Abstract: Various methods, systems, and apparatuses can be used to provide intelligent tuning based on quality-of-experience (QoE) feedback. In some implementations, an encoder can be modified to receive QoE feedback and subsequently adjust the transmitted output video signal. For example, based on a QoE feedback, an output compression rate can be optimized. In other implementations, an external intelligent monitor can be used to receive QoE feedback, compute output compression rate adjustments, and send adjustment commands to the encoder. Dynamically adjusting encoder parameters can reduce bandwidth while maintaining a high QoE.

Abstract: A method for data auditing for object storage public clouds includes a service broker receiving a request to store data in public object storage, where the request includes user information or a container image. The service broker, based on either the user information or the container image, determines that data auditing is necessary. The service broker creates a storage unit, in public object storage, and a storage proxy. The method further includes the storage proxy storing data, and a data auditor retrieving data from the storage proxy. The data auditor determines a data qualification for the data, and notifies the storage proxy of the data qualification.

Abstract: A service identification method and a network device, where the method includes receiving, by the network device, service packets and identifying service packets that belong to a same terminal, determining, by the network device, a service traffic feature based on session information of the terminal and packet information of the service packet, where the service traffic feature includes at least one of session duration, a quantity of concurrent sessions, a traffic rate, traffic rate stability, a packet transmit/receive frequency, a quantity of packets, a packet length, or a round-trip time related to a request packet and a response packet, and determining, by the network device, a service type of a to-be-identified service based on the service traffic feature.

Abstract: A method of handling QoS flow descriptions with invalid EPS bearer context is proposed. During an EPS bearer activation or modification procedure, a UE may receive an ePCO/PCO IE for creating a new QoS flow description or modifying an existing QoS flow description. if UE detects that the to be created/modified QoS flow descriptions are associated with invalid EPS bearer context, then UE does, not create/modify the QoS flow descriptions. Instead, UE locally deletes the QoS flow descriptions provided by the network. In addition, UE indicates a 5GSM cause to the network via PCO/ePCO. As a result, when inter-system change from EPS to 5GS happens, UE no longer needs to handle the QoS flow descriptions with invalid EPS bearer context.

Abstract: The present invention discloses a packet transmission method and user equipment. The method includes: transmitting, by a sending node, multiple packets to a receiving node; receiving multiple acknowledgement packets from the receiving node; after determining, based on the received multiple acknowledgement packets, that a first packet is lost, retransmitting the first packet; and if it is detected that the retransmitted packet is lost, continuously retransmitting, by the sending node, the first packet to the receiving node in a preset time interval for at least twice. According to the solutions of the present invention, the retransmitted packet can be detected and recovered in time after the retransmitted packet is lost, thereby reducing a quantity of times of timeout retransmission, improving a transmission rate, moreover, reducing a packet loss probability of a retransmitted packet, and further reducing a probability of timeout retransmission.

Abstract: The disclosed embodiments relate to a system that passes control of a customer-support conversation among integrations, which are responsible for responding to a customer during the customer-support conversation. During operation, the system receives a message from a source integration, which is presently responsible for responding to the customer during the customer-support conversation, wherein the message includes a pass-control command that passes control of the customer-support conversation to a target integration. In response to the pass-control command, the system passes control of the customer-support conversation from the source integration to the target integration, so that the target integration becomes responsible for responding to the customer during the customer-support conversation.

Abstract: A chassis front-end is disclosed. The chassis front-end may include a switchboard including an Ethernet switch, a Baseboard Management Controller, and a mid-plane connector. The chassis front-end may also include a mid-plane including at least one storage device connector and a speed logic to inform at least one storage device of an Ethernet speed of the chassis front-end. The Ethernet speeds may vary.

Abstract: Embodiments of the present disclosure provide a method for controlling network congestion, a terminal device, and a network device, a congestion control mechanism can be performed when a state of the terminal device changes, thereby a purpose of controlling network congestion when the state of the terminal device changes is achieved. The method includes that the terminal device performs the congestion control mechanism when the state of the terminal device changes.

Abstract: A cellular communication apparatus includes antenna circuitry. A transceiver receives or transmits a signal using the antenna circuitry on a chosen channel of a portion of a radio spectrum. The portion of the radio spectrum is divided into one or more channels including the chosen channel each occupying a bandwidth of the portion of the radio spectrum. Control circuitry dynamically changes a configuration of the one or more channels of the radio spectrum and communication circuitry communicates the configuration of the one or more channels of the radio spectrum to one or more items of user equipment.

Abstract: A method of performing time series prediction by improper learning comprising calculating a plurality of filters based on a symmetric matrix and generating a mapping term based on a time series input and a function. The method may include comprising iteratively: transforming the function using the calculated plurality of filters; predicting an interim output using the transformed function and the mapping term; computing an error of the interim output based on a known output; and updating the mapping term based on the computed error. The method may include generating the mapping term through iterations over a predetermined interval and performing a time series prediction using the mapping term generated over the iterations.

Abstract: A load balancing component may obtain, from a plurality of packet forwarding components of the network device, indications of load balancing metrics associated with a plurality of communication links that the plurality of packet forwarding components use to forward packet data. The load balancing component may determine, based on the load balancing metrics, aggregate load balancing metrics associated with respective communication links of the plurality of communication links. The load balancing component may identify an imbalance in load balancing metrics. The load balancing component may determine, based on the imbalance, a load balancing schedule that indicates traffic distributions for the plurality of packet forwarding components. The load balancing component may provide indications of the traffic distributions to the plurality of packet forwarding components to permit the plurality of packet forwarding components to forward packet data based on the indications of the traffic distributions.

Abstract: A stateless queue system implements and supports a virtual room containing a content playback queue. The system allows multiple clients to listen to queued content in a synchronized manner and to modify the same queue without requiring a broadcasting client to send playback events. The system includes a multiplicity of computing clients that can add content items to the queue by interacting with an application service. The clients are enabled to add content to the queue in a number of ways, including by simple add-on to the bottom of the queue, by vote, or by direct modification of the queue structure. Upon client entrance into the playback session, data is provided to the client that represent the queue order at the time of request, the number of votes each items contains if structure is determined by vote, the start time for each queued item, and the current playing item.

Abstract: Described is a method and system for connectivity diagnostics in communication systems. The method comprises: querying a first communication device at a first time and a second time to determine whether a second communication device is connected to the first communication device and to determine a value of an operational parameter at the first and second times; and determining the second communication device disconnected from the first communication device based on detecting the second communication device was connected to the first communication device at both the first time and the second time, and detecting the value of the operational parameter at the second time is inside a range of threshold values. In one embodiment, the method comprises determining a link is unstable for connectivity based on connection duration, number and/or pattern of connection and/or disconnection events, and/or traffic activity during connection and/or disconnection events.

Abstract: A computer-implemented method, according to one embodiment, is for managing a plurality of blocks of memory in two or more pools. The computer-implemented method includes: maintaining a first subset of the plurality of blocks in a first pool, where the blocks maintained in the first pool are configured in single-level cell (SLC) mode. A second subset of the plurality of blocks is also maintained in a second pool, where the blocks maintained in the second pool are configured in multi-bit-per-cell mode. Current workload input/output (I/O) metrics are also identified during runtime. Moreover, a size of the first subset of blocks in the first pool and a size of the second subset of blocks in the second pool are adjusted based on the current workload I/O metrics.

Abstract: A relay apparatus relays a frame between communication lines. The relay apparatus includes an item group record portion that records at least one item group that includes classification items for identifying a received frame; a condition record portion that records action conditions each of which includes a setting of whether each of the classification items is set to be valid, and a process content for the frame; a rule generation portion that generates a filtering rule for the received frame by extracting at least one of the classification items set to be valid for each of the action conditions and by associating the extracted classification item with the process content, when receiving the frame; and a process execution portion that executes a process on the received frame in accordance with the filtering rule.

Abstract: The present application discloses a method for transmitting wireless network data, a sending terminal and a receiving terminal, wherein the method includes: sending data messages to a receiving terminal based on an initial window value and an initial aggregation depth; receiving response messages fed back by the receiving terminal, and determining a current maximum bandwidth and a current window value based on representation information of the response messages; calculating a current maximum aggregation depth according to the current maximum bandwidth; and sending data messages to the receiving terminal according to the current window value and the current maximum aggregation depth, and providing the current maximum aggregation depth to the receiving terminal, so that the receiving terminal feeds back the response messages according to the current maximum aggregation depth. The technical solution provided by the present application can improve the data transmission efficiency.

Abstract: An original input content is subjected to multiple constant quality probe encodes for a defined set of resolutions. In one embodiment, probe encodes encode a few parts of the original source video, for example, 30 seconds from 5 different positions. Each probe encode delivers an average bitrate that is required to achieve the configured constant quality. The mean value of the average bitrate is taken per resolution. This results in a list of bitrates that map to a resolution that would achieve the best quality, a custom bitrate table. Based on the custom bitrate table, an optimized bitrate ladder is computed. The process starts with a configurable minimum bitrate and steps up by a bitrate step size that is between a configurable min and max bitrate step size until the bitrate of the highest resolution is reached.

Abstract: A method, apparatus and computer program are disclosed that perform in a wireless network: monitoring radio network connectivity release requests received from a wireless device of a given subscriber of the wireless network; determining a radio network connectivity release request frequency based on the radio network connectivity release requests received from the wireless device; receiving a current radio network connectivity release request from the wireless device; determining whether the radio network connectivity release request frequency meets a first threshold and: if yes, taking first corrective action to mitigate network load by excessive radio network connectivity release requests.

Abstract: A message routing and pre-processing (MRP) computing device is described herein. The MRP computing device is configured to receive an authorization request message associated with a transaction initiated by a cardholder with a merchant, the authorization request message including authorization parameters of the transaction, and retrieve a plurality of potential authorization routes for the authorization request message. Each potential authorization route includes routing parameters and is associated with a respective transaction processing network (TPN). The MRP computing device is also configured to compare the authorization parameters to the routing parameters of each potential authorization route to determine an optimized authorization route for the authorization request message. The optimized authorization route includes routing parameters that most closely match the authorization parameters. The optimized authorization route is associated with a first TPN.

Abstract: One embodiment of the presently-disclosed invention relates to an intrusion prevention system that includes a plurality of FPGA instances and a plurality of compute instances in a cloud network. The plurality of FPGA instances perform pre-processing that determines whether data packets received from the network gateway are associated with suspicious flows. The data packets associated with the suspicious flows are communicated from the plurality of FPGA instances to a plurality of compute instances in the cloud network. The plurality of compute instances perform post-processing that determines whether a suspicious flow is malicious. Other embodiments, aspects and features are also disclosed.

Abstract: A method for establishing a temporal label switched path (T-LSP) implemented in a node in a network. The method includes receiving a path request including a time interval and a set of constraints; obtaining traffic engineering information from a first database; computing, by the node, a path satisfying the time interval and the set of constraints based on the traffic engineering information obtained; storing the time interval and the set of constraints in a second database; and instructing an ingress node of the temporal LSP to signal the temporal LSP in the network along the path computed at a start of the time interval identified in the path request and to tear down the temporal LSP at an end of the time interval identified in the path request.

Abstract: Example task assignment methods disclosed herein for video analytics processing in a cloud computing environment include determining a graph, such as a directed acyclic graph, including nodes and edges to represent a plurality of video sources, a cloud computing platform, and a plurality of intermediate network devices in the cloud computing environment. Disclosed example task assignment methods also include specifying task orderings for respective sequences of video analytics processing tasks to be executed in the cloud computing environment on respective video source data generated by respective ones of the video sources.

Abstract: This disclosure relates to performing cellular communication in unlicensed spectrum using a flexible slot structure. A cellular base station may perform a listen-before-talk procedure, and may transmit a reservation frame when the listen-before-talk procedure is successful. The reservation frame may reserve a wireless medium for a transmit opportunity. Transmission slots may be scheduled for communication with one or more wireless devices during the transmit opportunity. The transmission slots may be selected from multiple possible uplink transmission slot types and multiple possible downlink transmission slot types. Indications of the scheduled transmission slots, including indications of slot types of the scheduled transmission slots, may be provided to the wireless devices. Wireless communication may be performed between the cellular base station and the wireless devices according to the scheduled transmission slots.

Abstract: A network verification system uses general-purpose programming language to create network verification tests. A test orchestrator builds a model of the network only using data from the network verification test. An optimization testing manager creates symbolic packets for verification tests using assertions based on a packet library embedded into the testing manager and the general-purpose programming language.

Abstract: Disclosed herein includes a system, a method, and a device for prioritizing packet retransmission. A transmitting device can insert, for each packet of a plurality of packets of a video frame, a sequence number indicative of an order of the corresponding packet among the plurality of packets, into a header of the corresponding packet according to an application layer protocol. The transmitting device can transmit to the receiving device, at a first level of priority, the plurality of packets including the corresponding inserted sequence numbers. The transmitting device can receive an identification of one or more packets to be retransmitted to the receiving device, the identification based on at least the inserted sequence numbers of the one or more packets. The transmitting device can retransmit the one or more packets at a second level of priority that is higher than the first level of priority.

Abstract: An apparatus and method for providing a protocol stack design which resists active jammers. The apparatus including a transmitter component, the transmitter component including: a rate-2 orthogonal space-time block code (OSTBC) encoder for processing a set of information symbols to produce a set of encoded signals; a precoder module coupled to an output of the rate-2 OSTBC encoder for modifying a signal-to-jammer plus noise ratio (SJNR) of the set of encoded signals; and an eigen-beamformer module coupled to an output of the precoder module, and configured to generate a set of symbols for transmission via a set of eigenmodes of a channel covariance matrix for the transceiver.

Abstract: A core network node includes a transmitter configured to transmit a control plane data back-off timer to restrict a request from a UE for data transmission via Control Plane CIoT EPS Optimization. A UE includes a receiver configured to receive a control plane data back-off timer from a core network node, and a controller configured to not initiate data transmission via Control Plane CIoT EPS Optimization while the control plane data back-off timer is running.

Abstract: Embodiments are disclosed for a utilization-aware approach to cluster scheduling, to address this resource fragmentation and to improve cluster utilization and job throughput. In some embodiments a resource manager at a master node considers actual usage of running tasks and schedules opportunistic work on underutilized worker nodes. The resource manager monitors resource usage on these nodes and preempts opportunistic containers in the event this over-subscription becomes untenable. In doing so, the resource manager effectively utilizes wasted resources, while minimizing adverse effects on regularly scheduled tasks.

Abstract: A method is provided for managing a display of a view of an application, executed on a non-secured processor of an electronic data entry device that furthermore includes a secured processor. The application delivers at least one current view having a set of pixels to be displayed on a screen of the device. The managing is implemented under the control of the secured processor and includes: analysis of the current view, delivering at least one piece of data representing a presence of at least one suspect pattern; and, when a presence of a suspect pattern is detected within the current view, implementing by the secured processor at least one protection measure.

Abstract: Certain aspects of the present disclosure provide techniques for user equipment (UE)-centric clustering and efficient scheduling for coordinated multipoint (CoMP). A method for UE-centric clustering and central scheduling includes determining a UE conflict graph. Vertices in the UE conflict graph are UEs for which there is a transmission and edges between vertices are UEs that have a scheduling conflict. The method includes transmitting signaling to schedule the UEs with resources for the transmission based on the UE conflict graph. A method for UE-centric clustering and cluster scheduling includes determining a cluster graph. Vertices in the cluster graph are CoMP clusters for one or more UEs for which there is a transmission and edges between vertices are CoMP clusters that have a scheduling conflict. The method includes transmitting signaling to assign resources to the CoMP clusters based on the cluster graph.

Abstract: In general, techniques are described for providing a dynamic system state for a distributed operating system. A network device comprises a plurality of hardware computing nodes configured to execute a distributed operating system that provides an execution environment in which a plurality of applications is executed. A computing node of the plurality of computing nodes is configured to configure a dynamic state application to operate as a proxy to receive one or more requests for state information stored in a data store. The computing node retrieves the state information stored in the data store; stores the retrieved state information in a local data store of the computing node; receives one or more requests for the state information; and sends a response including the requested state information from the local data store.

Abstract: In some examples, a non-transitory machine-readable medium can include instructions executable by a processing resource to: monitor a quantity of interactions between a plurality of user interfaces with an embedded device, determine when the quantity of interactions with the embedded device exceeds a threshold, send a slow-down message to a portion of the plurality of user interfaces in response to the interactions with the embedded device exceeding the threshold, and restrict a portion of the quantity of interactions with the embedded device when the quantity of interactions continues to exceed the threshold for a quantity of time after the slow-down message was sent to the portion of the plurality of user interfaces.

Abstract: Dynamic controlled-environment facility resident communication allocation based on call volume may be implemented using a controlled-environment facility secure communication platform. The platform monitors controlled-environment facility resident call volume, recognizes an average call volume and detects an increase in call volume above the average call volume or a decrease in call volume below the average call volume. The platform automatically initiates a controlled-environment facility resident calling restriction in response to a detected increase in call volume or automatically initiates an increase in controlled-environment facility resident calling allocation in response to a detected decrease in call volume below the average call volume.

Abstract: An emergency answering center and a method of handling a distributed denial of service attack on an emergency answering center are provided. The emergency answering center receives an emergency call from a current caller. The emergency answering center determines websites visited by the current caller prior to calling the emergency answering center. If the number of calls received at the emergency answering center within a predetermined time period exceeds a predetermined threshold, the emergency answering center compares the websites visited by the current caller prior to calling the emergency answering center to a list of websites visited by other callers within the predetermined time period. If the websites visited by the current caller match at least a subset of the list of websites visited by other callers within the predetermined time period, the emergency answering center processes the emergency call in an alternate manner that is different from the regular manner of processing emergency calls.

Abstract: Apparatuses, methods, and systems are disclosed for rules handling. One apparatus includes a processor that determines whether a remote unit will apply network traffic steering data for routing data traffic on a first route across a first access network and a second route across a second access network. In some embodiments, the first and second routes may be different. In various embodiments, the apparatus includes a transmitter that transmits information that indicates whether the remote unit will apply the network traffic steering data.

Abstract: Device, system, and method of pre-processing and data delivery for multi-link communications and for media content. A method for transporting a video content from a content delivery device to a recipient device, includes: inequitably distributing packets of the video content, for transmission across two or more transmitters that transport data to the recipient device over two, different, one-to-one communication links; wherein the distributing of the packets is performed by selecting and applying a particular Packet Distribution Scheme out of a plurality of different pre-stored Packet Distribution Schemes. The Packet Distribution Scheme is selected based on its similarity to actual or predicted performance characteristics of the available transmitters. Optionally, multiple encoded-versions of the video content are prepared in advance, and are stored together with a record indicating which encoded-version should be used in conjunction with which Packet Distribution Scheme.

Abstract: Techniques for communication of a partial subframe and properties related to the partial subframe of a plurality of subframes in licensed assisted access (LAA) for an unlicensed frequency band are discussed. A network device (e.g., an evolved NodeB, or other cell network device) can generate a listen before talk (LBT) protocol in order to determine whether an unlicensed carrier of a secondary cell device is idle or busy. The evolved Node B (eNB) can communicate starting or ending partial subframes in a downlink transmission, and a user equipment (UE) can process partial subframes based on the communications and a scheduling policy.

Abstract: A network interface controller including a data alignment module, a boundary determination module and a checksum module is provided. The data alignment module receives raw data and re-combines the raw data as first valid data, wherein the raw data includes a first layer protocol segment and a second layer protocol segment. The boundary determination module receives the raw data in parallel to the data alignment module and performs a boundary determination operation on the raw data to generate a boundary information indicating a boundary between the first layer protocol segment and the second layer protocol segment. The checksum module is coupled to the data alignment module and configured to disassemble the first valid data as second valid data and calculate a checksum according to the boundary information and the second valid data.

Abstract: Multiple processors are often used in computing systems to solve very large, complex problems, such as those encountered in artificial intelligence. Such processors typically exchange data among each other via an interconnect fabric (such as, e.g., a group of network connections and switches) in solving such complex problems. The amount of data injected into the interconnect fabric by the processors can at times overwhelm the interconnect fabric preventing some of the processors from communicating with each other. To address this problem, techniques are disclosed to enable, for example, processors that are connected to an interconnect fabric to coordinate and control the amount of data injected so that the interconnect fabric does not get overwhelmed.

Abstract: A test transmission can be used to train and/or select a signal. For example, a cellular network can configure a receiver with a recommended receiver signal sweeping pattern for mobile devices. A transmitter device can duplicate a data packet transmission and send it to a receiver device to ensure that the receiver can receive the duplicated packets from different signals. Consequently, the duplicated data packet can be indicated in the associated control channel so that the receiver is aware that the data packet is a duplicated transmission, and based on this info and configuration data, the receiver can select a more favorable signal.

Abstract: The embodiments of the disclosure provide a method for wireless communication and a device, which may select at least one of a random access sequence or a random access resource by use of quality of a signal in a second signal set when a link for a signal in a first signal set is too poor to be available.

Abstract: An inventory system for storing and locating goods in a storage area. Ordered goods are placed in bag units at a central filling center. The filled bag units are shipped to local storage areas where they are placed onto rails in a storage structure. The rails include an imaging sensor at each bag receiving location defined on the rails for obtaining a bag identifier that is affixed with the bag unit. The bag identifier and the rail address for each bag unit is stored on a local computer database. When a user wants to pick up stored goods, the user inputs the identification or order information for the goods and the computer will search the inventory to locate the goods in a specific stored bag unit. The rail adjacent the bag unit will be illuminated to facilitate locating the goods.

Abstract: A network security method is provided. The method includes obtaining, at a network security device, first network traffic from a network device destined for a potential attacker; determining if the first network traffic is suspicious; when the first network traffic is determined to be suspicious: generating second network traffic based on the context of the network device and the first network traffic; providing the second network traffic to the potential attacker; obtaining, from the potential attacker, third network traffic in response to the second network traffic; and designating the potential attacker as malicious based on the third network traffic is disclosed. An apparatus and one or more non-transitory computer readable storage media are also disclosed.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to a method and system for managing and exchanging configuration information between two nodes in a wireless network. In one embodiment, a method implemented on a first node is disclosed. The method comprises: generating a first message that comprises first configuration information associated with the first node; and transmitting the first message to a second node for exchanging configuration information with the second node, wherein the first node and the second node cooperate to serve at least one cell in a wireless network as a base station.

Abstract: Embodiments of the present disclosure relate to a data transmission method, a terminal device, and a network device. The method comprises: receiving a first downlink data packet sent by a network device, the first downlink data packet comprising a first RQI that is a first preset value; keeping, according to the first preset value, a mapping rule of a first mapping relationship and a mapping rule of a second mapping relationship to be both unchanged, and receiving an RRC message sent by the network device, the first mapping relationship being a mapping relationship from IP flows to QoS flows, the second mapping relationship being a mapping relationship from QoS flows to DRBs, and the RRC message comprising a target mapping rule; and determining, according to the RRC message, the mapping rule of the second mapping relationship, as the target mapping rule.

Abstract: Techniques for dropping packets at congested network elements for no drop traffic are described. A network element in communication with a congested network element initiates a copy packet queue and stores a copy of each transmitted no-drop packet sent to the congested element. When the network element receives an indication that the congested element has dropped a no-drop packet, the network element begins retransmission of the dropped packets to the congested element from the copy packet queue, thus providing a lossless network while allowing for dropped packets.

Abstract: Systems and methods for data management are disclosed. In one embodiment, in an information processing apparatus comprising at least one computer processor, a method for data management may include (1) generating a unified model for a plurality of data sources for an organization, the unified model identifying the data sources and a type of data associated with each data source; (2) harvesting data from the data sources; (3) linking the harvested data to the unified model; and (4) receiving and processing a data lineage query against the linked harvested data.

Abstract: Examples may include a management authority for a software-define network (SDN) receiving telemetric data from wireless devices coupled together in a mesh network having one or more ad hoc connections between the wireless devices. The management authority may then generate a routing table based on the received telemetric data and provide a routing table for use by the wireless devices to route data within the mesh network or route data to a network coupled to the mesh network.

Abstract: A solution for selecting an optimal user Plane entity (with Control and User Plane Separation (CUPS)) per UE during seamless roaming. In one embodiment, a method is provide that is performed by a control plane entity in a mobile core network that supports inter public land mobile network (PLMN) roaming among two or more PLMNs. The method includes obtaining a create session request from an entity in a second PLMN to which a user equipment has roamed from a first PLMN; selecting a particular user plane entity among a plurality of user plane entities based on one or more user equipment related parameters; and establishing a session with the particular user plane entity to serve user plane traffic in the mobile core network for the user equipment.

Abstract: Systems and methods herein spawn action sets for networked communities which are executed based on detected triggers. A method that spawns action sets can include selecting a community including member devices. The member devices are associated with a distributed job. The method can also include identifying a trigger related to the distributed job and spawning an automated action set related to the trigger. The automated action set includes at least one of automated action by the member devices or automated action by a remote device communicatively coupled to at least one of the member devices.