Abstract: A MEMS arrangement is provided that has a top plane containing a rotatable element such as a mirror. There is a middle support frame plane, and a lower electrical substrate plane. The rotatable element is supported by a support frame formed in the middle support frame plane so as to be rotatable with respect to the frame in a first axis of rotation. The frame is mounted so as to be rotatable with respect to a second axis of rotation. Rotation in the first axis of rotation is substantially independent of rotation in the second axis of rotation.

Abstract: Provided is a 3-dimensional (3D) display apparatus including a light source, a beam scanner, and a beam deflector array. The beam scanner scans light emitted by the light source, and the beam deflector array includes a plurality of beam deflectors arranged in an array to reproduce a light field by changing a direction of light rays scanned by the beam scanner.

Abstract: A manufacturing method of an electrowetting display apparatus, in which a pixel electrode is formed on a substrate including pixel areas, a first mixture including a hydrophobic material and a solvent is disposed on the substrate to form a hydrophobic insulating layer, and a first heat process is performed to remove a portion of the solvent. Then, a second mixture including a material for a barrier and the solvent is disposed on the hydrophobic insulating layer, and the second mixture is patterned to form a barrier wall surrounding the pixel electrode in each pixel area. A second heat process is performed to remove the solvent in the hydrophobic insulating layer and the barrier wall, and a polar fluid and a non-polar fluid are disposed on the pixel electrode to form an electrowetting layer.

Abstract: This disclosure provides systems, methods and apparatus, including computer programs encoded on computer storage media, for accurately positioning a movable conductive layer of a reflective display element. In one aspect, an initial position of the movable conductive layer with respect to at least one or more fixed conductive layers is sensed. A charging voltage may be determined based at least in part on the initial position. The charging voltage may be applied to the movable conductive layer.

Abstract: An optical interference color display comprising a transparent substrate, an inner-front optical diffusion layer, a plurality of first electrodes, a patterned support layer, a plurality of optical films and a plurality of second electrodes is provided. The inner-front optical diffusion layer is on the transparent substrate and the first electrodes are on the inner-front optical diffusion layer. The patterned support layer is on the inner-front optical diffusion layer between the first electrodes. The optical film is on the first electrodes and the second electrodes are positioned over the respective first electrodes. The second electrodes are supported through the patterned support layer. Furthermore, there is an air gap between the second electrodes and their respective first electrodes.

Abstract: A projection controlling method for controlling a MEMS scanning mirror to repeatedly scan an image light on a surface and form a projection image is provided. A resonance frequency of the MEMS scanning mirror which swings around a first swing axis is detected and provided to a filter unit as a parameter of a filtering process. A first periodic control signal with a first frequency and a plurality of harmonic components is generated. The harmonic component with the resonance frequency is filtered from the first periodic control signal by the filter unit. The filtered first periodic control signal is provided to the MEMS scanning mirror to control the MEMS scanning mirror to swing around the first swing axis according to the first frequency and to scan the image light on the surface back and forth along a first direction. A MEMS projection apparatus is also provided.

Abstract: A microelectromechanical (MEMS) device includes a substrate, a movable element over the substrate, and an actuation electrode above the movable element. The movable element includes a deformable layer and a reflective element. The deformable layer is spaced from the reflective element.

Abstract: A transflective display apparatus includes a first electrode and a second electrode, which face each other and are separated from one another by a pixel electrode. In addition, a preparation voltage is applied to the first electrode or the second electrode before applying a driving voltage to the pixel electrode.

Abstract: An electrophoretic display device includes a switching element on a substrate including a display area having a pixel region and a non-display area at a periphery of the display area, a passivation layer covering the switching element, a pixel electrode on the passivation layer and connected to the switching element, an electrophoresis film on the pixel electrode and including an ink layer and a base film, wherein the ink layer includes a plurality of charged particles, and the base film is formed of polyethylene terephthalate, a common electrode for generating an electric field with the pixel electrode to drive the electrophoresis film, and a color filter layer directly on the electrophoresis film, wherein the color filter layer is formed under temperatures of less than 100 degrees of Celsius.

Abstract: A multi-state light modulator comprises a first reflector. A first electrode is positioned at a distance from the first reflector. A second reflector is positioned between the first reflector and the first electrode. The second reflector is movable between an undriven position, a first driven position, and a second driven position, each having a corresponding distance from the first reflector. In one embodiment, the three positions correspond to reflecting white light, being non-reflective, and reflecting a selected color of light. Another embodiment is a method of making the light modulator. Another embodiment is a display including the light modulator.

Abstract: This disclosure provides systems, methods and apparatus related to an electromechanical display device. In one aspect, an analog interferometric modulator (AIMOD) includes a reflective display pixel having a movable reflective layer and a stationary absorber layer, the reflective layer and absorber layer defining a cavity therebetween. A color notch filter may be employed to produce an improved white state. In some implementations, the color notch filter is positioned on a side of the substrate opposite the absorber layer. In some other implementations, the color notch filter is positioned between the substrate and the movable reflective layer.

Abstract: Provided is a laser projection apparatus which forms each one frame by performing two-dimensional scanning with laser light and projects images on a screen (201) with blanking periods inserted between frames, the laser light having been outputted from a laser light source (110). The laser projection apparatus is provided with a chive controlling device (132) which, in each of the blanking periods, changes the polarization state of the laser light having been outputted from the laser light source. This configuration enables speckle reduction by having the polarization state changed from one frame to another, and also enables favorable image projection since there is no change in luminance within each one of the frames. Thus, it is made possible to obtain image quality more favorable than that obtained conventionally.

Abstract: A method for compensating for a wavelength shift in a wavelength selective switch (WSS), and a device therefor. The device comprises a fixed seat (301) as well as a rotation beam (304) and a compensation block (302) that have different thermal expansion amounts, the rotation beam (304) and the compensation block (302) being fixedly adhered to the fixed seat (301). In the method, a combined structure of the rotation beam (304) and the compensation block (302) with different thermal expansion amounts is adopted; the combined structure rotates by means of different expansion amounts generated by the rotation beam (304) and the compensation block (302) at the same external temperature, and further drives an optical element of the WSS to rotate, hence compensating for a wavelength shift of the WSS. The method is safe and reliable; the device has a simple structure, and is convenient to encapsulate, is applicable to various WSS optical paths, and does not affect advantages of the optical path structure of the WSS.

Abstract: In a method and system for controlling the shape of an optical pulse, the two-dimensional shape of the phase front is controlled using a first control device and the shape of the phase front and the two-dimensional shape of the pulse front is controlled using a second control device. The combined effect on the phase front results in a desired overall phase front control and the second device provides the desired overall pulse front control. This enables the phase front control and pulse front control to be decoupled. Correcting for pulse lengthening of femtosecond laser pulses during focusing by a dispersive lens. The spatially varying phase (72) introduced by the lens can be corrected for by a spatial light modulator like (SLM) a liquid crystal modulator. The spatially varying arrival time at the focus (70) can be compensated for by a deformable mirror (DM). A controller with a feedback loop and pulse characterization in the focus can compensate for the errors introduced by any dispersive focusing means.

Abstract: An optical scanning device includes a rotationally-moving mirror on which a reflection plane is provided in a rotationally-movable manner, and a sealing unit over which a light-transmissive cover is provided, a first plane of the light-transmissive cover, a second plane of the light-transmissive cover, and the reflection plane of the rotationally-moving mirror within a rotationally-moving range being non-parallel to each other, the first plane being on the opposite side to the side of the rotationally-moving mirror, the second plane being on the side of the rotationally-moving mirror.

Abstract: A method for forming a stereoscopic image having a left-eye image and a right-eye image repeats the steps of directing a line of the left-eye image as incident light toward a scanning element while directing a line of the right-eye image as incident light toward the scanning element, and moving the scanning element into position for directing incident light toward a portion of a display surface.

Abstract: In an optical deflector apparatus, an optical deflector chip includes a mirror, an actuator adapted to rock the mirror, and first pads on a front surface of the optical deflector chip and connected to the actuator. A first substrate includes second pads on a back surface of the first substrate, and an opening is formed in the first substrate. The front surface of the optical deflector chip is adhered to the back surface of the first substrate in such a way that the first pads of the optical deflector chip are in contact with respective ones of the second pads of the first substrate and the mirror opposes the opening. A back surface of said optical deflector chip is adhered to a front surface of a second substrate.

Abstract: A novel spatio-optical directional light modulator with no moving parts is introduced. This directional light modulator can be used to create 2D/3D switchable displays of various sizes for mobile to large screen TV. The inherently fast modulation capability of this new directional light modulator increases the achievable viewing angle, resolution, and realism of the 3D image created by the display.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a system 100 for independently holding and manipulating one or more microscopic objects 158 and for targeting at least a part of the one or more microscopic objects within a trapping volume 102 with electromagnetic radiation 138. The system comprises trapping means for holding and manipulating the one or more microscopic objects and electromagnetic radiation targeting means (116). The light means comprising a light source and a spatial light modulator which serve to modify the light from the light source so as to enable specific illumination of at least a part of the one or more microscopic objects. The trapping means and the electromagnetic radiation targeting means (116) are enabled to function independently of each other, so that the trapped objects may be moved around without taking being dependent on which parts are being targeted and vice versa.

Abstract: A spatially multiplexed autostereoscopic display is arranged to provide landscape and portrait operation. Multiple optical windows may be provided by spatial and temporal multiplexing techniques. A fast response lens array pair is aligned with a fast response spatial light modulator, and synchronized to provide first and second sets of images with first and second respective directionalities to provide first and second sets of respective optical windows. The first and second sets of optical windows may each comprise two or more optical windows in each viewing lobe. The optical windows may be arranged with an inclination to the vertical of 25 degrees to 65 degrees. An observer tracking system may be arranged to direct left and right eye image data to the left and right eyes of an observer, respectively, for landscape and portrait orientations of the display.

Abstract: An active optical device is provided. The active optical device includes an optically variable layer having a refractive index which changes according to temperature; and a temperature control unit that controls a temperature of one or more regions of the optically variable layer.

Abstract: A method for forming an optical deflection device includes providing a semiconductor substrate comprising an upper surface region and a plurality of drive devices within one or more portions of the semiconductor substrate. The upper surface region includes one or more patterned structure regions and at least one open region to expose a portion of the upper surface region to form a resulting surface region. The method also includes forming a planarizing material overlying the resulting surface region to fill the at least one open region and cause formation of an upper planarized layer using the fill material. The method further includes forming a thickness of silicon material at a temperature of less than 300° C. to maintain a state of the planarizing material.

Abstract: Disclosed is an electrophoretic display device and manufacturing method thereof, which prevent water from penetrating into an electrophoretic film. The electrophoretic display device comprises an electrophoretic display panel comprising a substrate with a thin film transistor formed thereon, and an electrophoretic film coupled to the substrate; a protective sheet coupled to the electrophoretic film; a circuit film coupled to the substrate to be disposed at an outer side of the electrophoretic film; a first sealant formed on the substrate, for sealing a gap between the electrophoretic film and the protective sheet and a gap between the electrophoretic film and the substrate; and a second sealant sealing a gap between the substrate and the circuit film.

Abstract: A microelectromechanical system substrate includes a first substrate and an optical gate that is disposed on the first substrate and configured to move to at least two different positions. The optical gate comprises a color filter and a light absorbing section. A display apparatus includes a first substrate; a second substrate that faces the first substrate; an optical gate disposed on the first substrate, configured to move to at least two different positions, and comprising a color filter and a light absorbing section; and a light shielding layer that contacts the second substrate.

Abstract: Pigment based inks are provided. The inks include a non-polar carrier fluid; and a surface-functionalized pigment particle including a nitrogen-inked moiety to the surface of the pigment particle through a nitrogen link at one end of the nitrogen-linked moiety and a block copolymer having at least two blocks attached at another end, the pigment particle suspended in the non-polar carrier fluid. A combination of an electronic display and an electronic ink employing the pigment and a process for making the pigment-based inks are also provided.

Abstract: The technology described applies an extended frequency range of over one octave to drive an acousto-optic deflector, thereby defying a design rule of thumb that limited bandwidth to just under one octave. A combination of extended frequency range and well-timed beam blanking reduces the proportion of a so-called chirp signal that is consumed by beam blanking. This increases the working, effective portion of the sweep signal.

Abstract: In imaging system (100), a spatial light modulator (101) is configured to produce images (102) by scanning a plurality light beams (104,105,106). A first optical element (107) is configured to cause the plurality of light beams to converge along an optical path (114) defined between the first optical element and the spatial light modulator. A second optical element (115) is disposed between the spatial light modulator and a waveguide (1401). The first optical element and the spatial light modulator are arranged such that an image plane (117) is created between the spatial light modulator and the second optical element. The second optical element is configured to collect the diverging light (118) from the image plane and collimate it. The second optical element then delivers the collimated light to a pupil (120) at an input of the waveguide.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is a dielectric microstructure with a substantially unit dielectric constant K for use in microelectromechanical systems.

Abstract: A light deflector for deflecting a propagation direction of laser includes: a first metallic piece and a second metallic piece spaced apart from each other; and a transparent medium and an electronic cooling element disposed between the first metallic piece and the second metallic piece such that each of the transparent medium and the electronic cooling element is in contact with the first metallic piece and the second metallic piece. The electronic cooling element creates a temperature difference between the first metallic piece and the second metallic piece to vary a refractive index of the transparent medium.

Abstract: Methods and devices for calibrating and controlling the actuation of an analog interferometric modulator configured to have a plurality of actuation states. Devices and methods for calibrating an analog interferometric modulator to respond in linear relation to an applied voltage.

Abstract: A head-up display device operated in a vehicle comprises: a first image source disposed under the windshield of the vehicle, which emits a first polarized image light having a first polarization; a light path combining component in front of the first image source, which is for that the first polarized image light firstly goes to the light path combining component and only lets the first polarized image light be through and then the image light goes to the windshield, part of the image light is reflected by the windshield to a driver's eyes; and a second image source inside the vehicle, which emits a second polarized image light having a second polarization and then the image light directly goes to or reflects at least one time to the combining component, continuously to the windshield, and the second polarized image light is partially reflected by the windshield to the eyes.

Abstract: A tetrachromatic color filter array comprises multiple pixels, each of which comprises first, second, third and fourth sub-pixels having first, second, third and fourth hues, P1, P2, P3 and P4 respectively, these first, second, third and fourth hues having first, second and third hue angles, h1, h2, h3 and h4 respectively. The hues of the sub-pixels such that h3 equals h1+(180°±10°) and h4 equals h2+(180°±10°) in the a*b* plane of the La*b* color space.

Abstract: A micromechanical mirror arrangement comprising a mirror plate (1) which forms a translation mirror, which is connected via at least one holding element (2), preferably two or more holding elements, to a frame structure (3) and is movable in translation relative to this frame structure, characterized in that the connection region (4) of at least one holding element (2), preferably of all holding elements, with the mirror plate (1) is arranged inwardly offset, viewed from the outer margin (5) of the mirror plate toward to the center (6) of the mirror plate.

Abstract: An illumination device for illuminating a target to be combated includes a laser light source for emitting light along a beam path, a first modulator in the beam path and configured to manipulate a direction of the beam path in a first plane, a phase plate in the beam path having a variety of different optical thicknesses, and a control device connected to the light source and the first modulator and is configured to activate the first modulator using different frequencies, so that the beam path is deflected over a control period of time up to a first angle.

Abstract: A beam director system configured to steer an optical beam over a hyper-hemispherical field of regard. In one example a beam director includes a pre-director configured to steer an optical beam over a first field of regard, and a beam angle magnifier that includes a beam directing apparatus and a field-of-regard switch, the beam angle magnifier configured to expand the first field of regard to a second field of regard larger than the first field of regard, wherein the beam directing apparatus is configured to receive the optical beam from the pre-director and to alter a pointing direction of the optical beam, and the field-of-regard switch configured to receive the optical beam from the beam directing apparatus, and to direct the optical beam into one of first and second bands of coverage within the second field of regard. The beam angle magnifier may be disposed within a rotatable housing.

Abstract: A reflective display device has multiple display pixels. Each pixel has at least three color sub-pixels disposed side-by-side for three primary colors respectively. At least one color sub-pixel has a light shutter with adjustable transmission, a luminescent layer containing a luminescent material that emits light of a selected color, and a mirror for reflecting light corresponding to that selected color.

Abstract: The present invention relates to an optical parametric oscillator. In particular, the present invention relates to a more optimal rotating image optical parametric oscillator. More specifically, there is described an optical parametric oscillator comprising six mirrored surfaces; wherein two of the mirrored surfaces are provided by a penta prism and the sequence of mirrors is operable to provide a predetermined rotation of a beam passing therethrough.

Abstract: Light emitting elements in an illumination unit of a display may be blanked during updates of pixels of a spatial light modulator (SLM). Updates of pixels in different segments of the SLM may be coordinated with blanking of corresponding segments of the illumination unit. Updating of segments of a light source (30A-30D) may be coordinated so that not all segments are updated in each frame (34A-37D) of a video.

Abstract: In one embodiment of the invention, a display is provided and includes a plurality of interferometric display elements. The display further includes at least one diffuser. Optical properties of the diffuser are selected to reduce color shift of the display when viewed from at least one angle.

Abstract: A directional pixel for use in a display screen is disclosed. The directional pixel receives a planar lightbeam and includes a light propagating layer and a grating to scatter a portion of the planar lightbeam into a directional lightbeam having a direction and angular spread controlled by the grating.

Abstract: A spatio-temporal directional light modulator is introduced. This directional light modulator can be used to create 3D displays, ultra-high resolution 2D displays or 2D/3D switchable displays with extended viewing angle. The spatio-temporal aspects of this novel light modulator allow it to modulate the intensity, color and direction of the light it emits within an wide viewing angle. The inherently fast modulation and wide angular coverage capabilities of this directional light modulator increase the achievable viewing angle, and directional resolution making the 3D images created by the display be more realistic or alternatively the 2D images created by the display having ultra high resolution.

Abstract: The invention makes it possible to adjust the light intensity of a laser scanning microscope laser beam in an economical manner and with high accuracy. A separate acousto-optic component can be omitted in that a light modulation section such as an electroabsorption modulator (EAM) or a semiconductor amplifier (SOA) is arranged directly at the laser diode, advisably at one of its front sides. It is nevertheless possible to control the light intensity economically and with high accuracy because the important parameters of the laser beam remain unchanged when the optical output power is changed by the light modulation section. The light modulation section is preferably formed integral with the laser diode in at least one material layer.

Abstract: The invention relates to a laser assembly (100) having a laser (L) for generating primary laser pulses (1), beam splitting optics (15) for splitting a primary laser pulse into a plurality of temporally staggered sub-pulses, and having focusing optics (17-19) for focusing the sub-pulses in or on an object (20) so that every sub-pulse is focused in a separate focus volume (F). The invention is characterized in that the mutual spatial and/or temporal relationship of the focus volumes (F) of the sub-pulses originating from a common primary laser pulse is variably adjustable. The invention also relates to a corresponding method.

Abstract: The Multi-MOEMS display comprises at least two MOEMS, and at least one superposition layer. All MOEMS are illuminated by beams which incide with incidence angles larger than the deflection angle onto the mirrors in their ON-state for an improved separation of illumination and reflected modulated beams. The reflected ON-beams accordingly include a zenith angle with the normal of the mirror arrays of the MOEMS. The increased angle between the illumination and the modulated beam facilitates the separation of illumination and modulated beams and diminishes the optic limitations of light energy flux through this reflection at the modulators. The Multi-MOEMS display uncovers a solution for the geometric problems of arranging multiple MOEMS and superposition layers posed by the non-normal reflection of the modulated image beams, by matching the zenith angles and the azimuth angles in the superposition image, and by a defined position of the MOEMS relative to the superposition layer.

Abstract: A capillary absorption spectrometer and process are described that provide highly sensitive and accurate stable absorption measurements of analytes in a sample gas that may include isotopologues of carbon and oxygen obtained from gas and biological samples. It further provides isotopic images of microbial communities that allow tracking of nutrients at the single cell level. It further targets naturally occurring variations in carbon and oxygen isotopes that avoids need for expensive isotopically labeled mixtures which allows study of samples taken from the field without modification. The method also permits sampling in vivo permitting real-time ambient studies of microbial communities.

Abstract: A tunable metamaterial has a two dimensional array of resonant annular ring elements; and a plurality of voltage controllable electrical tuning elements disposed in or adjacent openings in each of said ring elements, each of said voltage controllable electrical tuning element ohmically contacting portions of only one of said ring elements. The voltage controllable electrical tuning elements may comprise highly doped semiconductor tunnel diodes, or the charge accumulation layer at the semiconductor/insulator interface of a metal-insulator-semiconductor structure, or nanoelectromechanical (NEMs) capacitors. The tunable metamaterial may be used, for example, in an optical beam steering device using the aforementioned tunable optical metamaterial in which a free-space optical beam is coupled into a receiving portion of a plane of the optical metamaterial and is steered out of a transmitter portion of the plane of the optical metamaterial in controllable azimuthal and elevational directions.

Abstract: A transmitter is disclosed including a laser array comprising a plurality of lasers spatially offset from one another and each having a laser output having a unique wavelength. A first prism is positioned to impart a first angular shift to the laser outputs to produce and a second prism is positioned to impart a second angular shift opposite the first angular shift on the outputs. An index modulating element is coupled to one of the first and second prisms and a controller is electrically coupled to the index modulating element to control an angle of light output form the second prism. An optical spectrum reshaper may be positioned between the second prism and the lens and have at least one transmission edge aligned with the wavelength at least one of the lasers.

Abstract: The invention relates to an apparatus for generating a scannable optical delay for a beam of light and an apparatus for Fourier domain optical coherence tomography having said apparatus for generating a scannable optical delay in its reference arm (15). The light beam is directed to a pivotably driven mirror (10) from where it is reflected to a fixed mirror (12), and from there back retro reflected along the reference arm (5). Lens optics (9) are provided to ensure accurate optical alignment in several pivot positions of the pivotably driven mirror (10).

Abstract: An optical system (100) comprises a coherent light source (101) and optical elements for directing light from the source to a target (1001). The optical elements include at least one diffusing element (141, 161) arranged to reduce a coherence volume of light from the source and a variable optical property element (151). A control system (1021) controls the variable optical property element such that different speckle patterns are formed over time at the target (1001) with a temporal frequency greater than a temporal resolution of an illumination sensor or an eye (1011) of an observer so that speckle contrast ratio in the observed illumination is reduced. The variable optical property element (151) may be a deformable mirror with a vibrating thin plate or film.

Abstract: Provided is a geometric transformation lens which can transform a target image geometrically as desired, achieving downsizing and reducing energy consumption. Even if another target to be observed more in detail is inside the field of view, the geometric transformation lenses (20a, 20b, 20c and 20d) can magnify optically the desired region within the target projection image by supplying the magnification instruction voltage (V2,mn) to the corresponding magnifying/demagnifying electrodes (EL2,mn) simply without moving the lens itself using heavy mechanical parts motorized. This can achieve downsizing because a space for setting the existing mechanical part to control the direction of the lens and its motion can be disregarded. This also can achieve reducing energy consumption because no space is needed to move the lenses with the heavy mechanical parts.