Abstract: A method and test device for testing protection relays, the test device having a signal generator. The signal generator supplies a signal as pulses having pause times, which alternate over time. Signal level is reduced during the pause times and at least one pulse has an amplitude at least higher than one of the preceding pulses. A supply voltage is supplied by an accumulator providing electric energy for generating the pulses. Via the accumulator, a greater mobility and flexibility is ensured, and fuel-fed power units or emergency power units may be omitted. In order to reduce the load (average energy) on the accumulator, the signal generator emits the signal as pulses having pause times. The pulse amplitudes may have an increasing trend to reach a switching threshold. This allows the use of smaller and more compact, which is important for a portable test device.

Abstract: A control unit of an electric power transmission apparatus is configured to perform alignment processing in which an electric power transmission unit and an electric power reception unit are aligned with each other and foreign matter sensing processing for sensing whether or not a foreign matter is present between the electric power transmission unit and the electric power reception unit, by using an image shot by a camera. The control unit selects an alignment prioritized mode in which alignment processing is performed in preference to foreign matter sensing processing before start of electric power transmission, and selects a foreign matter sensing prioritized mode in which foreign matter sensing processing is performed in preference to alignment processing during electric power transmission.

Abstract: A dangerous, higher-frequency (>1 kHz) earth fault current in an electrical drive system operated in an electrical grid and having a power converter and an electrical drive machine can be prevented by producing a common-mode voltage with a defined common-mode voltage component in the power converter at a selected low frequency (<1 kHz); in the event of an earth fault in the electrical drive system, flowing at the selected low frequency a common-mode current component of a common-mode current through a predominantly ohmic conductor-to-earth impedance on the basis of the defined common-mode voltage component; measuring a total common-mode current in one of several current circuits of the electrical drive system; determining from the total current the common-mode current component; and when the common-mode current component reaches a reference value, disconnecting the electrical drive system from the electrical grid.

Abstract: Method and system allowing more accurate detection and identification of unwanted arcing include novel processing of signal voltage representing recovered power-line current. In one implementation, arc-faults are detected based on numerical analysis where individual cycles of line voltage and current are observed and data collected during each cycle is processed to estimate likelihood of presence of arc-event within each individual cycle based on pre-defined number of arc-events occurring within pre-defined number of contiguous cycles.

Abstract: A clip-on ammeter includes a current measurement unit, an evaluation unit and a USB interface. The current measurement unit records current values and provides the current values as measurement values for transfer purposes. The evaluation unit includes an ND converter and is connected to the current measurement unit. The evaluation unit allows the measurement values to be transmitted in a processable form as USB compatible digital data to the USB interface. The USB interface is connected to the evaluation unit and the USB interface allows the USB compatible data to be made available for transfer purposes to be further processed. The evaluation unit is energized via the USB interface. The clip-on ammeter includes a voltage transformer. The voltage transformer provides a stabilized voltage as a reference voltage for the current measurement unit.

Abstract: An electronic temperature switch, comprises a measurement circuit that measures temperature and generates an temperature signal corresponding to the sensed temperature; an evaluator circuit that receives said temperature signal and compares said temperature signal to a lower threshold value and an upper threshold value, and generates an evaluation signal indicating when said temperature signal is between the lower temperature threshold value and an higher temperature threshold value; and a loading circuit that in response to the evaluator circuit, generates a first pre-set output signal indicating when the temperature signal is between the lower threshold value and the higher threshold value, and a second pre-set output signal when the temperature signal is not between the lower threshold value and the higher threshold value.

Abstract: An apparatus for compensating for a position information error of a resolver includes: a resolver-digital converter configured to generate a corresponding output angle by estimating resolver position information from a resolver output signal; and a position error compensation learner configured to determine a position error component in a corresponding electric angular velocity of the resolver output signal using the resolver output signal and the output angle and to convert the position error component to a position error component in an electric angular velocity 0. The resolver-digital converter compensates for an error by reflecting the position error component in the electric angular velocity 0 in the error between a position angle of the resolver output signal and the output angle.

Abstract: An AFCI protective system includes a MOV circuit that has a plurality of line terminals comprising at least one phase conductor, a neutral conductor or a ground conductor. A MOV is coupled to a pair of line terminals through a low impedance circuit, and a response circuit configured to activate a human readable indicator when the MOV is experiencing an end of life condition.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is a liquid system tool having an integrated residual current device, RCD. The liquid system tool comprises a current circuit having a power input for receiving an alternating electrical current, AC, a rectifier for rectifying the AC into a direct current, DC, a voltage booster for increasing a DC voltage and a motor unit connected to an output of the voltage booster for driving the liquid system tool. The RCD comprises a sensor element connected to an output of the rectifier and an input of the voltage booster and being configured to collect an analog current signal and an analog to digital, A/D, converter configured to convert the analog current signal into a digital current signal.

Abstract: The present invention increases noise immunity of an electrical leakage detection circuit. A first comparator COMP1 generates a first comparison signal indicating a comparison result between a voltage corresponding to a detected signal from a zero-phase-sequence current transformer and a predetermined first threshold voltage VTH1. A judgment circuit outputs a judgment signal indicating if there is electrical leakage based on the first comparison signal and outputs a mask signal corresponding to the first comparison signal. A mask circuit generates a latch input signal based on the judgment signal and the mask signal. An output stage comprises a latch circuit which latches a state of the latch input signal when the latch input signal is asserted. The output stage generates a drive signal corresponding to the state of the latch circuit.

Abstract: Safety power disconnection for remote power distribution in power distribution systems is disclosed. The power distribution system includes one or more power distribution circuits each configured to remotely distribute power from a power source over current carrying power conductors to remote units to provide power for remote unit operations. A remote unit is configured to decouple power from the power conductors thereby disconnecting the load of the remote unit from the power distribution system. A current measurement circuit in the power distribution system measures current flowing on the power conductors and provides a current measurement to the controller circuit. The controller circuit is configured to disconnect the power source from the power conductors for safety reasons in response to detecting a current from the power source in excess of a threshold current level indicating a load.

Abstract: A foreign object detecting device includes first and second coils, the winding directions of which are the same, and a foreign object detecting circuit. The foreign object detecting circuit outputs a first detecting signal having a first predetermined waveform to a first terminal of the first coil and outputs a second detecting signal having a second predetermined waveform, which has the same polarity as the first predetermined waveform, to a third terminal of the second coil to cause magnetic fields generated from the first and second coils to repel each other. The foreign object detecting circuit measures an amount of change of the impedance value of the first or second coil which is caused by the presence of a foreign object. When the amount of change exceeds a predetermined value, the foreign object detecting circuit determines that there is a foreign object above the first or second coil.

Abstract: A circuit interrupter including a first electrical conductor, a second electrical conductor, separable contacts, an operating mechanism configured to open and close said separable contacts, a trip circuit configured to trip open said separable contacts, a ground fault detection circuit configured to sense a difference between a current through the first electrical conductor and a current through the second electrical conductor and to output an output signal based on said sensed difference, a power supply, a confirmation circuit structured to input a confirmation signal to the power supply, and a processor configured to receive said direct current power and said output signal. The processor is configured to determine whether a characteristic of said confirmation signal is present in said output signal and to control the trip circuit based on said determination.

Abstract: The present disclosure discloses a grounding wire detection circuit, for monitoring whether an electrical device is grounded in real time, the grounding wire detection circuit including: a grounding detection circuit and a sampling control circuit, wherein the grounding detection circuit is electrically connected to a live wire, a neutral wire and a grounding wire of a single-phase three-wire type input, the live wire and the neutral wire are electrically connected to a main circuit of the electrical device; and the sampling control circuit is configured to isolate a current detected by the grounding detection circuit and convert the current into a sampling voltage. The real-time monitoring of whether or not a device is grounded may be achieved by detecting the sampling voltage, so as to alarm, cut off electrical device accordingly, which can improve safety of using the electrical device.

Abstract: A solid-state circuit interrupter and arc prevention device (SSI/APD) is disclosed. The SSI/APD is designed to be configured in series with a mechanical circuit breaker and serves to interrupt current flowing through the circuit it is protecting upon a short circuit being detected or if an overload has persisted for an inordinate amount of time. The SSI/APD is capable of detecting and responding to faults in a matter of microseconds and detects and responds to faults on its own, without requiring the mechanical circuit breaker to trip. The mechanical circuit breaker can be optionally tripped after the SSI/APD has opened the circuit. However, the mechanical circuit breaker is tripped only after the SSI/APD has interrupted the circuit, so electrical arcing across the circuit breaker's contacts is avoided. The SSI/APD can also be reset remotely after a fault has been cleared, obviating the need for a person to be present to reset it.

Abstract: A guide member is for an electrical switching apparatus. The electrical switching apparatus includes a primary cover, a secondary cover structured to move between a closed position and an open position, a first printed circuit board, a second printed circuit board spaced from the first printed circuit board, and a cable member electrically connecting the first and second printed circuit boards. The guide member includes a body having a base coupled to the primary cover, a ramp engaging the cable member when the secondary cover is in the closed position, the ramp having first and second opposing end portions, the first end portion extending from the base, and a number of guide portions each extending from the ramp and engaging the cable member when the secondary cover moves between the closed position and the open position in order to minimize twisting and folding of the cable member.

Abstract: A ground fault circuit interrupter device includes a switch module, a ground fault detection module, a self-testing module and a tripping module. The switch module is coupled between the input and output ends to control the electrical connection between the input and output. The ground fault detection module detects whether a leakage current signal exists at the output end. The self-testing module is coupled to the ground fault detection module and periodically generates a self-test pulse signal which simulates the leakage current signal. The tripping module is coupled to the ground fault detection module and the switch module, to control the movement of the switch module. The device includes at least two tripping drive components, which prevents the device from becoming ineffective when the tripping module malfunctions due to long time use or use under high temperatures. This greatly improves safety of the device.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to a power supply grounding fault protection circuit. A power supply grounding fault protection circuit may include a power supply circuit, a leakage grounding detection circuit, a signal amplifying and shaping circuit, a microcontroller control circuit, a power supply detection and indicator circuit, a tripping mechanism control circuit, a reverse grounding detection and execution circuit, a wireless network circuit, and an automatic resetting circuit. The practice of the present disclosure may permit a user to reset the grounding fault circuit interrupter remotely after a leaking fault of a circuit is eliminated.

Abstract: A control system for a vehicle includes a controller. The controller is configured to open traction battery contactors based on a potential between high-voltage cables and a chassis continuously exceeding an amplitude threshold for at least a predefined duration of time. The controller is further configured to selectively open the contactors based on data derived from the potential for periods that are each defined by the potential exceeding and then falling below the amplitude threshold without exceeding the predefined duration of time.

Abstract: Embodiments herein relate to a system and method for detecting a degraded isolation impedance in a positively sourced remote load. The system includes a remote load driven by a direct current (DC) source, and a controller operably connected to the remote load having a positive sourcing driver interface with a dedicated return having the DC source on an output leg and a dedicated return leg. The positive sourcing driver also including a switching device configured controllably connect a DC voltage supply to the output leg of the DC voltage source, a first impedance operably connected between the output leg and ground, a second impedance operably connected between the dedicated return leg and a negative voltage supply, and a clamping and limiting device operably connected in series between the dedicated return leg and ground, the clamping device configured to limit a positive voltage on the return leg.

Abstract: A method and associated device for detecting arcs in a photovoltaic system with an inverter and with a plurality of current collector circuits connected in parallel with the inverter via collector lines, wherein a plurality of strings of photovoltaic modules are connected in parallel with each current collector circuit via string lines. The method includes acquiring measured values of electrical variables and analyzing the measured values of the electrical variables for the presence of signs of an arc in the photovoltaic system using an analysis circuit and generating an arc signal which indicates the presence of an arc if the analyzed measured values meet predefined criteria. The method also includes acquiring measured values of acoustic variables using one or more acoustic sensors, and analyzing the measured values of the acoustic variables for the presence of signs of an arc in the photovoltaic system using the analysis circuit.

Abstract: A ground fault circuit interrupter device includes a switch module having a reset switch, a control switch mechanically linked to the reset switch, a ground fault detection module, a self-testing module and a tripping module. The switch module controls the electrical connection between the input and output ends of the device. The ground fault detection module detects a leakage current signal at the output end. The self-testing module is coupled to the ground fault detection module and periodically generates a self-test pulse signal which simulates the leakage current signal. The tripping module is electrically coupled to the ground fault detection module and mechanically coupled to the switch module and the control switch, to control the movement of the switch module and the control switch. The control switch, which opens and closes at the same time as the reset switch, controls the power supply to the self-testing module.

Abstract: Surge protective devices having surge protective and overvoltage protection capability are provided. In one example embodiment, the surge protective device can include a surge protection circuit. The surge protection device can include an overvoltage protection circuit coupled in series with the surge protection circuit. The overvoltage protection circuit can include a voltage sensing circuit associated with a voltage threshold, one or more switching elements, and/or a gating circuit coupled to the voltage sensing circuit. The gating circuit can be configured to control the one or more switching elements to be in a non-conducting state when the voltage sensing circuit detects a voltage that exceeds the voltage threshold.

Abstract: An overload monitoring device for an electrical system including a measuring device for current and/or voltage, a time measuring device and an evaluation device connected to the measuring device and the time measuring device being provided, the evaluation device being designed for generating parameters from measured values of the measuring device and/or for detecting an overload situation based on the measured values and/or the parameters using time data of the time measuring device. A method for overload monitoring of an electrical system is also described, measured values being determined for a current and/or a voltage of the electrical system; time data being determined; parameters based on the measured values being generated; and an overload situation being detected based on the measured values and/or the parameters using the time data.

Abstract: A circuit includes a voltage source, a transistor, a load current sensor, a hardware latch and a logic circuit. The transistor is connected between the voltage source and a load. The sensor emits a fault signal when the load current exceeds a predetermined value. The hardware latch sets a latch signal when it receives the fault signal and maintains the latch signal until it receives a rearm signal. The logic circuit receives the latch signal from the hardware latch and also receives a software command for controlling turning on and off of the circuit. When the latch signal is not set, the logic circuit converts the software command to a control voltage applied at a gate of the transistor, turning on the transistor to allow power delivery to the load. A system includes a microcontroller providing software commands and rearm signals to a plurality of circuits.

Abstract: A universal ground fault circuit interrupter (GFCI) device for interrupting the flow of current through a pair of lines extending between a source of power and a load. The GFCI device is easily adaptable to fit into a plurality of enclosure types and includes a top surface having a stationary assembly. The stationary assembly includes a load section a GFCI circuit section, and a power source section, wherein the components of the device are arranged to minimize space, maintain arcing and dielectric prevention distances, and allow for peripheral load and source connections facilitating easy adaptability into a variety of GFCI enclosures.

Abstract: A mobile device having a hair straightening iron, a battery and a case body is disclosed. The case body can include a recess for receiving a mobile device and a charging port to connect to the mobile device when the mobile device is in the case body. The case body can include a switch for connecting the hair straightening iron to the battery to selectively power the hair straightening iron.

Abstract: A charge demand controller device for electric vehicles or the like, preferably for installation with an existing residential electrical control panel, connects between a main switch and the electrical control panel made to operate at a maximum amperage value. The device includes a controller unit that constantly monitors an actual total load current at the input line connector from the main switch, and selectively operates a load switch controlling an electric vehicle supply equipment (EVSE) upon the actual total load current being above or below a trip value being a predetermined safety ratio of the maximum amperage value.

Abstract: Techniques are disclosed relating to electrical safety systems that may be useful, for example, in electromagnetic geophysical prospecting. Electromagnetic streamer systems often include a number of electrical loads in series that are powered by a constant-current power supply unit. Known techniques for detecting electrical faults have various drawbacks in such an arrangement. Embodiments of this disclosure may be used to mitigate some or all of such drawbacks.

Abstract: A storage server system includes a storage module including at least one storage device for generating at least one present signal, a micro controller coupled to the storage module for generating a setting signal according to the at least one present signal and system information, and a tunable resistor coupled to the micro controller, wherein a resistance of the tunable resistor is corresponding to an over current protection value of the storage server system.

Abstract: A circuit protection device for an electrical distribution system includes a trip unit, a network interface, a processor, and a memory device. The trip unit is configured to selectively trip to prevent a flow of electrical current through the circuit protection device. The network interface is configured for communicative coupling to a communication network. The memory device stories instructions that, when executed by the processor, cause the processor to transmit, using the network interface, zones selective interlocking (ZSI) data to another circuit protection device coupled to the communication network. The ZSI data is formatted according to a network communication protocol of the communication network.

Abstract: An auto-monitoring circuit including a first input structured to receive a signal from a processor of a circuit interrupter, a second input structured to receive power from a circuit protected by the circuit interrupter, a first switch structured to remain closed while the signal is received at the first input and remains above a predetermined threshold level and to open when the signal ceases to be received at the first input or drops below the predetermined threshold level, a second switch structured to remain open while the first switch is closed and to close when the first switch opens, and an output electrically connected to a trip circuit of the circuit interrupter. Closing the second switch causes a trip signal to be output to the trip circuit that causes the trip circuit to trip open the separable contacts.

Abstract: An insulation detector for highly accurately detecting or measuring, with a simple configuration, insulation resistance of a load or an apparatus to a ground or a housing and connected to an electric apparatus including one or both of an intra-apparatus capacitor and a battery, the insulation detector including an intra-insulation detector capacitor, a voltage detecting unit that detects a voltage of the intra-insulation detector capacitor, and a current-path forming switch for connecting the ground or the housing, the intra-apparatus capacitor, and the intra-insulation detector capacitor in series and forming a current path including insulation resistance of the electric apparatus. The insulation detector measures the insulation resistance by measuring a time constant of a change in the voltage of the intra-insulation detector capacitor.

Abstract: A power line resistance sensing device adapted to a lamp system with an LED module connected to a power supply between a supply line and a ground line. The power line resistance sensing device includes a control unit including a first pin connected to an LED switch to turn on or turn off the LED module; a second pin connected to a testing switch to fire a testing current from a testing current source into the lamp system before a full conduction of the lamp system; and a third pin used to receive a voltage drop induced by the testing current fired in the lamp system. The control unit is configured to compare the voltage drop with a predetermined safety voltage drop, thereby controlling the LED switch.

Abstract: Circuit interrupting devices are provided. One circuit interrupting device includes a fault sensor configured to output a sensor signal; a voltage sensor configured to sense a reference voltage; and a controller configured to determine an occurrence of an actual fault based on the sensor signal and the reference voltage. The circuit interrupting device further includes an amplifier configured to receive the sensor signal and the reference voltage and output an amplified signal; an analog-to-digital converter configured to receive the reference voltage and the amplified signal and output respective digital signals corresponding to the reference voltage and the amplified signal; and a line interrupt assembly configured to interrupt current flow through a conductive path when a characteristic of the sensor signal exceeds an actual fault threshold.

Abstract: In general, certain embodiments of the present disclosure provide methods and systems for determination and assessment of arc flash hazards at an equipment in an electrical power system operative at 400-Hz. According to various embodiments, a method is provided comprising determining an arc current at the equipment and generating an arc flash model based on the determined arc current. The method further comprises determining a value of arc flash incident energy by use of the arc flash model. In some embodiments, an arc flash protection boundary distance and/or a level of Prosomal Protection Equipment (PPE) are further determined by use of the value of arc flash incident energy for the equipment in the 400-Hz electrical power system.

Abstract: Power systems having a DC content, such as photovoltaic (solar) panels present a problem if an arc fault appears because of a small break in a cable. The present disclosure describes an arc fault detection system that captures data in segments, examines the frequency spectrum to remove ‘false arc’ signatures and interference from a power converter of the power system, and then examines the cleaned frequency spectrum for arc events.

Abstract: An arc fault circuit interrupter is disclosed. This arc fault circuit interrupter can include any one or more of three different sensors such as a high frequency sensor, and any one of lower frequency sensors such as a current sensor or a differential sensor. The arc fault circuit interrupter can be configured as an in line arc fault circuit interrupter installed in a wall box. In addition, the arc fault circuit interrupter can include a processor configured to determine any one of a series arc fault, or a parallel arc fault.

Abstract: Methods and systems for secured control of circuit breakers in an electric power substation against undesired direct operation. Consequences of a malicious action are prevented or mitigated using a validation approach that either blocks the command or ensures a negligible effect on system operation. An example method, suitable for implementation in a monitoring device in an electric power substation, includes receiving a command to open or close a circuit breaker. In response, one or more state parameters for the electric power network that comprises the substation are then predicted, the predicted state parameters reflecting an operating state for the network under the assumption that the received command is executed. The method further comprises comparing the predicted one or more state parameters to corresponding operational limits. Execution of the command is then blocked, in response to determining that one or more of the predicted state parameters violate the corresponding operational limits.

Abstract: Various embodiments herein relate to power distribution networks for optically switchable windows. In some embodiments, a system for monitoring and maintaining a power distribution network of optically switchable windows of a site is provided. The system includes a control panel monitor which is configured to determine a control panel voltage and current at a terminal of a control panel. The system further includes sense circuitry which is configured to determine a first window controller voltage and current for a first window controller of a plurality of window controllers. The system further includes one or more controllers which are configured to generate voltage network data based on a combination of the control panel voltage and current and the first window controller voltage and current. The system then determines an error condition in the power distribution network based on the voltage network data.

Abstract: The present invention provides a method for accurately determining the power usage on an unbalanced two phase electrical circuit having both two phase and single phase loads using a single current transformer (CT). The method includes a learning algorithm stored in a memory of a monitoring device, the algorithm configured to be implemented by a processor. The learning algorithm determines whether the CT is monitoring the conductor that supplies the single phase load and alerting the installer if it is not monitoring the conductor supplying the single phase load. Upon determining that the CT is monitoring the conductor that supplies the single phase load the learning algorithm will learn the characteristics of at least the single phase load and store the learned characteristic in a memory associated of the monitoring device.

Abstract: One embodiment provides an electric leakage detecting device for shutting off an AC electric circuit. A digital comparator generates a detection signal by comparing an output signal corresponding to output signals of a zero-phase current transformer with positive and negative thresholds, a control signal generator generates a control signal based on the detection signal, and a judging device generates a judgment signal if an electric leakage state is judged. In addition, a delay counter generates a final control signal if the judgment signal has been received continuously more than a first prescribed time, a reset counter resets every time the control signal is received, and resets the judging device and the delay counter if the control signal is not received in a second prescribed time, and a switch driving circuit shuts off the AC electric circuit based on the final control signal.

Abstract: The present invention provides a power-cable ground current self-adaptive monitoring method. The steps including configuring a sample baseline, determining an impact factor set of the sample data, sampling real-time data of ground current by a power-cable ground current monitoring system, perform digital filtering on the sampled real-time data of ground current, applying a self-adaptive method to process the filtered sample data, and uploading the processed sample data to a backend monitoring device for real-time monitoring. The present invention may solve high energy loss and low information amount problems. The power consumption of monitoring device may be reduced by more than 50%, and server resource occupancy percentage may be lowered by about 20%. Efficiencies of evaluating external insulation status of the are enhanced.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method and to a device for shutting down an installation part provided with connected equipment in an ungrounded power supply system in case of an insulation fault in a direct-current circuit connected to the installation part to be shut down. The invention is based on first determining the insulation resistance of the IT power supply system and measuring the displacement direct voltage present in the IT power supply system and then determining by combined evaluation of the measured results if there is a risk of an disruptive influence on the operating behavior of the connected equipment due to the displacement direct voltage occurring during the duration of a predeterminable time interval. If a disruptive influence is to be expected, the installation part exhibiting the insulation fault is immediately shut down together with the direct-current circuit and the equipment connected thereto.

Abstract: A circuit interrupter includes an electronic trip unit structured to receive power from a power supply. The electronic trip unit includes a start-up process and is structured to proceed through the start-up process when the electronic trip unit begins receiving power from the power supply and a timing circuit including a capacitor structured to begin charging when the electronic trip unit begins receiving power from the power supply. The electronic trip unit includes a processor that is structured to read a voltage across the capacitor when the start-up process has completed and to determine an elapsed time of the start-up process based on the read voltage across the capacitor.

Abstract: An electrical safety product circuit topology and its equivalent variations for sensing, control, and reporting of household AC wall current, voltage, power, and energy use, and status of its Ground-and-Arc-Fault-Interrupting internal circuit breaker, is presented herein. The architecture includes any choice of telemetry platform, presumes a plurality of its kind join a wireless network with a plurality of other products endowed with the same platform faculty. Topology variations claimed include current and differential current sensing by toroid or other transformer or by Hall semiconductor means, and include fault condition recognition by microprocessor-based algorithms, or by various analog circuit or digital signal processing (DSP) means. Embodiment variations claimed include any modular circuit breaker panel component form factor, any in-wall outlet or switch-box form factor, and any plug-in AC socket module, in-cord module, and outlet strip form factor.

Abstract: A method and system for operating an inverter, which has a terminal with four conductor connectors for connection of the inverter to three outer conductors and to a neutral conductor of an AC voltage grid is disclosed. The method includes determining a connection configuration of the inverter to the AC voltage grid by actuating switching elements of a bridge circuit of the inverter to generate a zero-phase sequence system having a zero-phase sequence system current, and measuring and evaluating output currents of the inverter with respect to the zero-phase sequence system current. The method also includes identifying a presence of a connection of the neutral conductor to a conductor connector provided for connection to the neutral conductor when the zero-phase sequence system current exceeds a prescribed threshold value and identifying that the neutral conductor is not connected to the conductor connector provided for connection to the neutral conductor otherwise.

Abstract: A method of automatically generating a fault model from a network diagram comprising parsing a network diagram to identify schematic components and schematic interfaces, mapping each schematic component to a respective standard component, and mapping each schematic interface to a respective standard interface, generating component failure information for each schematic component based on the respective standard component, wherein component failure information includes standard failure modes of the respective standard component, generating interface failure information for each schematic interface based on the respective standard interface, wherein interface failure information includes standard failure modes of the respective standard interface, and constructing a fault model specific to the network diagram based on component failure information and interface failure information.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to a short-circuit sensor for detecting a short-circuit current in an electrical line. The short-circuit sensor includes an integrator, a coupling device, and a detection device. The coupling device is configured to inductively couple the integrator to the electrical line and to supply an induced signal to the integrator. The integrator is configured to integrate the induced signal to obtain an integrated signal. The detection device is configured to compare an amplitude value of the integrated signal with a prescribed threshold value and to detect the short-circuit current if the amplitude value of the integrated signal exceeds the prescribed threshold value.

Abstract: There is provided an integration of the leakage current functions of an RCD and the voltage sensing functions of other prior art protection devices. By integrating the two capabilities into one decision making system/algorithm, and considering the circuits performance in terms of leakage current as it correlated with elevated protective earth voltages (and vice versa), an embodiment is created which is able to “look into” a protected electrical system and make much more precise and discerning decisions on electrical status and probability of unsafe events. The resultant technology attends to the outstanding issues with the prior art technologies as they stand, and provides a protection solution that covers the entire range of electrical power wiring configurations and the practical complexities of modern electrical works.