Abstract: An overcurrent protection circuit of a GOA circuit is provided. A voltage signal from a control signal source of the GOA circuit is converted into a current signal, and then the current signal is amplified. Subsequently, a product of the amplified current signal and a load resistor is compared with a threshold voltage. If the product is larger than the threshold voltage, a controller controls a switch to output a low voltage level signal to ensure that the GOA circuit is at an overcurrent protected state. In this way, the panel is prevented from being damaged due to overabundant currents. Besides, the comparison of the amplified current signal is good for decreasing detection difficulties, enhancing precision of a measurement, and lowering risk of operation mistakes. Moreover, 2D and 3D modes in overcurrent protection through different load circuits improve the effect of protection.

Abstract: A self-testing circuit interrupting device including Ground Fault Circuit Interrupter protection, the circuit interrupting device usable with single phase power where a test pulse is injected into a falling edge of the electrical signal at a point greater than 54.2% of the maximum amplitude of the electrical signal. The circuit interrupting device usable with dual phase power where the test pulse is injected into a falling edge of the electrical signal at 0.879 ms from a minimum amplitude of the electrical signal.

Abstract: Method and apparatus for analyzing waveform signals of a power system. A waveform signal obtained from the power system is digitalized and then filtered. One or more segments are identified on the filtered waveform signal and, based on the information content of the identified segments, each of the one or more identified segments are classified as corresponding to a normal or abnormal condition occurred in the power system.

Abstract: A car control device according to an embodiment includes a converter and an inverter, a first contactor disposed between the transformer and the converter, a second contactor and a resistor connected in series with each other and in parallel with the first contactor, a first voltage detector and a second voltage detector disposed between the converter and the inverter, and a control unit. After the second contactor is closed and before the first contactor is closed, the control unit calculates a voltage difference between a first voltage value detected by the first voltage detector and a second voltage value detected by the second voltage detector, compares the calculated voltage difference with a predefined threshold value, and determines that at least one of the first voltage detector and the second voltage detector malfunctions when the voltage difference is greater than the threshold value.

Abstract: A deterioration detecting apparatus includes: a capacitor that is connected to an electric power source through a connection switch; a deterioration detection switch that is provided between the electric power source and a ground point; a charging-path forming unit that controls the connection switch and the deterioration detection switch, such that the electric power source, the capacitor, and the ground point are connected, to form a charging path for charging the capacitor; a voltage detecting unit that detects a voltage of the capacitor charged through the charging path; and a deterioration detecting unit that detects a deterioration in elements such as the capacitor positioned on the charging path, on the basis of the voltage of the capacitor detected by the voltage detecting unit.

Abstract: A wiring device including a fault detection circuit, an actuating device, a first switching device, a second switching device, and a third switching device. The fault detection circuit is configured to detect one or more fault conditions and generate a trigger signal. The first switching device is activated to turn on when said trigger signal is received from said fault detection circuit. The second switching device includes a first pin, a second pin, and a third pin, said second switching device is electrically connected to a first conductive winding of the actuating device and said first switching device. The third switching device includes a first pin, a second pin, and a third pin, said third switching device is electrically connected to a second conductive winding of the actuating device and said first switching device.

Abstract: A method and system for detecting and locating a single-phase ground fault on a low current grounded power-distribution network, comprising: respectively testing and picking up the voltage signals and current signals at multiple positions on each phase feeder (61), and determining the corresponding transient voltage signals and transient current signals according to the extraction of the voltage signals and the current signals (62); when the change in the transient voltage signals and the transient current signals exceeds a preset threshold (63), synchronously picking up the voltage signals and current signals at multiple positions on a three-phase feeder (64); calculating corresponding zero-sequence voltages and zero-sequence currents according to the voltage signals and current signals synchronously picked up at multiple positions on the three-phase feeder (65), and then extracting the steady-state signal and transient signal of the zero-sequence voltage and zero-sequence current at each position on the thr

Abstract: A fuse box that is designed to prevent damage caused by arc faults and electrical overcurrent. The apparatus is configured to function as a circuit breaker. The apparatus includes a housing, a circuit breaker, an optical sensor, and an electronic controller. The housing is an enclosure that isolates the circuit breaker from light and protects the components from physical damage. The circuit breaker opens the circuit between connected electrical systems when arc fault or an electrical overcurrent is detected. The optical sensor detects arc faults and relays notifications to the electronic controller. The electronic controller enables a user to set the thresholds for arc faults, currents, and voltages that cause the circuit breaker to open.

Abstract: A method of processing current transformer data, performed by an electronic trip unit, includes obtaining first current data based on a first current signal from a first current transformer, second current data based on a second current signal from a second current transformer, and third current data based on a third current signal from a third current transformer. Using the current data, it is determined whether one of the current transformers is connected to the electronic trip unit with an improper polarity. Upon determining that one of the current transformers is connected to the electronic trip unit with an improper polarity, the obtained current data corresponding to the current transformer that is connected with improper polarity is automatically inverted. A ground fault calculation is performed using the automatically inverted current data.

Abstract: The invention discloses a circuit protection device with self fault detection function. The ground fault protection unit comprises a ground fault detection circuit, an AC power supply path and an electromagnetic drive circuit. The self fault detection unit comprises an automatic detection circuit and a control circuit. The control circuit starts periodically a self fault detection process, controls the automatic detection circuit to generate a ground fault current GFC to the ground fault protection unit, and detects the fault status signal from the electromagnetic drive circuit. Based on the fault status signal, operation situations of the ground fault protection unit can be determined. If a fault occurs, an emergency interruption signal is generated, and that activates the electromagnetic drive circuit to make the ground fault protection unit trip in emergency, and cut off the AC power supply on load and socket terminals, and thus the emergency protection function is achieved.

Abstract: An apparatus for providing data communication and power to a device located in a room having a power outlet is disclosed. The power outlet may be a standard AC outlet, for example. The apparatus includes a cable extending from the device and having a plug comprising a plug body. Prongs extend from the plug body and couple to the power outlet to receive power. A first near field communication antenna is carried by the plug body. A communication module has a second near field communication antenna and is located in the room in proximity to the plug. At least one of the first near field communication antenna and the second near field communication antenna communicates data wirelessly to the other of the first near field communication antenna and the second near field communication antenna.

Abstract: A recordable medium on which software code is stored. The software code including code for monitoring a test signal. The software code further including code for determining an end-of-life state of an electrical wiring device if the test signal is less than a threshold value a first predetermined number of times within a first predetermined time period, and code for generating an alarm signal when the end-of-life state is determined.

Abstract: A method and an apparatus for monitoring a photovoltaic module to reduce a commissioning workload and reduce commissioning complexity, the method includes obtaining communication addresses of all module voltage monitoring apparatuses, establishing a connection to a corresponding module voltage monitoring apparatus using the communication address, obtaining a relative voltage of a corresponding module relative to a voltage reference point from the module voltage monitoring apparatus to which the connection is established; obtaining, according to relative voltages obtained from all the module voltage monitoring apparatuses, a physical location that is of a module corresponding to each module voltage monitoring apparatus and that is in the photovoltaic string; establishing an information table according to the communication address of each module voltage monitoring apparatus and the physical location of the module corresponding to each module voltage monitoring apparatus, and performing module abnormality detect

Abstract: A system and method for assisting the start of an electrically powered vehicle comprising a battery and processing means configured to: a) receive a sequence of voltage measurements by a sensor connected between the high voltage terminals of the battery and a chassis, b) compare the sequence of voltage measurements received from the sensor with previously established voltage patterns, wherein each voltage pattern is formed by a sequence of voltage values, and wherein each voltage pattern is associated to an insulation resistance value, c) select the voltage pattern whose voltage values are closest to the voltage values of the sequence of voltage measurements received from the sensor, d) establish the insulation resistance value of the battery from selected voltage pattern, and e) enable starting of the vehicle if the insulation resistance value obtained exceeds a predetermined insulation resistance threshold value that ensures the insulation of the battery.

Abstract: A single-phase-to-earth fault processing device for a neutral non-effectively grounded distribution network includes a split-phase arc quenching device connected between earth and a three-phase bus of the distribution network, and a controller with an input end connected with a single-phase-to-earth phase selection device of the distribution network. The split-phase arc quenching device includes a multiphase switching device which operates independently for each phase, and a fuse connected in series with the multiphase switching device. The controller is for controlling opening and closing of three single-phase switches in the multiphase switching device. A single-phase-to-earth fault processing method firstly controls the split-phase arc quenching device to preprocess the fault. If the fault still exists, through a ground resistor a zero-sequence current is generated on a fault line.

Abstract: A system for on-line bushing monitoring and geo-magnetically induced current monitoring utilizes a Hall Effect current transducer and obtains the harmonic component of the signals through the measurement of bushing test tap current which provides a more reliable measurement method since the bushings provide a capacitive voltage divider that is not subject to saturation which is a drawback of using current transformers to obtain the signals. The system combines the existing harmonic analysis functions of the bushing monitor measurement system with the measured neutral direct current to provide an economical and efficient system that monitors both bushing condition and GIC conditions with one common monitoring module.

Abstract: An electrical power distribution system comprises recloser monitors that monitor power line voltages to thereby whether reclosers are open or closed. The recloser monitors report the voltages and associated times to a remote recipient, such as by cell phone. Momentary voltage drops that do not result in a power outage are reported as well. At least some of the recloser monitors are carried by power poles and desirably comprise weather stations for reporting localized weather conditions. The overall efficiency and reliability of the power distribution system is improved by allowing for more rapid identification of outage locations and proactive repair of power system components prior to actual outages.

Abstract: Systems, methods, apparatus, and articles of manufacture to facilitate playback of multimedia content are disclosed. An example apparatus includes a network interface configured to receive audio content over a playback network. A processor comprising instructions which when executed, cause the processor to detect that a portable playback device has joined the playback network. The processor is to update a state variable to indicate that the portable playback device has joined the playback network. The processor is to play audio content received over the playback network based on the state variable. The processor is to detect that the portable playback device is not joined to the playback network. The processor is to, after detecting that the portable playback device is not joined to the playback network, update the state variable to indicate that the portable playback device is not joined to the playback network.

Abstract: A circuit interrupter includes a line conductor, a neutral conductor, separable contacts structured to open to interrupt current flowing through the line and neutral conductors, a circuit interrupter circuit structured to detect a fault based on current flowing through the line and neutral conductors and to output a trip signal in response to detecting the fault, a trip circuit structured to trip open the separable contacts in response to the trip signal, and an audible indicator circuit structured to output an audible sound in response to the trip circuit tripping open the separable contacts.

Abstract: An electrical receptacle assembly including a first and second housing, a circuit and an electrical cable. The first housing has a plurality of electrical power output selections. The second housing has an electrical receptacle connector presented on a face thereof, the circuit is in the second housing being coupled to the connector. The electrical cable is coupled to the circuit and to the electrical power output selections, the circuit selecting one of the plurality of electrical power output selections to be supplied from the first housing to the connector.

Abstract: A multi-pole circuit interrupter configured to be coupled between an AC source and an electric load electronically detects a hazardous condition associated with energizing of poles and responds to overcome the hazardous condition using a solenoid. The multi-pole circuit interrupter comprises a first switch to energize a first pole on a phase A conductor of the multi-pole circuit interrupter and a second switch to energize a second pole on a phase B conductor of the multi-pole circuit interrupter. The multi-pole circuit interrupter further comprises an electronic solid-state circuit coupled to the phase A conductor and the phase B conductor to detect a line voltage variation and control a current to a device in response to trip an energized pole among the first pole and the second pole if only one of the first pole and the second pole is energized when a user controls a tie bar to turn ON or turn OFF the multi-pole circuit interrupter or when a trip bar fails to trip one of the first pole and the second pole.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method and to devices for extended insulation-fault search in an IT power supply system using a multifunctional test current, wherein, selectively and depending on the application, the test current functions as a voltage compensation current so as to compensate a voltage increase in an active conductor of the IT power supply system, as a tripping current so as to trip a residual current protection device arranged in a subsystem of the IT power supply system and/or as a leakage-capacitance compensation current so as to compensate a capacitive leakage current. The test current can fulfil more than one of the cited functions simultaneously.

Abstract: A leakage current detection device connected between a power source and a load, which includes a self-testing or leakage current detection selection trigger unit, for selecting a leakage current detection mode or a self-testing mode; a self-testing unit, for periodically generating a simulated leakage current signal in the self-testing mode; and a leakage current detection unit, for detecting a leakage current signal in the leakage current detection mode and detecting the simulated leakage current signal in the self-testing mode. The selection trigger unit further causes the power source to be disconnected from the load when a leakage current signal is detected, and sends a self-testing result to the self-testing unit depending on whether the leakage current detection unit detects the simulated leakage current signal. The self-testing unit displays an indication of the self-testing result.

Abstract: Fault interrupting devices and methods for controlling the same are disclosed. The fault interrupting devices may include a switch on an electrical power line and a controller configured to operate the switch. The methods for controlling fault interrupting devices may include gathering data, determining from the data that a fault has occurred, opening the fault interrupting device to interrupt the fault, analyzing the data, and determining whether the fault interrupting device can be reclosed based at least partially on the analysis of the data.

Abstract: A ground fault detection circuit comprising a fuse and a fuse detect circuit. The fuse and the fuse detect circuit are arranged to be coupled in parallel between a reference point and a second point of a monitored circuit for which ground faults are to be detected. The fuse detect circuit is further arranged to detect a fuse break indicative of a ground fault condition and disable at least a portion of the monitored circuit.

Abstract: A system includes an electric motor controller configured to be coupled to an electric motor is provided. The controller includes a first power input, a second power input, and a third power input, each of the first, second, and third power inputs are configured to receive power from an alternating current (AC) power source. The controller also includes a microcontroller configured to generate a radio frequency (RF) signal in each of the first, second, and third power inputs. The controller further includes an RF based line sensing device configured to sense which one of said first, second, and third power inputs has received power from the AC power source based on the RF signal.

Abstract: According to one aspect of the present invention, a method and system for reducing building energy consumption is provided. The method is provided for saving building energy consumption by obtaining at least one energy use strategy in association with a current or future activity in a building. The method includes aggregating activity data from at least one system associated with the current or future activity and estimating an energy demand level based at least on the aggregated activity data. The method also includes generating at least one energy use strategy based at least on the estimated energy demand.

Abstract: A method and an apparatus for automatically detecting the intactness of ground electrodes in the bath of an induction furnace are described. According to the method a low DC or AC current is applied to an additional insulated electrode extending through the furnace bottom and being in connection with the melt. After melting of the charge this current is measured and compared with a reference value. If the magnitude of the current drops below the reference value an alarm signal is generated. Furthermore, methods and devices for localizing a ground fault are described. By this, the security of the operation of an induction furnace is improved.

Abstract: An electrical wiring device having a plurality of line and load terminals configured to be coupled to an AC electrical distribution system; an electro-optical assembly coupled to the line or load terminals, including at least one circuit coupled to an ambient light sensor, a light emitting assembly and a visual indicator element, the visual indicator element being configured to provide a visual indicator signal, the ambient light sensor being configured to provide a sensor signal corresponding to ambient light in the ambient environment, the at least one circuit being configured to read the sensor signal during a time period when the visual indicator signal are not being emitted, wherein at least one of the visual indicator element and the light emitting assembly is configured to provide a selectable color temperature signal based on user input; and a bidirectional light pipe including a first light pipe branch coupled to the visual indicator element, a second light pipe branch coupled to the ambient light se

Abstract: A device for monitoring a solenoid plunger position, comprising means for storing one or more inductance values for the solenoid indicative of desired positions of the solenoid plunger; means for measuring an actual inductance value of the solenoid; means for comparing the actual inductance value and the stored inductance values and for providing an indication of the actual position of the solenoid plunger based on the comparison.

Abstract: A linear light-emitting diode (LED)-based solid-state lamp comprises an LED driving circuit, LED arrays, at least one rectifier, and an electric current flow control module. The LED driving circuit comprises a control loop compensation device with a control loop correction signal to precisely control an electric current to flow into the LED arrays. The electric current flow control module uses the control loop correction signal in a way that it detects and determines if the linear LED-based solid-state lamp is operated in a normal mode or in an electric shock hazard mode. When an electric shock hazard is identified, the electric current flow control module shuts off a return current flow from the LED arrays to reach the at least one rectifier, thus eliminating an overall through-lamp electric shock current. The scheme can effectively prevent a through-lamp electric shock from occurring during relamping or maintenance.

Abstract: Electrical fire risks and consumer safety are major concerns driving regulators worldwide to implement more stringent electrical code and enforcement. While there are many commercially available protective devices available, none affords total protection, and they are made and classified only to protect circuits from specific or limited number of faults. This invention is about an apparatus, system and method for protection of electrical circuits and consumers from literally all known electrical faults in Direct Current (DC) and Alternating Current (AC) single and multi-phase systems such as and including Arc Faults, Ground and Leakage Faults, Surge, Overload, Short Circuit, Glowing Connections, Miswired Connections, overvoltage, undervoltage and Phase-Loss. Said apparatus, system and method come in the form of or in a housing as a Circuit Breaker, Receptacle, Convenience Outlet, Attachment Plug, Equipment Controller, a circuit, or a system integrated with another system, device or apparatus.

Abstract: A system includes one or more processors to receive from a client computing device a request to setup a zone and assign at least one circuit breaker selected from a plurality of circuit breakers to the zone, receive from the client computing device a selection of a control methodology for the zone, receive from the client computing device a control request for the at least one circuit breaker, and generate a message for controlling the at least one circuit breaker, the message formatted according to the control methodology and execute at least one operation to control the at least one circuit breaker in the zone based on the control request and the message.

Abstract: A fault detection system in a photovoltaic system 1, is able to identify a system state on the basis of a first and optionally a second measured data profile and is thus able to distinguish error states from the operating state of the system.

Abstract: The present invention relates to current measurement apparatus. The current measurement apparatus comprises first and second measurement devices with each of the first and second measurement devices being operative to measure current in a respective one of a live conductor and a neutral conductor substantially simultaneously. The current measurement apparatus is operative to make plural different determinations in dependence on the substantially simultaneous current measurements.

Abstract: An arc detection and intervention system for a solar energy system. One or more arc detectors are strategically located among strings of solar panels. In conjunction with local management units (LMUs), arcs can be isolated and affected panels disconnected from the solar energy system.

Abstract: An electrical protective device (20) and method are for selective disconnection of a subsystem (6a, 6b) in the event of a second fault in an ungrounded power supply system (2) with a main system (4) and at least one subsystem (6a, 6b), the subsystem (6a, 6b) having a differential current measuring device (12a, 12b) and a switching device (14a, 14b) for separating the subsystem (6a, 6b). The invention is based on generating and applying a measuring signal voltage (Um) between one or more phase(s) of the main system (4) or from a neutral point of the main system (4) against ground (9) using a resonant coupling circuit (22) that has a measuring signal generator (24) and a series resonant circuit (26) connected in series to the measuring signal generator (24), a resonant frequency (f0AK) of the series resonant circuit (26) being set to correspond to the measuring signal frequency.

Abstract: A hybrid switch assembly for a circuit breaker assembly is provided. The circuit breaker assembly includes a housing assembly and an operating mechanism. The housing assembly defines a power electronic switch assembly cavity. A hybrid switch assembly includes a number of conductor assemblies, each conductor assembly including a movable conductor, and a stationary conductor. Further, each movable conductor is structured to move between an open, first position, wherein each movable conductor is spaced from and not in electrical communication with an associated stationary conductor, and a closed, second position, wherein each movable conductor is coupled to and in electrical communication with an associated stationary conductor. A number of the conductor assemblies further include a power electronic switch assembly. Each power electronic switch assembly includes an isolation contact assembly.

Abstract: A method of operating a transformerless inverter connected on the input side to a generator and on the output side to a multiphase AC grid and comprising a multi-phase inverter bridge with a switch between a midpoint of a DC intermediate circuit on the input side and a terminal for a neutral conductor of the multiphase AC grid, includes feeding electric power from the DC intermediate circuit into the AC grid by the inverter bridge with the switch closed when first operating conditions are present, and opening the switch when there is a transition from the first operating conditions to second operating conditions different from the first operating conditions. The method further includes feeding electric power from the DC intermediate circuit into the AC grid by the inverter bridge with the switch open when the second operating conditions are present, and closing the switch when there is a transition from the second operating conditions to the first operating conditions.

Abstract: A method of detecting a diode fault in an AC signal rectifier circuit, the AC signal rectifier circuit including a plurality of diodes, and being arranged to supply a rectified output voltage to a load, wherein the method includes the steps of deriving an operating value indicative of the ratio of the voltage magnitudes of a first harmonic frequency and another harmonic frequency of the rectified output voltage across the load; and determining whether a fault has occurred in one or more diodes on the basis of the derived operating value. The first harmonic frequency is preferably the fundamental harmonic frequency, and/or the another harmonic frequency is preferably the 6th harmonic frequency.

Abstract: A compact residual current protection device is connected to a circuit breaker or a load break switch for external tripping and includes a detection device for detecting a residual current and a tripping device which is actuable by the detection device for tripping the circuit breaker as a result of actuation by the tripping device. A connection device is connected to the tripping device for connecting a switching device. The detection device and the tripping device are constructed in such a way that the tripping device is able to be tripped through the connection device by the switching device independently of the detection device. An electrical protection configuration is also provided.

Abstract: The present invention relates to photovoltaic systems capable of identifying the location of an arc-fault. In particular, such systems include a unique filter connected to each photovoltaic (PV) string, thereby providing a unique filtered noise profile associated with a particular PV string. Also described herein are methods for identifying and isolating such arc-faults.

Abstract: To provide the user of an RF-surgical instrument with a non-hazardous short test operation, for example so as to test the ignitability of an argon plasma probe, provision is made for an instrument test arrangement, which is installed into a feeding medical device or into a neutral conductor connecting cable or which is provided as plug adapter, which is to be plugged between the device and the neutral conductor connecting cable. The instrument test arrangement comprises at least one or, better yet, two ignition test electrodes, which are connected to conductors of the device or of the neutral conductor cable, preferably via impedance components. The ignition test electrodes can be accessed insofar as a spark can be created simultaneously to both ignition test electrodes by means of an operational probe or an instrument.

Abstract: An electronic circuit breaker may include a monitoring circuit configured to monitor and respond to a power supply and/or detection circuit failure within the electronic circuit breaker. In some embodiments, the monitoring circuit may monitor a regulated DC voltage provided by the detection circuit within the electronic circuit breaker. A response to a power supply and/or detection circuit failure may include interrupting current flow between an electrical power source and an electrical circuit protected by the electronic circuit breaker. Methods of monitoring and responding to a power supply and/or detection circuit failure within an electronic circuit breaker are also provided, as are other aspects.

Abstract: The present invention discloses a test platform for high-frequency cable, comprising conductive contacts and clamps for pressing a conductor of the cable on the conductive contact, and comprising a splitter seat, which comprises a top surface and a plurality of varied sides, the conductive contacts are respectively arranged on the sides, the clamps are arranged at a peripheral of the splitter seat and is opposite to the conductive contact, the splitter seat is further provided with a splitter channel, and the splitter channel slantingly connects the top surface to the sides. The present invention adopts a splitter seat with a polyhedral structure, which may shorten the stripped length, and prevent for vertically bending the core, thereby reducing the damage to the cable structure to the greatest extent, and greatly increasing the test frequency.

Abstract: The disclosure relates to a safety device for a photovoltaic system for feeding into a power supply system, that includes at least one input for connection to a PV generator, at least one output for connection to an inverter, and a switching element for de-energizing the at least one output. The safety device includes an evaluating unit configured to switch the switching element based on a low-frequency signal at the at least one output. The disclosure also relates to a method for operating such a safety device.

Abstract: An insulation monitoring device that carries out insulation monitoring of a power system or load apparatus using, for example, an Igr method includes a table in which a monitoring setting value Irref greater than a resistance component error current flowing in accordance with the sum of the electrical capacitance of a capacitor configuring a noise filter on the input side of the load apparatus and the ground insulation capacitance of the power system is set in advance in accordance with an operating schedule of the load apparatus, a monitoring setting value computing unit that outputs the monitoring setting value Irref read from the table in accordance with a current time according to a clock, and an insulation evaluation unit that detects an insulation failure caused by a decrease in ground insulation resistance when a resistance component current extracted by an Igr extraction unit exceeds the monitoring setting value Irref.

Abstract: A system for controlling the area circuits that stem from a circuit breaker box in a building. A switch activation unit is provided and is wired to the outgoing wires of a circuit breaker box. The switch activation unit contains a switch for each of the area circuits to be controlled. The switches are wired in series between the circuit breakers in the circuit breaker box and the area circuits. A control unit communicates with the switch activation unit and selectively controls the on/off state of its switches. The control unit is programmable and can activate and deactivate different area circuits at different preprogrammed times. The control unit can also be operated remotely using a link to a smart device.

Abstract: Provided is a conversion device which can determine the presence/absence of a failure in a detection unit for detecting AC or DC voltage or current. A conversion device, including an AC-DC conversion circuit, a DC-DC conversion circuit for converting DC voltage output from the AC-DC conversion circuit and a detection unit for detecting AC or DC voltage or current, comprises an obtaining part for obtaining information indicating whether or not AC voltage is applied to the AC-DC conversion circuit, and a power supply fault determination part for determination presence/absence of a power supply fault or an open fault in the detection unit if the obtained information indicates that AC voltage is not applied to the AC-DC conversion circuit.

Abstract: An apparatus may include a sensor housing, a light sensor disposed within the sensor housing, the light sensor arranged to generate a detection signal when light impinges on the light sensor, a sensor lens disposed at least partially outside the sensor housing, wherein a distal portion of the sensor lens extends a first distance above the sensor housing, the sensor lens being transparent, wherein light received from outside the sensor housing is transmitted to the light sensor; and a light emitter assembly disposed outside the sensor housing at a second distance above the housing less than the first distance.