Abstract: The present embodiments provide for apparatuses, and methods for manufacturing apparatuses to convert a first distribution of an input radiation to a second distribution of output radiation. The apparatus can be defined in some embodiments by generating a two-dimensional representation of three active optical surfaces including calculating a segment of first, entry and second surfaces based on first second, and third generalized Cartesian ovals, respectively, and successively repeating the calculating of the segments of the first and second surfaces, and rotationally sweeping the two-dimensional representation about a central axis providing a three-dimensional representation. In some embodiments, portion of the first and/or second surfaces can be totally internally reflective.

Abstract: An optical scan apparatus includes an optical deflection unit (4), an image formation optical system (3), and curved surface mirrors (7a to b 7d). Light fluxes from the image formation optical system (3) come onto the deflection surface (4a) of die optical deflection unit (4) in an oblique direction. Light fluxes from the optical deflection unit (4) come onto the curved surface mirrors (7a to 7d) in an oblique direction. When a boundary is a plane (6) including a normal at the center of the deflection surface (4a) and parallel to the main scan direction, the curved surface mirrors (7a to 7d) are arranged in the same space divided by the boundary and the scan speeds of fluxes scanning the surfaces to be scanned (8a to 8d) are almost identical. Thus, it is possible to obtain identical drive frequencies of the light sources (1a to 1d), thereby simplifying the circuit.

Abstract: A method for manufacturing an apparatus and the apparatus being configured to convert a first distribution of an input radiation to a second distribution of output radiation. The method consists of the steps of generating a two-dimensional representation of at least three active optical surfaces of an optical device including calculating a segment of a first surface based on edge ray sets as a first generalized Cartesian oval, calculating a segment of an entry surface based on the edge ray set as a second generalized Cartesian oval, calculating a segment of a second surface based on the edge ray set as a third generalized Cartesian oval, and successively repeating the steps of calculating the segment of the first surface and calculating the segment of the second surface in a direction towards a source, and rotationally sweeping the two-dimensional representation about a central axis providing a three-dimensional representation of the optical device.

Abstract: Light-reflective concave portions are disposed on the surface of a substrate. The concave portions have a first and second vertical section perpendicular to each other. The first vertical section has an internal shape defined by a first curve and a second curve, the first curve extending from one point on the peripheral edge of the concave portion to the deepest point of the concave portion, and the second curve extending continuously from the first curve and from the deepest point of the concave portion to another point on the peripheral edge of the concave portion. The average of the absolute value of an inclination angle of the first curve is larger than that of the second curve relative to the substrate surface. The second vertical section has an internal shape defined by a shallow curve and deep curves formed at both sides of the shallow curve.

Abstract: The electromagnetic wave focusing device has a mirror group consisting of a focal-line type primary reflective mirror and secondary reflective mirror which have a unique parabolic cross-sectional shape. Incident light rays are primarily reflected by the primary reflective mirror and are then secondarily reflected by the secondary reflective mirror, so that solar rays are focused at one point. The electromagnetic wave focusing device can be made extremely thin and light-weight, and can be folded without causing great loss of precision or great increase in mass. Consequently, the mirror bodies can be folded into a compact form and loaded inside the restricted space of a rocket or the like; thus, the device can be transported into aerospace, and a sunlight focusing device having high focusing performance can be reproduced on-site with a high precision.

Abstract: There is provided a compact, strong and high-performance catoptric optical system. This catoptric optical system has plural optical curved reflective surfaces. A gap between a pair of reflective surfaces, through which light incident upon said catoptric projection optical system passes, is the same gap between a pair of reflective surfaces, through which light exited from the catoptric projection optical system passes.

Abstract: The effective coherence of an undulator beamline can be tailored to projection lithography requirements by using a simple single moving element and a simple stationary low-cost spherical mirror. The invention is particularly suited for use in an illuminator device for an optical image processing system requiring partially coherent illumination. The illuminator includes: (i) source of coherent or partially coherent radiation which has an intrinsic coherence that is higher than the desired coherence; (ii) a reflective surface that receives incident radiation from said source; (iii) means for moving the reflective surface through a desired range of angles in two dimensions wherein the rate of the motion is fast relative to integration time of said image processing system; and (iv) a condenser optic that re-images the moving reflective surface to the entrance plane of said image processing system, thereby, making the illumination spot in said entrance plane essentially stationary.

Abstract: A composite mirror adapted for use as an outside rearview mirror of a motor vehicle includes a main or primary viewing mirror and an auxiliary blindzone viewing mirror juxtaposed to expose the vehicle blindzone to the vehicle operator. The main viewing mirror is generally of unit magnification. The auxiliary mirror is generally composed of a convex surface that can be either attached atop the surface of the main viewing mirror or placed within a cut-out region of the main viewing mirror. The auxiliary mirror can be partially recessed below the surface of the main viewing mirror and can have a skirt for minimizing undesirable reflections in the main viewing mirror.

Abstract: An optical circulator of the present invention comprises (a) an array of ports, the array comprising at least a first port and a last port, each port is adapted to (i) inject a beam of light into said optical circulator, and (ii) remove a beam of light from said optical circulator; (b) a first reflective member adapted to receive a beam of light from a port and to reflect the beam of light to a second reflective member; (c) a second reflective member adapted to receive a beam of light from the first reflective member and to reflect the beam of light to a third reflective member; and (d) a third reflective member adapted to receive a beam of light from the second reflective member and to sequentially direct the beam to a next port of the array so as to circulate the beam of light through at least a portion of the array of ports.

Abstract: The invention provides a reflective optical element which has three or more reflecting surfaces by which a light flux from an object is successively reflected. In an area enclosed by each of the reflecting surfaces, the reference axis intersects at least two times and the light flux forms an intermediate image. The reference axis is a path of the light beam which passes through the center of an object surface, is then reflected by the reflecting surfaces, and passes through a center of a pupil. The reflective optical element satisfies the following condition: 4·f·tan&thgr;<ea wherein &thgr; is a maximum field angle that passes through the pupil in a plane that includes the reference axis, f is a focal length of an optical part between the pupil and an intermediate-image forming surface, and ea is a maximum optical effective diameter of the reflective optical element.

Abstract: The invention provides an ultra-high numerical aperture imaging device (1) comprising two rotationally symmetric curved mirrors (11h, 12b), which can be used to achieve very high concentrations of light or other sorts of wave (or other sorts of physical entities that satisfy equivalent “ballistic” equations of motion) or can be used in reverse to form a beam that has a small angle spread, and which can be combined with a further plane, partially transparent mirror (if necessary with additional components to attenuate and rotate the polarisation of the waves involved), to create a device able to achieve a materially better resolution than that implied by the traditional Rayleigh resolution criterion. A detailed method for designing such a device is also disclosed.

Abstract: To obtain an original reading imaging optical system, with which a carriage integral type scanning system can be readily realized in an original reading system such as a digital copier for which high-speed performance and high resolution are required, and an image reading apparatus using the same. According to the present invention, by crossing optical paths in a reflection optical system, the more compact imaging optical system capable of coping with decentering error can be attained. Further, by crossing the optical paths on an object side from a diaphragm, the still more compact imaging optical system can be attained. As a result, the original reading imaging optical system of the carriage integral type scanning system and the image reading apparatus using the same can be provided.

Abstract: An optical system capable of providing a magnification which can be varied comprises a pair of ellipsoidal mirrors (20, 21) which are so mounted and arranged that the focus for radiation reflected from one mirror corresponds substantially with the input focus for the other mirror. The mirrors are preferably mounted so that they are pivotable.

Abstract: &lgr;UVt sampling is employed to achieve high resolution imagery without sub-wavelength system tolerances. An exemplary application is a 20 meter outside diameter orbiting, earth-watching ring telescope utilizing 40 identical commercial, off-the-shelf (COTS)-grade convex primary mirrors of 80 cm diameter each. Its nominal orbit is geosynchronous, with a designed ground resolution of approximately 1 m at 500 nm. It is configured such that there is no macro-structure pointing, where the primary mirrors are solely responsible for gross target pointing and no phasing whatsoever. The overall wavefront error budget is on the order of &lgr; or even worse, rather than the more traditional &lgr;/10.

Abstract: A method for manufacturing an apparatus and the apparatus being configured to convert a first distribution of an input radiation to a second distribution of output radiation. The method consists of the steps of generating a two-dimensional representation of at least three active optical surfaces of an optical device including calculating a segment of a first surface based on edge ray sets as a first generalized Cartesian oval, calculating a segment of an entry surface based on the edge ray set as a second generalized Cartesian oval, calculating a segment of a second surface based on the edge ray set as a third generalized Cartesian oval, and successively repeating the steps of calculating the segment of the first surface and calculating the segment of the second surface in a direction towards a source, and rotationally sweeping the two-dimensional representation about a central axis providing a three-dimensional representation of the optical device.

Abstract: An optical throughput condenser re-concentrates light thereby causing light which otherwise would be wasted outside of the useful A&OHgr; product, also known as optical throughput, of an illuminating system to be redirected back into the useful A&OHgr; product. The optical throughput condenser includes a thin film having an angle gate such that light striking the surface with a range of incident angles such that the angle of incident is less than or equal to the gate angle (&THgr;GATE) transmits through the thin film. Light striking the surface with a range of incident angles such that the angle of incident is grater than the gate angle. reflects back from the thin film. An integrating sphere is positioned such that light reflecting back from the thin film is directed towards the integrating sphere so that the light is redirected towards the angle gate.

Abstract: A projection objective provides a light path for a light bundle from an object field in an object plane to an image field in an image plane. The projection objective comprises a first mirror (S1), a second mirror (S2), a third mirror (S3), a fourth mirror (S4), a fifth mirror (S5), a sixth mirror (S6), a seventh mirror (S7), and an eighth mirror (S8). The light path is provided via the eight mirrors, the light bundle includes light with a wavelength in the range of 10-30 nm, and the light path is free of shading.

Abstract: A method and high concentration central receiver system provide improved reflectors and a unique heat removal system. The central receiver has a plurality of interconnected reflectors coupled to a tower structure at a predetermined height above ground for reflecting solar radiation. A plurality of concentrators are disposed between the reflectors and the ground such that the concentrators receive reflective solar radiation from the reflectors. The central receiver system further includes a heat removal system for removing heat from the reflectors and an area immediately adjacent the concentrators. Each reflector includes a mirror, a facet, and an adhesive compound. The adhesive compound is disposed between the mirror and the facet such that the mirror is fixed to the facet under compressive stresses.

Abstract: An optical apparatus includes a nonplanar light-reflecting surface having a shape referenced relative to an orthogonal axial system having an x-axis, a y-axis, and a z-axis. The light-reflecting surface has a non-circular conic profile with a conic axis and a distance f from a conic vertex to a finite focal point of the conic, wherein the non-circular conic profile is determined in a yz-plane containing the y-axis and the z-axis. The light-reflecting surface has a circular profile with a circular center and a radius of curvature r numerically equal to the distance f from the conic vertex to the finite focal point of the conic, wherein the circular profile is determined in an xz-plane containing the x-axis and the z-axis. A point light transceiver is at a transceiver location, wherein the transceiver location lies on the conic axis in the yz plane, and also at the circular center in the xz plane.

Abstract: A light-gathering device for concentrating light. The light-gathering device may be used as a stand-alone telescope or as an attachment to a standard telescope. When used as an attachment to a standard telescope, the light-gathering device increases the effective aperture size of the telescope. The light-gathering device is comprised of two conical sections with highly polished mirrored surfaces. The larger of the two conical sections is orientated such that the large end faces toward the object to be viewed. Light enters the area between the two conical sections and is condensed within the sections until it exits from the device in a more concentrated form.

Abstract: A condensing and collecting optical system includes a first reflector and second reflector. The first and second reflectors and includes a portion of an ellipsoid of revolution having two focal point and an optical axis. A source of electromagnetic radiation is placed at one of the focal points of the first reflector to produce radiation that converges at the second focal point of the first reflector. The second focal points of the reflectors coincide. The second reflector is positioned to receive the radiation after it passes through a second focal point of the second reflector and focuses the radiation toward a target positioned at the first focal point of the second reflector.

Abstract: A condenser for a photolithography system, in which a mask image from a mask is projected onto a wafer through a camera having an entrance pupil, includes a source of propagating radiation, a first mirror illuminated by the radiation, a mirror array illuminated by the radiation reflected from said first mirror, and a second mirror illuminated by the radiation reflected from the array. The mirror array includes a plurality of micromirrors. Each of the micromirrors is selectively actuatable independently of each other. The first mirror and the second mirror are disposed such that the source is imaged onto a plane of the mask and the mirror array is imaged into the entrance pupil of the camera.

Abstract: An optical switch for redirecting an optical signal includes a plurality of spaced-apart mirrors disposed in an array for detecting and reflecting one or more optical signals. The mirrors include a reflective member and a sensor. Desirably, the optical signal is detected by the sensor and used for triggering drive means for orientating the mirrors in the array for redirecting the optical signal.

Abstract: Light-reflective concave portions are disposed on the surface of a substrate. The concave portions have a first and second vertical section perpendicular to each other. The first vertical section has an internal shape defined by a first curve and a second curve, the first curve extending from one point on the peripheral edge of the concave portion to the deepest point of the concave portion, and the second curve extending continuously from the first curve and from the deepest point of the concave portion to another point on the peripheral edge of the concave portion. The average of the absolute value of an inclination angle of the first curve is larger than that of the second curve relative to the substrate surface. The second vertical section has an internal shape defined by a shallow curve and deep curves formed at both sides of the shallow curve.

Abstract: An optical system capable of providing a magnification which can be varied comprises a pair of ellipsoidal mirrors [(20, 21)]which are so mounted and arranged that the focus for radiation reflected from one mirror corresponds substantially with the input focus for the other mirror. The mirrors are preferably mounted so that they are pivotable.

Abstract: A compact telescope having a modified Gregorian design comprising three reflecting surfaces. The first reflecting surface is concave and is defined by an outer perimeter and an inner perimeter. The curvature of the first reflecting surface defines a focal plane of the first reflecting surface. The second reflecting surface is optically coupled to the first reflecting surface and is disposed between the first reflecting surface and the focal plane defined by the first reflecting surface. The third reflecting surface is concave and is disposed within the inner perimeter of the first reflecting surface. The curvature of the third reflecting surface is greater than the curvature of the first reflecting surface. The third reflecting surface is optically coupled to the first reflecting surface by the second reflecting surface. An aperture is disposed within the third reflecting surface. Thus light incident upon the first reflecting surface is directed through the aperture.

Abstract: Two reflection surfaces that are a first reflection surface (2) and a second reflection surface (3), each in a non-axisymmetric form, are disposed in the stated order in a direction in which light fluxes travel, and bring light fluxes from an object into focus on an image surface (4). The first reflection surface (2) and the second reflection surface (3) are provided eccentrically, and each of the first reflection surface (2) and the second refection surface (3) is concave in a cross-sectional shape taken along a plane containing a center of the image surface (4) and vertices of the reflection surfaces (2, 3). This ensures that light fluxes are guided to the image surface without being blocked, whereby an excellent image can be formed. Thus, a reflective optical device with a wider angle and improved performance can be provided.

Abstract: A concave mirror optical system for a scanner and a method for compensating image distortion. In this invention, the more expensive lens assembly in a conventional optical system is replaced by a concave mirror made from simple low-cost material so that production cost and chromatic dispersion are reduced. Moreover, different magnifications can be obtained due to a difference in focusing power of the concave mirror along XY axis direction.

Abstract: A module of reflection mirrors of L-shape according to the invention, arranged in an optical chassis of scanner, is comprised of a first L-shaped mirror and a second L-shaped mirror. The recession portions for the second L-shaped mirror and the first L-shaped mirror are corresponded to each other in the space. After entering the module with a specific angle, an incident light is reflected several times between the two L-shape mirrors before it leaves the module with another angle again. Wherein, there are a first reflection zone and a second reflection zone at the recession portion of the first L-shaped mirror, and there are a third reflection zone and a fourth reflection zone at the recession portion of the second L-shaped mirror.

Abstract: An optical element formed from a transparent optical material includes two refraction surfaces, a first reflection surface group having a plurality of internal reflection surfaces arrayed in a predetermined direction, a second reflection surface group opposing the first reflection surface group and having at least one internal reflection surface and two side surfaces opposing each other in parallel to the predetermined direction. Light incident from one of the refraction surfaces is alternately reflected by the internal reflection surfaces of the first reflection surface group and the internal reflection surface of the second reflection surface group and guided to the other refraction surface.

Abstract: A condensing and collecting optical system includes a first reflector and second reflector. The first and second reflectors and includes a portion of an ellipsoid of revolution having two focal point and an optical axis. A source of electromagnetic radiation is placed at one of the focal points of the first reflector to produce radiation that converges at the second focal point of the first reflector. The second focal points of the reflectors coincide. The second reflector is positioned to receive the radiation after it passes through a second focal point of the second reflector and focuses the radiation toward a target positioned at the first focal point of the second reflector.

Abstract: A projection optical system is provided to guide a beam from an image display panel onto a screen surface inclined relative to a reference axis, and to form image information on the screen surface. The projection optical system has a reflecting optical system which has a plurality of rotation-asymmetrical reflecting surfaces having curvatures, and in which the beam from the image display panel is reflected by the plurality of rotation-asymmetrical reflecting surfaces and is guided onto the screen surfaces of the reflecting optical system or between the reflecting optical system and the image display panel. The stop is set so as to be imaged at a negative magnification by an optical member disposed more adjacent to the screen than the stop position.

Abstract: An optical element formed from a transparent optical material includes two refraction surfaces, a first reflection surface group having a plurality of internal reflection surfaces arrayed in a predetermined direction, a second reflection surface group opposing said first reflection surface group and having at least one internal reflection surface and two side surfaces opposing each other in parallel to the predetermined direction. Light incident from one of the refraction surface is alternately reflected by the internal reflection surfaces of the first reflection surface group and the internal reflection surface of the second reflection surface group and guided to the other refraction surface.

Abstract: An optical, image producing device of the Camera Lucidas type is provided wherein the panel on which the optical image is superimposed may be supported at different angles of inclination on a base, to which a mirror assembly carrying column is rigidly attached, so that the inclination of the panel can be adjusted allowing the device to be used tilted to observe an object at different elevations. The column has a viewing aperture which is wide enough for an image to be viewed simultaneously by both eyes to give a panoramic view.

Abstract: A reading optical system that forms the image of the original document on a one-dimensional imaging element, such system comprising multiple reflective surfaces only, wherein at least one of such surfaces is a free-form surface that has a symmetrical surface relative to the main scanning direction and no symmetrical surface relative to the sub scanning direction. Where the light beam that passes through the center of the original document and the center of the aperture is deemed the axial main light beam, the path of the axial main light beam that strikes the first reflective surface extends along the Z-axis, the length of the one-dimensional imaging element extends along the Y-axis, and the X-axis extends perpendicular to the Y-axis and the Z-axis, each reflective surface is arranged such that it is tilted relative to the Y-axis.

Abstract: This invention has as its object to prevent deterioration of optical performance by suppressing the respective reflection surfaces from being decentered relative to each other in an optical element formed by placing a plurality of reflection surfaces having curvatures at neighboring positions. In order to achieve this object, an optical element according to this invention has a first reflection surface block formed by placing a plurality of reflection surfaces having curvatures at neighboring positions, and a second reflection surface block which faces the first reflection surface block, and is formed by placing one or more reflection surfaces at neighboring positions, and the first and second reflection surface blocks are formed by a metal mold.

Abstract: A reflection type image forming optical system and a projector are compact with wide view angle, in expensive and having uniform illumination intensity. The reflection type image forming optical system includes a first reflection mirror having a rotation symmetric aspheric shape concave reflection surface directed to an image forming surface arranged an image forming element thereon, a second reflection mirror having a rotation symmetric aspheric shape convex reflection surface directed toward a flux of light from the first reflection mirror, a third reflection mirror having a rotation symmetric aspheric shape concave reflection surface directed toward a flux of light from the second reflection mirror and a fourth reflection mirror having a rotation symmetric aspheric shape convex reflection surface directed toward a flux of light from the third reflection mirror. The first, second, third and fourth reflection mirrors form a telecentric optical system.

Abstract: An optical element formed from a transparent optical material includes two refraction surfaces, a first reflection surface group having a plurality of internal reflection surfaces arrayed in a predetermined direction, a second reflection surface group opposing said first reflection surface group and having at least one internal reflection surface and two side surfaces opposing each other in parallel to the predetermined direction. Light incident from one of the refraction surface is alternately reflected by the internal reflection surfaces of the first reflection surface group and the internal reflection surface of the second reflection surface group and-guided to the other refraction surface.

Abstract: An improved optical apparatus and system for producing a three-dimensional real image of an object. The apparatus includes a support member, a first concave reflective surface affixed to the support member and having an associated focal length, and a second concave reflective surface affixed to the support member. The first concave reflective surface and the second concave reflective surface are placed in substantially fixed spatial relationship to each other to define an acute angle so that when the object is appropriately placed further than the focal length of the first concave reflective surface, the apparatus produces a three-dimensional real image of the object.

Abstract: The invention relates to a multi-mirror-system for an illumination system, especially for lithography with wavelengths ≦193 nm comprising am imaging system, wherein said imaging system comprises at least a first mirror and a second mirror, an object plane, an image plane, wherein the imaging system forms an image of the object, an arc-shaped field in said image plane, whereby the radial direction of in the middle the arc-shaped field defines a scanning direction. The multi-mirror-system is characterized in that at least said first mirror and said second mirror of said imaging system are arranged in the optical path of the imaging system in such a position and having such a shape, that the edge sharpness of the arc-shaped field in the image plane is smaller than 5 mm, preferably 2 mm, most preferably 1 mm in scanning direction.

Abstract: When n is taken as integers of 2 or more, n reflecting systems are constituted by providing reflecting mirrors on opposite (two) side surfaces in 2n side surfaces of a transparent body having the shape of a 2n-sided prism. The n reflecting systems are provided on each pair of opposite side surfaces, and images of an object are formed using each of the n reflecting systems.

Abstract: A field-of-view switching and focusing system of a common-optical-path periscope, having an aspherical reflecting mirror system, a field-of-view driving system and a focus driving system. The field-of-view driving system and the focus driving system are located at two sides of the aspherical reflecting mirror system. The field-of-view driving system allows the aspherical reflecting mirror system to rotate, thereby, different curved faces of the aspherical reflecting mirror can reflect the incident light, so that the field of view can be switched. Further, by a linear movement of the aspherical reflecting mirror system driven along the optical path by the focus driving system, the focus fine adjustment is performed.

Abstract: A reflection type optical device comprises a transparent base member having an incident light receiving surface, at least a reflection surface for internally reflecting the incident light and a light emitting surface for emitting the reflected light. A dielectric layer is formed on each of the incident light receiving surface and the light emitting surface, and a metal layer is formed on all the remaining surfaces of the transparent base member other than the incident light receiving surface and the light emitting surface.

Abstract: In an optical switch system for switching over plural input lights and plural output lights corresponding thereto through spatial optical connection therebetween, having: a first reflection mirror to be directed with an input light and being controllable in position thereof; a second reflection mirror disposed opposite to the first reflection mirror, for reflecting the light reflected on the first reflection mirror, so as to outputted it therefrom; means for controlling positions of the first and second reflection mirrors, respectively; and means for adjusting the position of the first and second mirrors, which are controller by the controlling means, wherein a reference light being substantially different from the input light in wavelength is generated; both the reference light and the input light reflect upon the first and second reflection mirrors; and (c) optical intensity of the reference light selectively diverged from the reflection light is detected, thereby controlling positions of the first and said

Abstract: The invention is concerned with a microlithography projection objective device for short wavelength microlithography, preferably <100 nm, with a first mirror (S1), a second mirror (S2), a third mirror (S3), a fourth mirror (S4) and a fifth mirror (S5). The invention is characterized by the fact that the image-side numerical aperture (NA) is greater than or equal to 0.10 and that the mirror closest to the object to be illuminated, preferably the wafer, is arranged in such a way that the image-side optical free working distance corresponds at least to the used diameter (D) of the mirror closest to the wafer; the image-side optical free working distance is at least the sum of one-third of the used diameter (D) of the mirror closest to the wafer and a length which lies between 20 mm and 30 mm; and/or the image-side optical free working distance is at least 50 mm, preferably 60 mm.

Abstract: The electromagnetic wave focusing device of the present invention comprises a mirror group consisting of a focal-line type primary reflective mirror 11 and secondary reflective mirror 12 which have a unique parabolic cross-sectional shape in an arbitrary cross section that is perpendicular to a certain direction. Incident light rays 14 are primarily reflected by the abovementioned primary reflective mirror 11, and are then secondarily reflected by the secondary reflective mirror 12, so that solar rays are focused at one point. Since focal-line type parabolic cylindrical reflective mirrors are used, the reflective mirrors can be constructed from mirror films and frame assemblies having a specified shape. Accordingly, the electromagnetic wave focusing device can be made extremely thin and light-weight, and this electromagnetic wave focusing device can be folded up without causing any great loss of precision or great increase in mass.

Abstract: This invention comprises a method and apparatus for displaying full color, high resolution dynamically generated real images and allowing the user to have direct interaction with the image. This input/output device provides an intuitive computer/video interface that permits the operator to grab, translate and manipulate a real image. The apparatus comprises a pair of coaxially positioned parabolic mirrors and a video imaging device allowing for 360 degree viewing. The real image, that appears floating within the opening of a viewport, is completely interactive by means of a detection system that tracks the operator, allowing the user to place his/her hand or finger through the image and engage it. Applications for this device are wide ranging, and include, for example, computer-aided design (CAD) and the entertainment/gaming industry by abandoning the conventional keyboard and mouse and allowing the user to have direct contact with the image.

Abstract: A condenser system for generating a beam of radiation includes a source of radiation light that generates a continuous spectrum of radiation light; a condenser comprising one or more first optical elements for collecting radiation from the source of radiation light and for generating a beam of radiation; and a diffractive spectral filter for separating first radiation light having a particular wavelength from the continuous spectrum of radiation light. Cooling devices can be employed to remove heat generated. The condenser system can be used with a ringfield camera in projection lithography.

Abstract: A vehicle lamp can include a tube-like lamp element that has an aperture, a reflector having a focus located approximately at the aperture, and a front lens. The lamp can be disposed in a vehicle body space that has a small width from the front view and a small depth from a side view of the vehicle body. A blind or shade is not necessary to cover non-aesthetic portions of the lamp. The lamp can be tube-like in shape and can include an optical system that has at least two ellipse group reflecting surfaces that are combined to form a multi-reflex optical system. An aperture can be formed by the reflecting surfaces to allow light rays to be guided outside of the lamp. A light source is preferably located on a common first focus of the at least two ellipse group reflecting surfaces. One of the ellipse group reflecting surfaces can have a longer focal distance than, and a different longitudinal direction from, those of other ellipse group reflecting surface(s).

Abstract: The present invention provides a reflective projection lens set for a digital light processing projector having a digital mirror device transmitting rays of intended and unintended light. The lens set comprises a first and a second mirror. The first mirror has a reflective surface positioned to receive and therefore reflect the rays of intended light. The second mirror has a reflective surface positioned to receive and therefore reflect the rays of intended light reflected from the first mirror, and an opaque surface on the backside positioned to prevent the rays of unintended light from intruding into the path of the rays of intended light.