Abstract: This invention relates to a process for removing metals, particularly mercury, from hydrocarbon streams by use of an ionic liquid, where in the metal-containing hydrocarbon stream is contacted with an ionic liquid to produce a product hydrocarbon stream having reduced mercury content.

Abstract: A power semiconductor device, a power semiconductor module and a power semiconductor device processing method are provided. The power semiconductor device includes a first load terminal structure, a second load terminal structure, and a semiconductor structure electrically coupled to each load terminal structure and configured to carry a load current. The first load terminal structure includes a conductive layer in contact with the semiconductor structure, a bonding block configured to be contacted by at least one bond wire and to receive at least a part of the load current from the at least one bond wire and/or the conductive layer, a support block having a hardness greater than the hardness of the conductive layer and the bonding block. The bonding block is mounted on the conductive layer via the support block, and a zone is arranged within the conductive layer and/or the bonding block, the zone exhibiting nitrogen atoms.

Abstract: Techniques related to nanocomposite dielectric materials are generally described herein. These techniques may be embodied in apparatuses, systems, methods and/or processes for making and using such material. An example process may include: providing a film having a plurality of nanoparticles and an organic medium; comminuting the film to form a particulate; and applying the particulate to a substrate. The example process may also include providing a nanoparticle film having nanoparticles and voids located between the nanoparticles; contacting the film with a vapor containing an organic material; and curing the organic material to form the nanocomposite dielectric film. Various described techniques may provide nanocomposite dielectric materials with superior nanoparticle dispersion which may result in improved dielectric properties.

Abstract: A dielectric device comprises a substrate made of a metal and an oxide dielectric layer mounted on a surface of the substrate. The surface of the substrate has metal oxide regions distributed like islands, while the oxide dielectric layer is in close contact with the substrate through the metal oxide regions. Since adhesion is higher in an area where the substrate and the oxide dielectric layer are in close contact with each other through the metal oxide regions distributed like islands on the surface of the substrate, the adhesion between the substrate and oxide dielectric layer in the dielectric device is enhanced. As compared with a case where a rough surface is formed on a metal foil, the metal oxide region and the substrate are inhibited from forming a rough surface, whereby leakage characteristics can be kept from being deteriorated by the rough surface.

Abstract: Some embodiments include methods of forming capacitors. A metal oxide mixture may be formed over a first capacitor electrode. The metal oxide mixture may have a continuous concentration gradient of a second component relative to a first component. The continuous concentration gradient may correspond to a decreasing concentration of the second component as a distance from the first capacitor electrode increases. The first component may be selected from the group consisting of zirconium oxide, hafnium oxide and mixtures thereof; and the second component may be selected from the group consisting of niobium oxide, titanium oxide, strontium oxide and mixtures thereof. A second capacitor electrode may be formed over the first capacitor electrode. Some embodiments include capacitors that contain at least one metal oxide mixture having a continuous concentration gradient of the above-described second component relative to the above-described first component.

Abstract: A self protected fluid filled capacitor that includes a capacitor section. Preferably, the capacitor section is configured to attach to a cover that can be placed on a capacitor housing. The capacitor contains an insulating fluid that surrounds the capacitor section when the capacitor section is inserted in the capacitor. A capacitor chamber that is configured to contain a retained portion of the insulating fluid and the capacitor section is also included. Also contained in the capacitor is an overflow chamber region in communication with the capacitor chamber. The capacitor chamber is configured to provide a capacitor chamber opening near a top portion, through which excess fluid contained in the capacitor chamber can flow. The overflow chamber region communicates with the capacitor chamber opening to receive excess insulating fluid, thereby providing a fluid volume margin to assure that the capacitor section is completely covered.

Abstract: A sintered ceramic has a porosity of greater than about 30 percent and less than about 80 percent by volume. Pores are filled with an epoxy resin. A filling factor of the epoxy resin is about 40 percent by volume or more. A monolithic ceramic electronic component having an inner electrode, for example, a chip inductor is manufactured with such a porous sintered ceramic. When a direct current is superimposed, the resulting monolithic ceramic electronic component has a substantially unchanged self-resonant frequency and also has a rate of decrease in impedance of about 50 percent or less at 100 MHz.

Abstract: In a chip type solid electrolytic capacitor including a capacitor element and a packaging resin covering the capacitor element, the packaging resin has a mount surface and a side surface adjacent to the mount surface. A terminal is electrically connected to the capacitor element and coupled to the packaging resin. The terminal extends along the mount surface and the side surface to have an outer surface exposed from the packaging resin and to have an inner surface opposite to the outer terminal surface. The inner surface has a stepwise shape formed by forging.

Abstract: Different from conventional so-called mix-type film capacitors involving several disadvantages, in which the dielectric layers consist of a combination of a dielectric plastic resin film and an insulating paper sheet, the invention provides an all-film oil-impregnated capacitor in which the dielectric layers consist only of a plastic resin film such as a biaxially oriented polypropylene resin film (OPP film) suitable for use in microwave ovens. The all-film capacitor of the invention can be obtained and has satisfactory properties only when prepared by using specified materials including the OPP film, aluminum foil and capacitor oil and under specified conditions relative to the dielectric tangent values and dielectric capacity values before and after impregnation with a capacitor oil as well as the conditions in the step of oil impregnation.

Abstract: A capacitor has electrodes at surfaces thereof, with one of the electrodes secured onto one surface of a grounding metal. Through conductors pass through the capacitor and the grounding metal and are connected to the other electrodes so as to achieve electrical continuity. An insulating case is provided at one surface of the grounding metal, with one end of the insulating case fitted around the external circumference of the raised portion of the grounding metal. Insulating resin fills a space inside the insulating case, the internal space of the grounding metal and a space around the capacitor. The insulating resin comprises an epoxy resin containing a brominated fire retardant, and the brominated fire retardant is a brominated aromatic glycidyl ether.

Abstract: A method is provided for producing a capacitor to be embedded in an electronic circuit package comprising the steps of selecting a first conductor foil, selecting a dielectric material, coating the dielectric material on at least one side of the first conductor foil, and layering the coated foil with a second conductor foil on top of the coating of dielectric material. Also claimed is an electronic circuit package incorporating at least one embedded capacitor manufactured in accordance with the present invention.

Abstract: A polymer film capacitor is provided, utilizing a metallized film formed by a first vacuum-formed plasma treated surface, a vacuum-deposited, first radiation polymerized acrylate monomer film having first and second surfaces, the first surface being disposed on the first plasma-treated surface of the polymer substrate, and a metal layer disposed on the second surface of the first polymerized film. The metallized film is wound into a capacitor.

Abstract: A dielectric fluid with improved performance in capacitors contains 65% by weight or more monobenzyltoluene. Capacitors including the dielectric fluid can have improved discharge extinction voltages at 60° C.

Abstract: An improved capacitor roll with alternating film and foil layers is impregnated with an adhesive, elastomeric gel composition. The gel composition is a blend of a plasticizer, a polyol, a maleic anhydride that reacts with the polyol to form a polyester, and a catalyst for the reaction. The impregnant composition is introduced to the film and foil layers while still in a liquid form and then pressure is applied to aid with impregnation. The impregnant composition is cured to form the adhesive, elastomeric gel. Pressure is maintained during curing.

Abstract: Through conductors pass through a capacitor and a grounding member. Insulating tubes cover the through conductors respectively. An insulating case is provided at one surface of the grounding member. An insulating cover is provided at an opposite surface of the grounding member. Insulating resins fill a space inside the insulating case, a space inside the insulating cover, and a space around the capacitor. The insulating case is constituted of a mixture containing polybutylene terephthalate and an inorganic substance which contains glass powder and ceramic powder. The content of the inorganic substance is set within a range of 15 wt % to 45 wt % relative to the entire quantity of the mixture.

Abstract: A printed wiring board includes a core substrate including a laminated capacitor. The laminated capacitor includes a plurality of composite dielectric layers and a plurality of metal layers stacked alternately. Three types through-hole conductors are provided which extend between the upper and lower surfaces of the core substrate. The first through-hole conductors are directly connected to first metal layers serving one electrode of the laminated capacitor, the second through-hole conductors are directly connected to second metal layers serving the other electrode of the laminated capacitor, and the third through-hole conductors are not connected to any of the first and second metal layers. The first and second through-hole conductors are used for establishing electrical connections between power supply and ground lines and an IC chip mounted on the printed wiring board. The third through-hole conductor is used as a signal line.

Abstract: An improved capacitor roll with alternating film and foil layers is impregnated with an adhesive, elastomeric gel composition. The gel composition is a blend of a plasticizer, a polyol, a maleic anhydride that reacts with the polyol to form a polyester, and a catalyst for the reaction. The impregnant composition is introduced to the film and foil layers while still in a liquid form and then pressure is applied to aid with impregnation. The impregnant composition is cured to form the adhesive, elastomeric gel. Pressure is maintained during curing.

Abstract: The present invention is a dielectric film, and method for making the film, suitable for use in the construction of capacitor devices, including wound capacitors. In order to overcome strength limitations associated with polymers having desirable dielectric properties, the invention includes a dielectric film featuring a polymer impregnated upon a strengthening substrate. The polymer is deposited directly upon the substrate, which substrate provides required physical strength for film processing and capacitor fabrication, without compromising dielectric performance. The inventive film is based on siloxane polymers modified with polar pendant groups to provide a significant increase in dielectric constant and dielectric strength. During film production, the polymer infiltrates the porous paper to provide an interfacial composite layer between the two materials, the interfacial layer consisting of polymer and paper.

Abstract: A method is provided for producing a capacitor to be embedded in an electronic circuit package comprising the steps of selecting a first conductor foil, selecting a dielectric material, coating the dielectric material on at least one side of the first conductor foil, and layering the coated foil with a second conductor foil on top of the coating of dielectric material. Also claimed is an electronic circuit package incorporating at least one embedded capacitor manufactured in accordance with the present invention.

Abstract: The invention relates To a process for the impregnation of electrical capacitors which includes performing the impregnation of the coil winding with a dielectric fluid, eliminating the excess of the dielectric fluid, filling the casing containing the impregnated coil winding with a gelable composition and the dielectric fluid for impregnating the coil winding and gelling the gelable composition.

Abstract: The present invention relates to the use of insulating fluids, selected from the group consisting of aliphatic esters, alkylbenzenes, crosslinkable compositions comprising at least one polydiene polyol, at least one polyisocyanate and at least one chemically inert liquid charge, for the impregnation of the wound coils of self-healing capacitors.

Abstract: A metallized film including a polymer film, a metal layer having a surface resistance of about 1 .OMEGA./sq. to about 15 .OMEGA./sq. deposited on a portion of the polymer film, the polymer film having another portion defined as a margin having a surface resistance of about 1.times.10.sup.10 .OMEGA./sq. or more, which portion is free of deposited metal; and an about 0.02 to about 1 mm wide boundary zone of deposited metal formed between the deposited metal layer and the margin which substantially continuously decreases in thickness from the deposited metal layer to the margin.

Abstract: A high energy density, high power density capacitor having an energy density of at least about 0.5 J/cm.sup.3 is provided. The capacitor comprises a plurality of interleaved metal electrode layers separated by a polymer layer. The interleaved metal electrode layers terminate at opposite ends in a solder termination strip. The high energy density aspect of the capacitors of the invention is achieved by at least one of the following features: (a) the dielectric thickness between the interleaved metal electrode layers is a maximum of about 5 .mu.m; (b) the polymer is designed with a high dielectric constant .kappa. of at least about 3.5; (c) the metal electrode layers within the polymer layer are recessed along edges orthogonal to the solder termination strips to prevent arcing between the metal electrode layers at the edges; and (d) the resistivity of the metal electrode layers is within the range of about 10 to 500 ohms per square, or a corresponding thickness of about 200 to 30 .ANG..

Abstract: The present invention relates to a biaxially oriented polypropylene film and a capacitor made thereof. The biaxially oriented polypropylene film of the invention is a biaxially oriented polypropylene film that is 98-99.5% in isotacticity, above 99% in isotactic pentad fraction, and 1-4% in the sum of the machine- and transverse-direction heat shrinkage at 120.degree. C., or a biaxially oriented polypropylene film that is less than 10 ppm.multidot.% in the product of the film's ash content and internal haze and is above 99% in isotactic pentad fraction. With this constitution, the biaxially oriented polypropylene film of the present invention has good dielectric properties at high temperatures. Furthermore, the capacitor of the invention can be used safely for a long life at operating temperatures higher by up to 20.degree. C. than the maximum operating temperature of 85.degree. C. of the conventional biaxially oriented polypropylene films.

Abstract: A metallized plastic film capacitor is here disclosed which is impregnated with an electrically insulating oil composition comprising 10 to 95% by weight of an aromatic hydrocarbon having at least 3 benzene rings and 90 to 5% by weight of an olefin oligomer containing 7% by weight or less of a fraction having a molecular weight of 500 or less and 2% by weight or less of a fraction having a molecular weight of 400 or less.

Abstract: A metalized film capacitor has a plurality of electrodes separated by dielectric spacers and contains a dielectric fill system including 1 to 50 wt % of calcium oxide scavenger. This dielectric fill system is especially useful in aluminum metalized film capacitors for AC service.

Abstract: Novel dielectric liquids for such electrical components as transformers, capacitors and cables, especially adopted for low temperature applications, comprise a mixture of benzyltoluene and (methylbenzyl)xylene isomers, notably a mixture of benzyltoluene/dibenzyltoluene isomers with (methylbenzyl)xylene/di(methylbenzyl)xylene isomers.

Abstract: An MF capacitor of an oil impregnation type, whose durability in constant voltage application is so high that it is suitable for practical use. The metallized plastic film is impregnated with an electrically insulating oil composition obtained by adding 5-80% by weight of natural fatty acid triglyceride which contains a less amount of fatty acid ester having free hydroxyl radical to an aromatic hydrocarbon having a specific chemical structure and being liquid at -30.degree. C.

Abstract: An electrical film capacitor in which a pair of metal film electrodes and a porous layer are wound into an assembly, and in which the porous layer serves to wick a liquid dielectric into the wound assembly. The liquid dielectric is an adipic acid ester such as di-isononyl adipate. Mono-isopropyl biphenyl can be added as well.

Abstract: A new electrical insulating oil composition having improved low temperature characteristics which composition comprises a mixture of 40% by weight or more of benzyltoluene and the remainder of alkyl substituted diphenylmethane having 15 to 17 carbon atoms which is represented by the following general formula: ##STR1## wherein R.sub.1 and R.sub.2 are C.sub.1 to C.sub.4 alkyl groups and the total number of carbon atoms in R.sub.1 and R.sub.2 is 1 to 4, with the proviso that R.sub.1 and R.sub.2 may not simultaneously be methyl groups and the proportion of the total quantity of solid phase calculated according to the following general solid-liquid equilibrium equation is 45% by weight or less relative to the total quantity of said composition at -40.degree. C.: ##EQU1## where X.sub.i is the equilibrium mole fraction of a component i, in the liquid phase, .DELTA.H.sub.i.sup.f is the heat of fusion (cal.mol.sup.-1), T.sub.i.sup.

Abstract: An insulating oil comprising dibenzylbenzenes which is most suitably used for impregnating a metallized plastic film capacitor, is produced by the reaction of benzene or toluene with diphenylmethane or a methyl derivative thereof at 170.degree. C. to 400.degree. C. in the presence of a synthetic crystalline zeolite catalyst having a molar ratio of SiO.sub.2 to Al.sub.2 O.sub.3 of 20 or above, wherein the inlets of main pores are constituted of ten-membered oxygen rings.

Abstract: An electrical insulating oil composition having good low temperature characteristics which comprises at least 4 members selected from the group consisting of (a) m-ethylbiphenyl, (b) p-ethylbiphenyl, (c) o-benzyltoluene, (d) m-benzyltoluene, (e) p-benzyltoluene, (f) 1,1-diphenylethane, and (g) 1,1-diphenylethylene; and is characterized in that the proportion of solid phase at a temperature of -40.degree. C. of the electrical insulating oil composition is not more than 45% by weight and the proportion of the total quantity of solid phase is calculated according to the following general equation of solid-liquid equilibrium: ##EQU1## wherein X.sub.i is the equilibrium mole fraction of a component i in the liquid phase of the composition, .DELTA.H.sub.i.sup.f is the heat of fusion (cal.mol.sup.-1), T.sub.i.sup.f is the melting point (K), t is the temperature (K), and R is the gas constant (cal.mol.sup.-1.K.sup.-1).

Abstract: A process for fabricating an electronic device on a non-conductive polymer substrate, particularly from the family of polyaniline, comprises applying a covalent doping agent, such as an R.sup.+ donor compound, where R is an organic group, e.g., methyl iodide, to a preselected portion of a base-type non-conductive polymer substrate containing carbon-nitrogen linkages, and converting such preselected portion of the polymer substrate to an electrically conductive polymer portion, by covalent linkage of the R groups of such donor compound, to nitrogen atoms of the non-conductive polymer substrate. Electronic devices, such as resistors, capacitors, inductors, printed circuits and the like, can be provided by the invention process, in the form of light-weight polymers containing no metal, and which are stable and wherein the conductive portions are non-diffusing.

Abstract: An electrical insulating oil mainly comprising a fraction having excellent low temperature characteristics, said fraction being prepared by bringing a by-product oil fraction containing diphenylmethane and 1,1-diphenylethane into contact with alkylbenzenes in the presence of a ZSM-5 type synthetic zeolite catalyst, then recovering a fraction containing 1,1-diphenylethane and other diarylalkanes and containing mainly components having boiling points in the range of 270.degree. to 300.degree. C. as atomspheric pressure basis, said by-product oil fraction being by-produced in the preparation of ethylbenzene by alkylating benzene with ethylene.

Abstract: The present invention relates to an improved electrical insulating oil composition which has excellent electrical characteristics and is suitable for use in impregnating electrical appliances in which plastic dielectric material is used, and further relates to electrical appliances impregnated with such a composition. The electrical insulating oil composition is produced by bringing a by-product oil fraction mainly containing components having boiling points in the range of 260.degree. to 330.degree. C. (atmospheric pressure basis) into liquid-liquid contact with an organic polar solvent; said by-product oil fraction being formed by alkylating benene or toluene with ethylene in the presence of an alkylation catalyst and then distilling the alkylation product; and said electrical insulating oil composition being characterized in that the ratio of the integrated intensity as chemical shift at 120 to 155 ppm of the spectrum measured by .sup.

Abstract: A zinc metallized film capacitor includes a dielectric fluid comprising epoxidized soybean oil having at least one epoxy group per molecule, preferably four epoxy groups per molecule. Utilizing epoxidized soybean oil with zinc metallization results in a substantial performance improvement under high temperature and high voltage conditions, providing a zinc metallized film capacitor of reduced size and cost. In addition, the epoxidized soybean oil is relatively non-toxic, reducing environmental concerns.

Abstract: An electrical capacitor which contains a dielectric fluid, said fluid consisting essentially of ditolylmethane.

Abstract: An improved oil-filled capacitor which is excellent in low temperature characteristics. The oil-filled capacitor is composed of at least partially a plastics material and is impregnated with an electrical insulating oil which oil is characterized in that it comprises 0 to 100% by weight of a fraction A containing components boiling within the range of 268.degree. to 275.degree. C. (atmospheric pressure basis) and 100 to 0% by weight of a fraction B containing components boiling within the range of 280.degree. to 310.degree. C. (atmospheric pressure basis) which fractions are recovered by distillation from the heavy by-product oil that is produced in the preparation of ethylbenzene by alkylating benzene with ethylene in the presence of an alkylation catalyst and the ratio of the integrated intensity as chemical shift at 120 to 155 ppm of the spectrum measured by C.sup.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method for refining an electrical insulating oil by refining a heavy by-product oil obtained in the preparation of ethylbenzene or ethyltoluene. The method comprises distilling off the lighter components from the by-product oil, then dehydrogenating, distilling and hydrogenating.

Abstract: A capacitor in which the capacitive element is impregnated and encapsulated by a composition having a softening point above the normal operating temperature of the capacitor and below the temperature that would occur following a failure of the capacitive element (or in another aspect below the temperature at which the polypropylene film of a polypropylene film capacitor shrinks). In other aspects the composition is a blend of polybutene and polyethylene; and a method of impregnating a capacitor is provided.

Abstract: Liquid compositions, having dielectric properties, which contain mixtures of ditolylether isomers and alkylbenzenes.

Abstract: An insulating oil containing N,N-bis(2-hydroxyethyl)-N-cyclohexylamine at 0.5 mg/l or more. An electrical apparatus is filled with the insulating oil in which a copper component is immersed. During operation of the apparatus for a long period of time, the tan .delta. of the insulating oil does not increase so that deterioration of the insulating oil is deferred, thereby substantially extending the life of the insulating oil.

Abstract: An electrical insulating oil composition which is excellent in low temperature characteristics and suitable for use in impregnating capacitors, and comprises (a) m-ethylbiphenyl, (b) p-ethylbiphenyl, (c) m-isopropylbiphenyl and (d) p-isopropylbiphenyl, and is characterized in that the total amount of the ethylbiphenyls is not less than 40% by weight and the proportion of solid phase in the composition at a temperature of -40.degree. C. is not more than 45% by weight, the solid quantity of each component being calculated according to the following equation of solid-liquid equilibrium: ##EQU1## wherein X.sub.1 is the equilibrium mole fraction of a component i in the liquid phase of the composition, .DELTA.H.sub.i.sup.f is the heat of fushion (cal.mol.sup.-1) of the component i, T.sub.i.sup.f is the melting point (K) of the component i, T is the temperature (K) of the system, and R is the gas constant (cal.mol.sup.-1.K.sup.-1).

Abstract: An electrical capacitor (10) having an improved dielectric system. The capacitor includes layers of metal foil (15,16) and dielectric sheet material (17) which is impregnated with a liquid dielectric composed of a mixture of phenyl xylyl ethane and phenyl tolyl methanes.

Abstract: A method of manufacturing a miniaturized multilayer ceramic capacitor having high capacitance which comprises a dielectric body of the type that the grain boundaries thereof are insulated. Multilayer chips are prepared which consist of a semiconductor ceramic material whose major constituent comprises titanate of alkaline-earth metal such as Ba, Sr or the like; and such chips are placed within a container formed of a fired mixture of CuO and Al.sub.2 O.sub.3 and subjected to a heat treatment so that copper ions which serve as insulating agent, are caused to uniformly diffuse from vapor phase in crystal grain boundaries of the semiconductor ceramics body of each of the chips.

Abstract: An electrical insulating oil which is suitable for use in impregnating electrical appliances such as capacitors, cables and transformers, especially those in which plastic materials are used partially or totally as dielectrics or insulating materials, and electrical appliances that are impregnated with the above electrical insulating oil. The electrical insulating oil of the invention contains at least one monoolefin and/or diolefin having three condensed or non-condensed aromatic rings.

Abstract: The multi-layer film comprises a propylene polymer base layer having a stabilizer content of up to 0.2% by weight and outer layers, also composed of propylene polymer, having a stabilizer content of at least 0.3% by weight. The outer layers contain 3 to 10 times the amount of stabilizer present in the base layer, as a result of which the initial value of the dielectric loss factor tan of the multi-layer film is kept low, and the loss factor exhibits only a slight increase with time.

Abstract: Di octyl phthalate (DOP) is used as a dielectric fluid for a-c electrical capcitors. An additive of an epoxidized linseed oil in an amount from 0.1% to 30% by weight of DOP stabilizes the capacitors and thus prolongs their life.

Abstract: An improved electrical insulating oil and oil-filled electrical appliances impregnated therewith. The electrical insulating oil can be produced inexpensively but has excellent electrical characteristics and it comprises a fraction having boiling points in the range of 350.degree. to 450.degree. C. that is prepared by disproportionating diarylalkane or a hydrocarbon mixture mainly containing the same at temperatures in the range of 20.degree. to 500.degree. C. in the presence of a disproportionation catalyst, said diarylalkane having boiling points in the range of 260.degree. to 320.degree. C.

Abstract: An improved electrical insulating oil and oil-filled electrical appliances impregnated therewith. The electrical insulating oil has a low viscosity, low pour point and other excellent electrical characteristics and it comprises an isomer mixture of dibenzylbenzenes in which the quantity of p-dibenzylbenzene is not more that 10% by weight and the weight ratio of m-dibenzylbenzene/o-dibenzylbenzene is not lower than 3.