are included in each of unit structures arranged being shifted from each other by a shift amount D in a lamination direction of the first and the second optical layers, and predetermined conditions are satisfied.