Abstract: The present invention provides a method and an apparatus for transmitting and receiving packets in a broadcast and communication system. The present invention comprises: generating a repair packet by encoding a source packet with an error correction code; and transmitting the source packet to a first network and transmitting the repair packet to a second network, wherein the number of repair packets is determined according to the maximum transmission delay values of the first and second networks.

Abstract: A method for performing bidirectional forwarding detection (BFD) on an aggregated link between a first network device and a second network device, where the first network device sends, to the second network device, information used to establish at least two BFD sessions. The first network device receives information that is used to establish at least two BFD sessions and sent by the second network device. The first network device respectively establishes BFD sessions between at least two pairs of ports according to the stored information and the information sent by the second network device. The first network device determines whether at least one BFD session in the established BFD sessions is up. If at least one BFD session in the established BFD sessions is up, the first network device determines that the aggregated link between the first network device and the second network device is available.

Abstract: A method for configuring a connection in a storage system is provided. A configuring device determines that the configuring device cannot communicate with a first control board, and identifies route information related to the first control board in a route information table. The route information is route information between an adapter card and the first control board. The configuring device modifies the identified route information by changing an address of the first control board in the route information to an address of a second control board.

Abstract: A base station in a mobile communication system determines the number of slots that are to be used to transmit a synchronization signal in a period of the synchronization signal depending on the number of neighbor cells, allocates a synchronization signal region in which the synchronization signal is to be transmitted to a first slot of the determined number of slots depending on a cell identifier of a serving cell, and allocates a reserved region in which no signal is transmitted to slots other than the first slot among the determined number of slots so as to correspond to a position of the synchronization signal region.

Abstract: Methods and systems for generating a model of a transit autonomous system (AS) network. The method comprises analyzing the routing information base for each border gateway protocol (BGP) node in the AS and storing, for each BGP router, (i) a routing table; and, (ii) a prioritized list of next hops for each prefix based on the appropriate best path algorithm. The model can be used to (a) determine how traffic will be routed through the transit AS in steady state and failure scenarios (e.g. when one or more links or nodes/routers have failed); and/or (b) determine how traffic should be routed through the transit AS (e.g. determine the best routes) in steady state and failure scenarios. The optimal routing of the traffic in a particular steady state or failure scenario (as determined by the model) can be compared to the actual routing of the traffic in the steady state or failure scenario (as determined by the model) to determine what changes to make to the transit AS to achieve the optimum routing.

Abstract: A system and method for supporting network isolation in a multi-tenant cluster environment. An exemplary method can support one or more tenants, and can associate each of the one or more tenants with a partition of a plurality of partitions, and can also associate each of the plurality of partitions with one or more nodes of a plurality of nodes, each of the plurality of nodes being associated with a leaf switch of a plurality of switches. The method can mark each of the plurality of partitions with a policy parameter. The method can assign each node of the plurality of nodes a partitioning order based on the marked on the partition associated with each node. Finally, the method can, based at least upon the marking of the partition of the plurality of partitions, generate one or more linear forwarding tables for use in the multi-tenant cluster environment.

Abstract: A geographic management system (GMS) comprises a web server, a database server, and a map server. A user browser connected to the GMS transmits a search criteria to the web server. The web server transmits the search criteria to the map server. The map server geocodes the search criteria, obtains network data and geospatial data from the database server corresponding to the geocode, and transmits the geocode, the network data, and the geospatial data to the web server. The web server transmits the geocode, the network data, and the geospatial data to the user browser. The network data and the geospatial data are displayed on the user browser as a map displaying network elements of a telecommunication network relative to other network elements, geographic elements, and customers.

Abstract: A method of allocating resources according to the present invention comprises the steps of: allocating a signal having a first beam width from a first base station controlling a first cell to a predetermined resource; and allocating a signal, having a second beam width different from the first beam width, from a second base station controlling a second cell adjacent to the first cell to the resource. The signal having the first beam width may be a signal having a first priority, and the signal having the second beam width may be a signal having a second priority that is different from the first priority. Accordingly, a method for allocating resources is proposed which can stably receive signals even when a terminal that moves in a dense small cell structure is at a cell edge or a border region between cells.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for triggering radio bearer release by a relay UE in a wireless communication system are disclosed. In one embodiment, the method includes the relay UE connects with an eNB. The method also includes the relay UE establishes a PDN connection for supporting traffic relaying. The method further includes the relay UE establishes a layer-2 link with a remote UE. In addition, the method includes the relay UE creates a radio bearer between the relay UE and the eNB for forwarding data packets between the remote UE and a PDN corresponding to the PDN connection. Furthermore, the method includes the relay UE sends a NAS message to the eNB if a failure of the layer-2 link is detected. And the method includes the relay UE receives a RRC message indicating release of the radio bearer in response to transmission of the NAS message from the eNB.

Abstract: Embodiments relate to data shuffling by logically rotating processing nodes. The nodes are logically arranged in a two or three dimensional matrix. Every time two of the nodes in adjacent rows of the matrix are aligned, adjacent nodes exchange data. The positional alignment is a logical alignment of the nodes. The nodes are logically arranged and rotated, and data is exchanged in response to the logical rotation.

Abstract: A forwarding engine of a fleet of forwarding engines forwards packets received from outside a provider network via a direct physical link to a resource within the provider network. A virtual router of a fleet of virtual routers obtains routing metadata from a client-side networking device outside the provider network via a routing information exchange protocol and transmits the routing metadata to the forwarding engine, which uses the metadata to forward the packets. In response to a first trigger, the number of forwarding engines in the fleet is modified. In response to a second trigger, the number of virtual routers in the fleet is modified.

Abstract: A device may determine that a user device, connected to a first packet data network gateway (PGW) associated with a first area, is located in a second area associated with a second PGW. The first PGW may be associated with a provider network. The second PGW may be associated with the provider network. The user device may not be connected to the second PGW. The device may cause the user device to be disconnected from the first PGW and connected to the second PGW. The user device may remain connected to the provider network when disconnecting from the first PGW and connecting to the second PGW.

Abstract: A method and an apparatus for controlling Short Message Service (SMS) delivery to a User Equipment (UE) over a Packet-Switched (PS) network without involvement of any Circuit Switched (CS) network node are provided. The method includes receiving subscriber information of a terminal from a Home Subscriber Server (HSS), determining whether the MME supports short message delivery over a Packet-Switched (PS) network, and transmitting, when the MME supports the short message delivery over the PS network, a registration request message including information for routing the short message to the MME to the HSS. The SMS delivery method and apparatus is capable of delivering the SMS message to the UE over the PS network without involvement of the CS network nodes, thereby negating the necessity of CS network nodes for supporting SMS service, resulting in reduction of maintenance and management costs.

Abstract: A computer system is rebooted after updating a boot image without running platform firmware with its power-on self-test of system hardware devices and without retrieving all of the modules included in a boot image from an external source and reloading them into system memory. The reboot process includes the steps of loading one or more updated modules of the boot image into the system memory, executing the boot loader module to load for execution modules of the boot image including a system software kernel and the updated modules, and transferring execution control to the system software kernel.

Abstract: Aspects of the disclosure provide a method for restoring connectivity among partitioned segments in a partitioned wireless sensor and actor network (WSAN). The method includes placing batches of mobile nodes at locations surrounding mobile nodes previously placed within a damaged area of the partitioned WSAN, spreading the batches of mobile nodes, determining whether connectivity among the partitioned segments has been restored, and repeating placing batches of mobile nodes, spreading the patches of mobile nodes, and determining whether connectivity among the partitioned segments has been restored when connectivity among the partitioned segments is not restored. The method is based on a distributed dropping approach which introduces minimal disruption to previously deployed mobile nodes, and decreases total travelled distance a mobile node might move compared with a traditional central dropping approach.

Abstract: A network controller including a virtual network setter that sets a virtual communication interface; a dummy packet generator that obtains communication progress information representing a communication progress state of communication of the second processing device with the connection destination device by causing the virtual communication interface to process a dummy packet that causes a receiver of the dummy packet to falsely recognize that the dummy packet is transmitted from the connection destination device; a reset packet generator that generates a reset packet containing the communication progress information; and a reset packet processor that removes, based on the reset packet, connection record information of the second processing device and the connection destination device, the connection record information being stored in the second processing device. This configuration prevents congestion when a processor is switched to another in a cluster system from occurring.

Abstract: A communication device configured to communicate with a terminal using a short-range wireless connection, the terminal comprising several functions, each ongoing function being able to be executed using a function identifier specific to the ongoing function. The communication device is configured for /a/ detecting an event related to an interaction device, the event being associated with a function identifier; /b/ transmitting a message comprising the function identifier and intended to execute a corresponding function of the detected terminal; /c/ and receiving, from the terminal, and via a local network, an access request linked to the detected event.

Abstract: Systems and methods of path computation using an efficient shared risk group representation include representing a plurality of network risks in a network with a bit vector where each network risk is represented as a single bit in the bit vector; computing a pair of paths through the network; and determining diversity of the pair of paths based on a comparison of associated bit vectors for each of the pair of paths. The bit vector can include M-bits with an N-bit Group Identifier and P-bits with each of the P-bits representing a unique risk of the plurality of network risks, wherein M, N, and P are integers and N+P=M.

Abstract: An electronic device includes a communication unit configured to be connected to another communication unit via a first number of transmission paths, where the first number is greater than or equal to two, and a control unit configured to determine communication quality in each of the first number of the transmission paths at a time of initiating communication with the other communication unit and to select a second number of transmission paths, where the second number is less than the first number, in descending order of the communication quality from among the first number of the transmission paths, thereby causing the communication unit to perform communication by using the second number of the transmission paths, which have better communication quality.

Abstract: In an embodiment, a method of identifying critical nodes in a wireless network from a network topology graph for the network, the wireless network comprising a plurality of nodes and a plurality of links between the nodes, and the network topology graph for the network indicating the plurality of links between the nodes comprises: selecting each node in turn as a candidate node, and for each candidate node: generating a network topology graph for a sub-network comprising all of the nodes of the wireless network except the candidate node; determining from the network topology graph for the sub-network if the sub-network is fully reachable; and generating an indication that the candidate node is a critical node if the sub-network is not fully reachable.

Abstract: A method and device for switching tunnels, and a switch are provided. The method includes that: a classid of a service route on a tunnel protection group is set as a first classid, wherein the tunnel protection group includes a first tunnel and a second tunnel; a redirection rule for the service route is determined according to the first classid; and the service route is switched from the first tunnel to the second tunnel according to the redirection rule and tunnel information of the second tunnel. By means of the method, the problem in the relevant art that a time delay is overlong due to respective switching of each service route in layer3 superposed protection is solved, and the time delay of service route switching is reduced.

Abstract: Methods, systems, and computer readable media for transmitting Diameter peer status information are disclosed. According to one method, the method occurs at a first Diameter node. The method includes determining Diameter peer status information for Diameter peer nodes, wherein the Diameter peer status information includes connection statuses for each of the Diameter peer nodes. The method also includes generating, using group related information indicating a masking order for the connection statuses, a mask indicating the connection statuses, wherein each of the connection statuses is indicated by a value stored in a different position in the mask and sending the mask to a second Diameter node.

Abstract: A control device, a system, and a transmission channel adjustment method in software-defined networking (SDN) where, a connection status of a control channel is acquired, it is determined, according to a preset threshold, whether a standby channel is suitable to continue serving as a standby channel. The standby channel is adjusted when the standby channel is congested to a specific extent and another uncongested channel is set as the standby channel, and the standby channel is switched to an active channel when the active channel is congested such that real-time channel adjustment is ensured, effective transmission of control information is ensured, and control reliability of a control device in SDN is improved.

Abstract: Disclosed is a method and apparatus for allocating a wireless resource in order to prevent interference in a wireless LAN. A method for allocating a wireless resource in a wireless LAN may comprise the steps of: allocating, by an AP, a plurality of wireless resources for a plurality of STAs included in a BSS, in the entire bandwidth, respectively; and transmitting, by the AP, a PPDU to the plurality of STAs through the plurality of wireless resources, respectively, wherein each of the plurality of wireless resources is a combination of a plurality of wireless units defined in different sizes on a frequency axis, and each of the plurality of wireless resources can be determined in consideration of the size of the bandwidth of at least one STA supporting a bandwidth smaller than the size of the entire bandwidth from among the plurality of STAs.

Abstract: A radio-frequency (RF) generator is provided that produces a controlled overshoot. One embodiment includes a RF power amplifier and a direct-current (DC) power supply that includes a primary DC power supply, an auxiliary DC power supply, a half-bridge circuit, and a control circuit. The half-bridge circuit, in a first switching state, electrically connects, in series, the auxiliary DC power supply with the primary DC power supply and, in a second switching state, electrically disconnects the auxiliary DC power supply from the primary DC power supply. The control circuit places the half-bridge circuit in the first switching state for a first period of time and places the half-bridge circuit in the second switching state for a second period of time to produce a controlled overshoot in the power produced by the RF generator throughout the first period of time.

Abstract: A method and apparatus is disclosed herein for a resource allocation protocol. In one embodiment, the apparatus comprises a resource allocation engine to allocate physical resources to primary and redundant virtual infrastructures, wherein, when the resource allocation engine allocates virtual infrastructures, physical resources of redundant virtual infrastructures are shared across multiple primary virtual infrastructures.

Abstract: There is provided a flow control device for controlling flow control rules defining processing contents per flow in a packet transfer device for processing packets belonging to a flow between a first communication device and a second communication device, which receives a packet reception notification indicating that the packet transfer device receives a packet from at least one of the first communication device and the second communication device from the packet transfer device, determines a flow control rule to be notified to the packet transfer device in response to the received packet reception notification, manages a packet reception notification reception time when the packet reception notification is received, and calculates a first round-trip transmission delay time between two devices among the first communication device, the second communication device, and the packet transfer device based on the packet reception notification reception times.

Abstract: Systems and methods for operating a wireless communication system are provided. A network node can determine a number of access nodes transmitting data using a first multimedia broadcast multicast services (MBMS) mode. A number of retransmission requests received at each access node transmitting data using the first MBMS mode can be determined. At least one access node can be reconfigured to transmit data from the first MBMS mode to a second MBMS mode based on the number of retransmission requests received from each access node.

Abstract: A wireless communication device (UE) conducting wireless communications according to a specified radio access technology (RAT) in a first communications band belonging to a first network may be required to switch to a different communications band due to network restrictions and/or radio link failure. The UE may therefore perform a system scan identifying other communications bands associated with the first RAT and available at the present location of the UE. The UE may identify whether the other communications bands include preferred communications bands belonging to the first network, support a service associated with the wireless communications of the UE, and have an energy level higher than a specified threshold. If one or more preferred communications bands are present, the UE may switch communications from the first communications band to one of the preferred communications bands, even if it doesn't have the highest energy level among all the other communications bands.

Abstract: A communication device for RNTI allocation comprises a processing means, for executing a program, and a storage unit, coupled to the processing means, for storing the program which instructs the processing means to perform the steps: connecting to a first base station, receiving a first RNTI assigned by the first base station, receiving a RRC message including a second RNTI for communication with a second base station from the first base station, transmitting a RRC message response to the first base station, performing communication with the first base station with the first RNTI and communication with the second base station with the second RNTI, transmitting a random access preamble to the second base station, receiving a random access response from the second base station, transmitting a scheduled transmission containing the second RNTI to the second base station, and receiving a contention resolution message from the second base station.

Abstract: A transmission apparatus includes: a switch circuit to hold a first protection path provided for a working path in a first network, a second protection path provided for the working path in a second network, and a bridge path provided between a working apparatus to relay traffic on the working path between the first and second networks and a protection apparatus to relay traffic on the first and second protection paths; and a signal processing unit to, upon reception of a first control signal indicating a failure on the working path from the first network, transmit the first control signal to the working apparatus and control the switch circuit in accordance with a second control signal corresponding to the first control signal received from the working apparatus, wherein the transmission apparatus is the protection apparatus, and is provided on a boundary between the first and second networks.

Abstract: Various exemplary embodiments relate to a method, network node, and non-transitory machine-readable storage medium including one or more of the following: enabling communication via a first and a second access network, wherein the first access network is a first type and the second access network is a second type; communicating with a first control application via at least one of the first access network and the second access network according to a signaling protocol that is used for the communication without regard for which of the first access network and the second access network are used for the communication, wherein the communication effects a change to service provided via at least one data bearer across at least one of the first access network and the second access network, and communicating via the at least one data bearer to exchange non-control application data with at least one other network device.

Abstract: A communication system includes a first communication apparatus, a second communication apparatus, and a third communication apparatus. The first communication apparatus transfers content data to the second communication apparatus and the third communication apparatus using wireless communication. The second communication apparatus includes a first communication unit that transfers first control data including a reception request for receiving the content data transferred by the first communication apparatus if the wireless communication between the second communication apparatus and the first communication apparatus is disconnected. The third communication apparatus includes a second communication unit that transfers the content data transferred by the first communication apparatus to the second communication apparatus using the wireless communication if the third communication apparatus receives the first control data from the second communication apparatus.

Abstract: A transceiving system includes: a transmitter; and a receiver coupled to the transmitter via optical transmission lines, the transmitter includes: a first processor configured to generate division data obtained by dividing data; a modulator configured to modulate wavelengths of transport lights, which transport the division data, based on setting information including a correspondence relationship between identification information identifying each of the optical transmission lines and wavelength information indicating a wavelength, and output lights, each of which is superimposed with the respective division data, to the optical transmission lines; and a second processor configured to transmit changed setting information, which is obtained by changing the setting information, to the receiver, and the receiver includes: a de-multiplexer configured to separate lights from the optical transmission lines into de-multiplexed lights of a wavelengths, based on the changed setting information; and a third processor

Abstract: A method and an apparatus establish a trail in a network, where the method includes: in a process of establishing a first trail, adding, by a first ingress node to a first trail establishment response message, an IP address of the first ingress node and an optical domain; and in a process of establishing a second trail, receiving, by the first ingress node, a first trail request message sent by a second ingress node; and sending, by the first ingress node to the second ingress node in the optical domain, information about a trail that is of the first trail and is in the optical domain to which the first ingress node belongs. According to the embodiments, that a trail that is of a working trail and a protection trail are in each optical domain do not overlap can be met.

Abstract: At least two Ethernet sub-interfaces are established on a first Ethernet interface and a second Ethernet interface of a first device, and each Ethernet sub-interface is assigned to a VLAN. The Ethernet sub-interfaces on the same Ethernet interface are assigned to different VLANs, and Ethernet sub-interfaces of the first Ethernet interface and the second Ethernet interface which belong to the same VLAN are added into a link-aggregation group to establish an aggregated link with a second device.

Abstract: In one embodiment, a monitoring device (or module) monitors messages exchanged between nodes in a communication network. The monitoring device further determines, based on time stamp data associated with each message, one or more latency distributions of paired response times between the nodes, and determines a node topology consistent with each of the one or more latency distributions of paired response times between the nodes. In some embodiments, the monitoring device also generates a graph of the node topology showing one or more communication links between the nodes, and annotates each communication link of the one or more communication links with at least one of a mean response time or a median response time based on at least one of the latency distributions.

Abstract: A method implemented by a network node coupled to a network, the method comprising inserting a location hint in a request for a content, wherein the location hint specifies one or more network locations that are known by the network node to hold at least part of the content, sending the request to the network, wherein the request comprises a content name that describes the content, and receiving a data message corresponding to the request from the network, wherein the data message comprises at least a portion of the content.

Abstract: A method for data forwarding storage and retrieval in a network of interconnected computer system nodes may include directing data to a computer memory, continuously forwarding the data, from one computer memory to anther computer memory in the network of interconnected computer system nodes without storing on any physical storage device in the network, and retrieving the data in response to an activity.

Abstract: A method for automatically detecting and configuring Virtual Private Network (VPN) sites is provided. A Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) message is received from a Provider Edge (PE) router. The BGP message includes one or more attributes. The VPN site is identified based on the one or more attributes. Such attributes may include extended community attributes.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for performing path protection for rate-adaptive optics is provided. As part of the method, an aggregate input bit stream is received. The aggregate input bit stream is then transmitted using a rate-adaptive optical transceiver when transmitting on a first optical path. When the first optical path has a fault, the aggregate input bit stream is then transmitted on a second optical path using the rate-adaptive optical transceiver and a fixed-rate optical transceiver.

Abstract: Before restarting an IS-IS protocol process, the first device sends an IIH packet with a RR flag set and a hold time field being a first predetermined value to a second device. The first predetermined value is greater than a normal value of a hold time kept in the second device for the first device, and the first device establishes an adjacency with the second device. After receiving an IIH packet with a RA flag replied by the second device, the first device restarts the IS-IS protocol process and starts to execute a GR process. The IIH packet with the RA flag set is replied by the second device after the second device updates the hold time kept in the second device for the first device according to the first predetermined value.

Abstract: Femtocell service is provided through a secondary connection to a network gateway node that is part of a service provider network. The secondary connection can be established in response to at least one telecommunication performance condition of a primary connection to the network gateway node; the at least one performance condition includes connectivity state of the primary connection or quality of traffic delivery through the primary connection. The secondary connection can be established, in part, via a home gateway node that is alternative to a home gateway node associated with a femtocell access point (AP) that enables, in part, the femtocell wireless service. The main home gateway node or the femtocell AP can initiate establishment of the secondary connection. Home gateway node(s) or femtocell AP(s) that can provide femtocell service through the secondary connection can manage connectivity with the network gateway node.

Abstract: A method is implemented by a network device functioning as a provider edge (PE) device to determine a designated forwarder (DF) for sending broadcast, unknown unicast or multicast (BUM) traffic to a customer edge (CE) device, which is connected to a plurality of PE devices in an Ethernet virtual private network (EVPN) instance on a given Ethernet segment. The method reduces a time for DF determination and loss of traffic for the CE device. The method determines whether a number of active links from the network device to the CE device is greater than an active link minimum. The method also determines that the network device is the DF in response to determining that the number of active links is greater than the active link minimum.

Abstract: One embodiment is directed to a system in which an end node and a boundary link optimizer node are communicatively coupled to an ETHERNET network. The end node is communicatively coupled to the ETHERNET network using a boundary link that is connected to an edge of the ETHERNET network. A virtual local area network (VLAN) is established in the ETHERNET network that includes a first end point at the edge of the ETHERNET network and a second end point at the boundary link optimizer node. The boundary link optimizer node is configured to: receive ETHERNET packets that include data for the plurality of streams of digital samples; extract the data for the plurality of streams from the received ETHERNET packets; bundle the data for the streams of digital samples; and communicate, to the end node over the VLAN, the bundled data for the streams of digital samples in ETHERNET packets.

Abstract: Various embodiments of the invention provide systems, devices, and methods of configuring and controlling the operation of fallback links within a network. In certain embodiments, this is accomplished by selecting an operationally active port and internally configuring it to be part of an uplink LAG to achieve minimal L2 connectivity. Compared with existing designs, the presented invention has reduced delay time, minimal impact on network traffic, increased fallback bandwidth, faster convergence, and prevents link flaps of downstream server ports. In line with the IOA's plug- and play philosophy, no administrator intervention or reprogramming of VLANs is required in selecting fallback links.

Abstract: A network apparatus communicates with a user equipment via multiple component carriers. The network apparatus is capable of configuring cells to correspond to the component carriers, grouping the cells into cell groups, each including cells less than or equal to a predetermined number, selecting one from the cells to be a primary cell for each cell group, and receiving a physical uplink control channel (PUCCH) on an uplink (UL) CC of the primary cell for one of the at least one CG.

Abstract: Embodiments manage use of different network connections for data transfer in view of priority information and a data usage plan identifying threshold limits associated with the different network connections. A computing device receives data transfer requests from applications executing on the computing device. The data transfer requests have priority information associated therewith. The computing device compares the priority information with available network connections. One or more of the data transfer requests are selected for initiation based on the comparison and on the threshold limits.

Abstract: A connection recovery method includes searching, by a first terminal, for a recovery candidate corresponding to an interrupted connection; selecting, by the first terminal, one found recovery candidate as a first recovery candidate; sending, by the first terminal, a negotiation request to a second terminal; receiving, by the first terminal, a matching success message returned by the second terminal; and transmitting, by the first terminal, data to the second terminal according to the first connection information.

Abstract: Methods, systems and apparatus for managing and/or enforcing one or more policies for managing internet protocol (“IP”) traffic among multiple accesses of a network in accordance with a policy for managing bandwidth among the multiple accesses are disclosed. Among the methods, systems and apparatus is a method that may include obtaining performance metrics associated with the multiple accesses. The method may also include adapting one or more rules of one or more the policies for managing IP traffic among the plurality of accesses based, at least in part, on the performance metrics and the policy for managing bandwidth among the plurality of accesses. The method may further include managing IP traffic associated with at least one wireless transmit and/or receive unit (“WTRU”) among the plurality of accesses responsive to the adapted rules.