Abstract: A method, a router and a software are provided for routing communication traffic along a path in a communication network, being an IGP shortcut. The method comprises: providing an IGP shortcut prefix to a routing entity and storing the IGP shortcut prefix in a Routing Information Base (RIB); associating a new flag with an LSP associated with the IGP shortcut prefix, wherein the new flag indicates whether that LSP can serve for conveying traffic when implementing MPLS connectivity; storing information that relates to the new flag at the RIB; identifying LSPs associated with respective IGP shortcut prefixes which qualify to operate as next hop routing paths' candidates, wherein the qualified LSPs are each associated with a flag indicating that the respective qualified LSP is MPLS reachable; selecting an LSP to be a next hop routing path, wherein the selection is made from among the qualified LSPs; and forwarding traffic towards its destination via the next hop LSP.

Abstract: A database system is operable to initiate execution of a query via a subset of a plurality of nodes. After initiating the execution of the query, failure detection data is generated indicating a first node included in the subset of the plurality of nodes based on determining execution condition data for the first node compares unfavorably to node execution condition requirements. Node reassignment data is generated based on the failure detection data by assigning a new node in the plurality of nodes to replace the first node in the query execution plan for a remainder of the execution of the query. A resultant is generated for the query in accordance with completion of the execution of the query, where at least a portion of the execution of the query is performed via the new node.

Abstract: Gateway devices can use dual cellular interfaces, each assignable to at least one of a plurality of network services, to provide reliable communications for client machines. A gateway device can use one of the dual cellular interfaces assigned to a first network service as a primary interface and the other assigned to a second network service as a hot backup interface. The backup interface remains connected to a cellular network while communications are routed on the primary interface. Accordingly, the gateway device can rapidly switch communications between from the primary interface to the backup interface. Applications, for example, for ATM payment processing, vending machine telemetry, point of sale payment processing, kiosk internet connectivity, remote monitoring and control, mobile or electronic health, and remote information displays, may run on the gateway devices, on servers, on user devices, or a combination of these devices.

Abstract: A network infrastructure management console configures one or more network switch stacks each comprising a plurality of switches. A monitoring component monitors a current conductor switch of the stack. A user interface (UI) backend component comprises a cache memory and receives a user request to configure the stack. The UI backend component receives from the monitoring component notification of the current conductor and stores in a cache memory segment associated with the current conductor the requested configuration changes. If the current conductor switch of the stack has changed due to a failover event, the configuration changes stored in the cache memory segment associated with the previous current conductor are written to a cache memory segment associated with the new current conductor. A configuration push component receives the configuration changes and transmits the configuration changes to the network switch stack.

Abstract: In some cases, once Fast Reroute (FRR) has taken place (e.g., for MPLS protection), a further FRR is undesirable, and even detrimental. A mechanism to prevent a further FRR, once such a further FRR is determined to be potentially harmful, is described.

Abstract: A base station apparatus, configured to establish a wireless link for a backhaul line with a relay apparatus, and provide a first period in which a radio resource is used by the base station apparatus for the backhaul line, and a second period in which the radio resource is not used by the backhaul line.

Abstract: Disclosed is an industrial control device including a point-to-point backplane/point module architecture providing RIUP (Removal and Insertion Under Power) functionality where data communications between modules is maintained after the removal of a point module from the backplane. According to an exemplary embodiment, a backplane includes a plurality of passive mechanical bypass switches controlled by the insertion and removal of respective point modules, whereby data communicated bypass a removed point module interface and point-to-point data communications are provided to an inserted point module after an initial routine is executed by a microcontroller associated with the inserted point module.

Abstract: The present invention provides a method of using a mac-table cache to resolve UNI port information on an external system of chip (SOC) is provide. The method comprises, receiving, by a packet processing chip, a packet with a source address (SA); locating, by the packet processing chip, the SA in a mac-table cache implemented on the packet processing chip; and looking up a SOC mac-table implemented on the external SOC if the SA cannot be found in the mac-table cache.

Abstract: Some embodiments provide a method for detecting a failure of a layer 2 (L2) bump-in-the-wire service at a device. In some embodiments, the device sends heartbeat signals to a second device connected to L2 service nodes in order to detect failure of the L2 service (e.g., a failure of all the service nodes). In some embodiments, the heartbeat signals are unidirectional heartbeat signals (e.g., a unidirectional bidirectional-forwarding-detection (BFD) session) sent from each device to the other. The heartbeat signals, in some embodiments, use a broadcast MAC address in order to reach the current active L2 service node in the case of a failover (i.e., an active service node failing and a standby service node becoming the new active service node). The unidirectional heartbeat signals are also used, in some embodiments, to decrease the time between a failover and data messages being forwarded to the new active service node.

Abstract: Example implementation relates to a method of failure detection and seamless traffic switchover in a VPN system. A cluster of nodes exchange heartbeat messages to detect a failure at a first node in the cluster. When failure is detected at the first node, a master node transmits a failover message to a network end node connected to the first node. The failover message includes a list of active nodes to which traffic may be routed. The network end node updates its routing table based on the failover message and switches the traffic to a second node in the cluster of nodes.

Abstract: A network data analytics (NWDA) function and method of policy optimization in a communication network are provided. The NWDA performs data analytics on the communication network traffic, and includes communication interfaces to connect to other network elements in the communication network. The method comprises the NWDA function configured to receive a request for a policy input, send instructions to network elements to obtain network performance measurement data, receive the measurement data from the network elements, and transmit a policy input based on the received measurement data.

Abstract: A system for handling errors in a neural network includes a neural network processor for executing a neural network associated with use of a vehicle. The neural network processor includes an error detector configured to detect a data error associated with execution of the neural network and a neural network controller configured to receive a report of the data error from the error detector. In response to receiving the report, the neural network controller is further configured to signal that a pending result of the neural network is tainted without terminating execution of the neural network.

Abstract: An aggregated networking device failover system includes an aggregation connected device coupled to first and second aggregated networking devices. The aggregation connected device receives a first aggregation communication from the first aggregated networking device that identifies its first MAC address as an actor MAC address, and a second MAC address of the second aggregated networking device as an alternate actor MAC address. The aggregation connected device then associates the first and second MAC addresses with an aggregated link to the first and second aggregated networking devices. Subsequent to associating the first and second MAC addresses with the aggregated link, the aggregation connected device receives a second aggregation communication from the second aggregated networking device that identifies its second MAC address as an actor MAC address, and the aggregated link remains available in response to that second/actor MAC address being associated with the aggregated link.

Abstract: Some embodiments provide an elastic architecture for providing a service in a computing system. To perform a service on the data messages, the service architecture uses a service node (SN) group that includes one primary service node (PSN) and zero or more secondary service nodes (SSNs). The service can be performed on a data message by either the PSN or one of the SSN. However, in addition to performing the service, the PSN also performs a load balancing operation that assesses the load on each service node (i.e., on the PSN or each SSN), and based on this assessment, has the data messages distributed to the service node(s) in its SN group. Based on the assessed load, the PSN in some embodiments also has one or more SSNs added to or removed from its SN group. To add or remove an SSN to or from the service node group, the PSN in some embodiments directs a set of controllers to add (e.g., instantiate or allocate) or remove the SSN to or from the SN group.

Abstract: Systems, devices and methods are described for facilitating gateway prioritization. A system includes a gateway, a first node, and a second node coupled by an internal link. The gateway instantiates an allocator which allocates a link characteristic of the internal link based on a first resource request by the first node and in view of a second resource request by the second node. The requests identify a link characteristic for the internal link. The allocator allocates the link characteristic between the first node and the second node based on a ranking of the first node and the second node. The first link characteristic may be an internal link bandwidth. An ISP server is coupled by an external link to the gateway. The external link includes an external link characteristic which the first resource request identifies and the allocator allocates in view thereof.

Abstract: A communications device is equipped with a secondary interface, e.g., a wireless interface, in addition to a primary interface. In at least some, but not necessarily all, embodiments the secondary interface is an inexpensive Long Range (LoRa) wireless interface which uses sub-GHz unlicensed spectrum or a Narrow Band-Internet of Things (NB-IoT) wireless interface which uses licensed spectrum. The secondary interface is in addition to a primary interface used for transmitting data, e.g., user data such as voice, video or text data, to a primary communications device, e.g., to support voice or data applications running on a user device. The secondary interface, e.g., a low power/low data rate interface, is used for communicating small amounts of data for initial configuration, fault recovery, re-initialization, and/or updates.

Abstract: A method of performing error detection within an integrated circuit chip analyses transactions communicated over interconnect circuitry of the integrated circuit chip to detect whether a message contains a data error. A memory of the integrated circuit chip coupled to the interconnect circuitry is scanned to detect whether there is a data error stored in the memory, and in response to detecting a data error in a transaction communicated over the interconnect circuitry and/or a data error stored in the memory, a dedicated action indicative of a data error is performed.

Abstract: A method, apparatus, system and computer program is provided for optimizing and controlling volt-amperes reactive on an electrical control system. System-level and local-level measurements are determined and analyzed to prioritize and optimize which VAR adjusters are adjusted.

Abstract: PCIe devices installed in host computers communicating with service nodes can provide virtualized and high availability PCIe functions to host computer workloads. The PCIe device can receive a PCIe TLP encapsulated in a PCIe DLLP via a PCIe bus. The TLP includes a TLP address value, a TLP requester identifier, and a TLP type. The PCIe device can terminate the PCIe transaction by sending a DLLP ACK message to the host computer in response to receiving the TLP. The TLP packet can be used to create a workload request capsule that includes a request type indicator, an address offset, and a workload request identifier. A workload request packet that includes the workload request capsule can be sent to a virtualized service endpoint. The service node, implementing the virtualized service endpoint, receives a workload response packet that includes the workload request identifier and a workload response payload.

Abstract: Methods and systems for diagnosis of live virtual server performance data are disclosed. In one embodiment, an exemplary method comprises receiving a request to assign a first role to at least one virtual server; configuring the virtual server to associate the first role with a first resource of the virtual server; modifying a database to include an identifier associated with the virtual server and an identifier of the first role assigned to the virtual server; receiving indications of first resource usage; mapping the first resource usage to the first role; storing the indications of first resource usage; associating a change in first resource usage with a corresponding first resource operation; modifying a user interface element for presentation on a web page to include the first resource usage; receiving a request for the web page from a user; and delivering the web page to a user interface.

Abstract: An overlay network analysis method obtains data including but not limited to client packet traffic data on an overlay network, and performs one or more analyses based on the obtained data to generate and output topological and/or performance information for the overlay network and/or the network substrate on which the overlay network is implemented. Client traffic data collected for specific client resource instances may be analyzed to generate performance metrics for the overlay network between the instances. Aggregated client traffic data for specific clients may also be analyzed to generate mappings of the clients' private network implementations on the overlay network, as well as performance metrics for the clients' private networks on the overlay network. In addition, client traffic data from multiple clients may be aggregated and analyzed to generate mappings and performance metrics for the overlay network as a whole.

Abstract: Embodiments of this application provide a data transmission method, a communications device, and a storage medium, to reduce pressure caused by a quantity of cross connections between intermediate nodes to the intermediate nodes in a network. In an embodiment of this application, a first communications device obtains Q first code block streams, and obtains a to-be-sent second code block stream based on the Q first code block streams. Q downlink ports are in a one-to-one correspondence with the Q first code block streams, the Q downlink ports correspond to S code block groups, one code block in the Q first code block streams corresponds to one code block group, and the second code block stream obtained by the first communications device includes L code block sets; and for each of the L code block sets, the code block set includes K code blocks corresponding to each of the S code block groups.

Abstract: This application discloses a method for configuring a private line service, including: a first device that detects a state of a user side port of the first device, where the first device is an access network device directly connected to a first host that accesses the user side port of the first device and a user side port of a second device by using a multi-chassis link bundling technology, the second device is an access network device directly connected to the first host, the first device is different from the second device. When the user side port of the first device is in a usable state, the first device removes a port of a peer-link of the first device from a broadcast domain, where the peer-link connects the first device and the second device.

Abstract: A router is configured for deployment in a network. The router includes a memory configured to store a first identifier that uniquely identifies the router in the network. The router also includes a processor configured to push the first identifier onto a first labeled data packet prior to transmission of the first labeled data packet. In response to detecting the first identifier in a second labeled data packet received from the network, the processor is configured to drop the second labeled data packet.

Abstract: A computing and communication module, includes: a processing circuit; and a keyboard, video and mouse, KVM, extender transmitter disposed in signal communication with the processing circuit; wherein four equally sized ones of the module are collectively sized to fit within a volume of space defined by 1 racking unit, 1RU.

Abstract: A method for distributing transmission path information, including: distributing, by a first routing bridge which stores a MAC address of a host on a local link, transmission path information of the host on the local link to a remote routing bridge of a non-local link, the transmission path information including the MAC address of the host on the local link and identification information of a second routing bridge, so that the remote routing bridge learns the transmission path information from the first routing bridge. The present application further provides corresponding routing bridges. The present application may enable the remote routing bridge to timely learn the transmission path information of the host under the condition that a data packet sent by the host is not received, so as to send data to the host according to a new transmission path.

Abstract: A retimer apparatus can include a receiver circuit implemented at least partially in hardware; a configuration register comprising a link management bit set, and one or more bit fields for link management bits indicating link management information; bit stream logic implemented at least partially in hardware to encode an ordered set (OS) with one or more link management bits from the configuration register; and a transmitter circuit implemented at least partially in hardware to transmit OS with the one or more link management bits across a link.

Abstract: A method and network device for network traffic flooding. Specifically, the method and network device disclosed herein implement the mitigation of the lack of data-link layer (or L2) addressing resolutions, usually learned by or programmed manually into the network device, through the flooding of affected network traffic across identified network broadcast domains. Flooding of the network traffic in the aforementioned manner may ensure that at least the destination(s) of the network traffic receives the network traffic at least in scenarios where which it is unknown out of which particular physical network interface(s) should the network traffic be transmitted to reach the destination(s).

Abstract: A method for providing two-channel-based high-availability in a cluster of nodes is disclosed. In an embodiment, a method comprises: initiating, by a local control plane executing on a first node, a first state for an underlay control channel and a second state for a management control channel; detecting a bidirectional forwarding detection (BFD) control packet from a second node; determining whether the BFD control packet has been received from the underlay control channel; in response to determining that the BFD control packet was received from the underlay control channel: parsing the BFD control packet to extract a first diagnostic code; updating the first state with the first diagnostic code; determining whether both the first state and the second state indicate a need to switch services configured on the second node; in response to the determining, initiating a switchover of services configured on the second node.

Abstract: Systems and methods are described for effectively managing and maintaining a communication network by monitoring communications to detect a loop condition, and effectively route the communication to one or more destinations known to reduce or eliminate the occurrence of a looping condition.

Abstract: In one example aspect, a method is provided for tearing down a label switched path (LSP) through a communications network. The method comprises sending a first message towards an egress node of the LSP informing nodes of the LSP and the egress node of a tear down of the LSP, determining that one of the nodes of the LSP has not forwarded the first message along the LSP, and sending a second message to a controller of the communications network to cause the controller to communicate directly with one of the nodes to inform the one of the nodes of the tear down of the LSP.

Abstract: A system includes a plurality of SIP servers that are configured and arranged to provide services for a respective set of endpoints. A monitor server having at least one processor circuit receives connectivity status of the respective set of endpoint devices based on registration status provided by the endpoints to the SIP servers. Based upon the received connectivity status, endpoints having connectivity problems are parsed into subgroups. Based upon the parsed endpoints, potential problem sources for the connectivity problems of the parsed endpoints are identified. A monitor device having at LAN interface circuit connected to the LAN and at least one processor circuit receives the command from the monitor server and performs a diagnostic test on the LAN. Results from the at least one diagnostic test are provided to the monitor server.

Abstract: A packet forwarding method, a packet forwarding system, and a provider edge (PE) device. The method applied to an Ingress PE includes: determining, in an Ethernet virtual private network instance (EVI), that a state of the EVI on a first Egress PE is Active, where an Ethernet virtual private network (EVPN) corresponding to the EVI includes a first customer edge (CE); determining that a state of the EVI on a second Egress PE is Inactive; skipping, forwarding a broadcast, unknown unicast, and multicast (BUM) packet to the second Egress PE, where the BUM packet is from the first CE; and forwarding, the BUM packet to the first Egress PE. According to the application, repeated BUM traffic that is transmitted in a bearer network and is not finally sent to a remote site is reduced; therefore, a waste of bandwidth in the bearer network is reduced.

Abstract: Embodiments of the invention relate to computerized systems and computerized methods configured to optimize data transmission paths in a large-scale computerized network relative to reliability and bandwidth requirements. Embodiments of the invention further relate to computerized systems and methods that direct and control the physical adjustments to data transmission paths in a large-scale network's composition of computerized data transmission nodes in order to limit data end-to-end transmission delay in a computerized network to a delay within a calculated worst-case delay bound.

Abstract: In particular embodiments, a system may include a spacecraft and optical ground terminals. The spacecraft includes at least an optical space terminal and a space switch unit. The space switch unit is configured to receive physical layer data frames from one optical space terminal, regenerate data-link layer data packets based on the physical layer data frames and route the regenerated data-link layer data packets to another optical space terminal. The optical ground terminals are configured to receive data-link layer data packets by one of the optical ground terminals, encode the received data-link layer data packets into physical layer data frames, transmit encoded physical layer data frames from one of the optical ground terminals to a respective optical space terminal through multiple forward channels at a data rate of 1 Tbps or above, the encoded physical layer data frames are decoded by the respective optical space terminal.

Abstract: A first fabric abstraction layer couples to a data link layer and a physical layer of a network fabric device. The network fabric device is connected to other network elements within a network via at least one network connection, such as a fiber optic connection. A second fabric abstraction layer couples to the data link layer and an application of the network device. The second fabric abstraction layer provides an application programming interface (API) to the application. The API allows the application to generate configuration instructions for configuring the at least one network connection. Upon receiving the configuration instructions generated by the application, the second abstraction layer sends the configuration instructions to the first abstraction layer via the data link layer. The first abstraction layer then configures the at least one network connection to transmit data according to the configuration instructions.

Abstract: A method for establishing a small cell telecommunications network is provided. The method includes determining a plurality of sets of candidate locations, in which each set includes candidate locations for establishing small cell base transceiver stations to provide wireless network service. Each location in the set is determined by applying a gradient descent process to find a local optimal location. The evaluation criteria in the process can include, e.g., an estimated number of people expected to receive coverage, and/or the cost of operating the base transceiver stations. The plurality of sets are evaluated to determine a set of global optimal locations. The evaluation criteria can include, e.g., the expected revenue generated per unit time minus the cost of operating the base transceiver stations per unit time.

Abstract: The present disclosure provides a scalable, standardized IT deployment environment that allows for deployment to any public or private cloud automatically, and without human interaction, that is resizable such that the individual resources can be released (“turned off”) when not needed and powered on when use is expected. Additionally, the present disclosure provides a cost calculation system for better understanding the costs of the IT environment as early as the pre-provisioning stage. The present disclosure also provides a system for proactively testing productivity and efficiency within the IT environment, the results of which can be fed back into the autoscaling mechanism.

Abstract: Facilitating management of secondary cell group failures in advanced networks (e.g., 5G and beyond) is provided herein. Operations of a method can comprise determining, by a system comprising a processor, that a first secondary cell group procedure attempt is unsuccessful. Further, the method can comprise facilitating, by the system, a second secondary cell group procedure attempt based on expiration of a delay timer and based on a determination that a retry attempt threshold level is not exceeded.

Abstract: Automatic local gateway router backup of a network gateway router is disclosed. A local gateway router communicatively coupled to a local subnet determines that a network gateway router that serves as a default gateway router for the local subnet has stopped responding. The local gateway router and the network gateway router are configured to communicate with one another via a tunnel implemented by a tunneling protocol. In response to determining that the network gateway router has stopped responding, automatically switching, by the local gateway router, from a tunneling mode to a routing mode, such that the local gateway router becomes the default gateway router for the local subnet.

Abstract: The technology disclosed relates to creating and frequently updating multiple online analytic processing (OLAP) analytic databases from an online transaction processing (OLTP) transaction updatable system that includes transaction commit, rollback, and field level security capabilities. It also relates to transparently decoupling extraction from rebuilding of frequently updated OLAP analytic databases from the OLTP transaction updatable system.

Abstract: Techniques are described for managing a plurality of requests for a change in bandwidth for a resource reservation label switched path (“LSP”) of a ring network. For example, a method may include receiving, by a network device and from an egress network device of a ring network, a resource reservation request message to establish a multipoint-to-point (MP2P) ring label switched path (LSP). The method may also include modifying, by the network device, the resource reservation request message to specify a request for a change in bandwidth for a segment from the network device to the egress network device of the MP2P ring LSP. The method may also include sending, by the network device and to a downstream network device along the MP2P ring LSP, the modified resource reservation request message.

Abstract: Methods, systems, and storage media are provided for user equipment (UE) that supports enhanced coverage and may operate with a voice centric usage setting or a data centric usage setting. When the UE's usage setting is set to voice centric, the UE may not operate in coverage enhancement (CE) mode B. When the UE's usage setting is set to data centric, then the UE may operate in CE mode B. The UE may indicate the UE's usage setting in an Attach or Tracking Area Update (TAU) request message, and a mobility management entity (MME) may indicate to an evolved NodeB that CE mode B is restricted or not restricted based on the usage setting. Other embodiments may be described and/or claimed.

Abstract: A routing apparatus includes interconnected switches and a server. At least some of the switches connect to routers belonging to multiple subnetworks, and at least a given switch is configured to receive a packet destined to a subnetwork reachable via the given switch, and forward the packet using forwarding logic of the given switch that supports only a partial subset of the subnetworks, and to monitor traffic flow via the given switch and report traffic flow information indicative of a given subnetwork that is unreachable via the given switch. The server is coupled to the switches, and is configured to receive the traffic flow information from the given switch, and determine switch forwarding information for the given subnetwork, based on the traffic flow information, and to download the switch forwarding information to the given switch, for enabling the forwarding logic to forward subsequent packets destined to the given subnetwork.

Abstract: In one embodiment, a copy of an original packet of a traffic flow is created at an ingress leaf node of a cloud switch. The ingress leaf node forwards the original packet along a less-specific path through the cloud switch, the less-specific path based on a domain index of an egress domain for the original packet. The copy of the original packet is modified to create a more specific path learn request packet. The ingress leaf node forwards the more specific path learn request packet along the less-specific path through the cloud switch. The ingress leaf node received back a more specific path learn request reply packet that includes an indication of a fabric system port. The ingress leaf node then programs a forwarding table based on the indication of the fabric system port, to have subsequent packets of the traffic flow forwarded along a more-specific path.

Abstract: A system for measuring an electrical quantity of a current circulating in an electrical device mounted on a mounting support, including an electrical power supply device, the device for measuring the current circulating in the device, the device for tapping the voltage at the terminals of the device, and the device for measuring this voltage, device for processing the measurement information, and device for communicating the measurement information to a receiver.

Abstract: A network element includes a data transfer interface for connecting to a data transfer network, a data-plane section for managing data to be forwarded, and a control section for configuring the data-plane section in accordance with configuration data carried by control-plane messages received from the data transfer network. The control section controls the data transfer interface to send one or more overload messages to the data transfer network in response to an overload situation where the workload of the control section impairs the ability of the control section to react to the control-plane messages. Thus, other network elements know that the network element that does not respond to the control-plane messages and thus appears to be non-working may still forward data even though its ability to react to the control-plane messages is, at least temporarily, impaired.

Abstract: A first router establishes an internet connection between a remote router management platform (RRMP) and the first router via a second router, the second router being part of a local area network. A router identifier of the first router is registered with a user account at the RRMP, the user account being associated with router configuration data for the local area network. The first router sends a request with the router identifier to the RRMP using the internet connection, a request for the router configuration data and receives the router configuration data from the RRMP via the internet connection responsive to the remote router management platform verifying that the first router is registered to the user account. At least a portion of the router configuration data, when executed by the first router, causes the first router to implement the local area network in tandem with the second router.

Abstract: Systems and methods for multicast send duplication instead of replication in a high performance computing environment. A method can provide a plurality of switches, a plurality of hosts, the plurality of hosts being interconnected via the plurality of switches, wherein a host of the plurality of hosts comprises a multicast sender node, the sender node comprising a system image generation module and a current message sequence module. The method can organize the plurality of switches into two rails, the two or more rails providing redundant connectivity between the plurality of hosts. The method can send two or more duplicate multicast packets on different rails. Upon a receiving node receiving at least two versions of the same multicast packet, only one will be delivered to the communication stack/clients above the layer that handles the encapsulation header.

Abstract: An automated self-healing database system is provided that includes a primary database, an application server that writes data to the primary database and reads data from the primary database when it is available, a standby database that is a replica of the primary database, and a self-healing module (SHM). The SHM can automatically detect unavailability of the primary database, and if the standby database is available, the SHM can automatically enable the standby database as readable and writable, assign the standby database the role of primary database at the primary site to start replicating data to other standby databases, and use a pre-established connection between the application server and the standby database to allow the application server to read data from the standby database and to write data to the standby database resulting in the standby database assuming role of the primary database at the primary site.