Abstract: Data coding and entropy coding are performed with interconnection, and grouping is used to enhance coding efficiency. The present invention includes the steps of obtaining difference information and entropy-decoding the difference information according to an entropy coding scheme including time grouping and frequency grouping and data-decoding the difference information according to a data decoding scheme including a pilot difference, a time difference and a frequency difference.

Abstract: A communications device includes a signal input for receiving signals such as a binary phase shift keyed (BPSK) communications signal having a repeated preamble bit or symbol pattern. A modem processes the communications signal and includes a demodulator and processor that generates an initial frequency offset estimate and phase error estimate by processing such as with a Fast Fourier Transform (FFT), that detects the repeated preamble pattern for a block of samples within the communications signal, correlates two halves of the block of samples with a plurality of different shifted sequences and determines a maximum correlation value for the shifted sequence that provides the maximum correlation value to establish a symbol timing estimate based on the known timing alignment of this shifted sequence. Radio circuitry is operative with the modem for processing communications data obtained from the communications signal.

Abstract: A communications device includes a signal input for receiving signals such as a binary phase shift keyed (BPSK) communications signal having a repeated preamble bit or symbol pattern. A modem processes the communications signal and includes a demodulator and processor that generates an initial frequency offset estimate and phase error estimate by processing a Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) that detects the repeated preamble pattern for a block of samples within the communications signal, correlates within a start of message correlator to search for a start of message sequence and correlates different phases of the repeated preamble pattern within training correlators for reducing false detections of the start of message. Radio circuitry is operative with the modem for processing communications data obtained from the communications signal.

Abstract: A repeated preamble bit or symbol pattern such as for a binary phase shift keyed (BPSK) communications signal is received within a modem. An initial frequency offset and phase error estimate is generated by processing a Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) that detects the repeated preamble pattern for a block of samples within the communications signal. Two halves of the block of samples are correlated with a plurality of different BPSK shifted sequences to obtain a symbol timing alignment based on the shifted sequence providing the maximum correlation value. A frequency offset estimate is iteratively updated an N number of times using the shifted sequence providing the maximum correlation value to refine an acquisition estimate of the frequency offset and phase error of the received communications signal.

Abstract: Systems and methods for processing and decoding TCM/BCM-coded signal vectors. A multi-dimensional signal vector is received by, for example, a TCM or BCM decoder. The TCM/BCM decoder identifies the closest signal points in the signal constellation set, or “nearest neighbors,” for each dimension of the received signal vector. The TCM/BCM decoder then forms a test set that includes a plurality of multi-dimensional test vectors, where each dimension of each test vector is based on an identified nearest neighbor. In particular, each test point in the test set is based on a different combination of the nearest neighbors. The TCM/BCM decoder can compute branch metrics based on only the test points in the test set, and can make detection decisions using the computed branch metrics.

Abstract: Provided is an iterative residual frequency and phase compensation apparatus for an OFDM system and a method thereof. The apparatus includes: a first classifying unit for classifying symbol sequences by each subcarrier wave; a soft-decision calculating unit for calculating a soft-decision value of a data symbol using a soft-decision reliability obtained from iterative decoding performed by the iterative decoder; a classifying unit for classifying the soft-decision values by a carrier wave; a frequency estimating unit for estimating a residual frequency error of each carrier wave using the soft-decision value; a phase estimating unit for estimating an average residual phase error using the soft-decision value; a frequency and phase compensating unit for compensating frequencies and phases for input symbols of each carrier wave using the estimated frequency error and the estimated phase error; and a buffer for temporally storing the compensated symbols to provide it to the first classifying unit.

Abstract: A template pulse generating circuit that generates a template pulse used for detection of a received pulse in pulse communication includes an output mode switching circuit for switching an output mode in accordance with a supplied control signal between a continuous output mode that continuously outputs the template pulses and an intermittent output mode that intermittently outputs the template pulses so that the template pulse is generated in either one of the continuous output mode and the intermittent output mode.

Abstract: A method, device and system for signal encoding and decoding are disclosed. The method includes: encoding a core layer signal to obtain a core layer signal code; selecting an enhancement sample point that requires enhancement layer signal encoding according to the core layer signal code and the number of bits that can be used by an enhancement layer; obtaining an enhancement layer signal code of the enhancement sample point; and outputting a bit stream, where the bit stream includes the core layer signal code and the enhancement layer signal code. In embodiments of the present invention, according to the number of bits that can be used by the enhancement layer, the enhancement sample point that requires enhancement layer signal encoding is selected; the enhancement layer signal of the selected enhancement sample point is encoded and decoded; when no sufficient bits are available for the enhancement layer, the enhancement quality of the core layer can be improved.

Abstract: A method to design low complexity and low power echo and NEXT cancellers based on wordlength reduction technique is presented. A circuit architecture to implement echo and cancellers is also presented. The low complexity and low power design relies on the fact that a TH precoder can be viewed as an IIR filter with an input equal to the sum of the original input to the TH precoder and a compensation signal. The proposed design also relies on the fact that sum of the original input to the TH precoder and the compensation signal has finite levels, which can be represented in less bits than the original input of the echo and NEXT cancellers. An improved design by exploiting the statistics of the compensation signal is also proposed to further bring down the complexity and power consumption of these cancellers.

Abstract: A digital-to-analog (DAC) converter that includes a plurality of dynamically operated slave digital-to-analog (DAC) converters, each having a switched current mirror and a storage capacitor, and a static master digital-to-analog (DAC) converter in communication with the plurality of dynamically operated slave DAC converters, that distributes a current to at least one of the plurality of slave DAC converters such that voltage across the storage capacitor of the at least one slave DAC converter controls the switch current mirror so that the at least one slave DAC converter outputs currents that are equivalent to digital codes applied to the static master DAC converter. A ring counter is used to periodically refresh the charges on the storage capacitors that are lost by leakage. In addition to the periodic updates, an end user may perform immediate updates of selected slave DACs if necessary, via the ring counter.

Abstract: An encoding scheme generates an encoded nine bit code word from each input eight bit data word. The coding scheme is such that the encoded data words have advantageous properties, such as a minimum of two polarity transitions in each encoded data word, and a maximum of five bits without a polarity transition. Five of the bits from the input eight bit data word appear unchanged in the encoded data word, while the other four bits of the encoded data word are obtained by applying appropriate logical operators to the remaining three bits of the input data word in combination with two of the five bits that appear unchanged in the encoded data word. Exception codes can also be defined, that is, nine bit code words that cannot be obtained from any eight bit data word by means of the coding scheme, and can be used to embed control information into the data stream. For example, the exception codes may advantageously have six or seven bits without a polarity transition.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a low power serial link employing differential return-to-zero signaling. A receiver circuit consistent with some embodiments includes an input circuit for receiving differential serial data signals that form a differential return-to-zero signaling and a clock recovery circuit. The clock recovery circuit is coupled to the input circuit and includes a logic gate configured to generate a clock signal by using said differential serial data signals.

Abstract: A method and an apparatus for switching speech or audio signals, wherein the method for switching speech or audio signals includes when switching of a speech or audio, weighting a first high frequency band signal of a current frame of speech or audio signal and a second high frequency band signal of the previous M frame of speech or audio signals to obtain a processed first high frequency band signal, where M is greater than or equal to 1, and synthesizing the processed first high frequency band signal and a first low frequency band signal of the current frame of speech or audio signal into a wide frequency band signal. In this way, speech or audio signals with different bandwidths can be smoothly switched, thus improving the quality of audio signals received by a user.

Abstract: A method of time domain synchronous orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (TDS-OFDM) communication, including the steps of: preparing OFDM-body; generating pseudo random (PN) sequence as a training signal; manipulating the PN sequence to concentrate the energy distribution thereof to the same bandwidth of sub-carriers of the OFDM-body; offsetting the manipulated PN sequence to align with frequency spectrum of the sub-carriers; and inserting the offset PN sequence as prefix of a TDS-OFDM data frame. The manipulating step may include the step of repeating the PN sequence by N times, wherein the spectrum of the repeated PN sequence concentrates on discrete bundles of sub-carriers, i.e., on one sub-carrier every N sub-carriers or M adjacent sub-carriers every MN sub-carriers, where M is an integer determined by the time duration ratio of the OFDM body and prefix.

Abstract: A method of allocating sub-channel signal interleaving patterns to BSs forming a wireless communication system that divides a frequency band into a plurality of sub-carriers and including a plurality of sub-channels, which are a set of predetermined adjacent sub-carriers. The method includes: creating a basic orthogonal sequence having a length identical to a number of the sub-carriers forming the sub-channel; creating a plurality of sequences having a same length as the basic orthogonal sequence by cyclic-shifting the basic orthogonal sequence a predetermined number of times or performing a modulo operation based on a number of the sub-carriers forming the sub-channel, after adding a predetermined offset to the cyclic-shifted basic orthogonal sequence; selecting a predetermined number of sequences corresponding to a number of the BSs from among the plurality of sequences; and allocating the selected sequences as the sub-channel signal interleaving patterns for the BSs.

Abstract: A frame formed of a plurality of code words encoded with an encoding mode in which two different types of code words are assigned one-to-one to two smallest quantization intervals is checked to determine whether it contains just the two types of code words assigned to the two smallest quantization intervals, and lossless encoding is applied to the frame containing just the two types of code words. A code obtained by this lossless encoding is decoded with a decoding method corresponding to the lossless encoding.

Abstract: Systems and methods are disclosed for an electronically adjustable signal filter system, which comprises, in some embodiments, a first filter coupled to an antenna coupling network and a second filter, a power amplifier coupled to the first filter, an antenna connected to an antenna coupling network, a pilot tone generator coupled to the first filter, and a first signal source connected to the power amplifier and first filter. In some embodiments, the power amplifier amplifies the first signal, the first filter places a notch into the first signal transmitted to the antenna coupling network, the antenna coupling network combines the first signal and a second signal received from the antenna and transmits a third signal to the second filter.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for distributing high-bandwidth and low-bandwidth voice channels is presented. An input signal is received and separated into a first low-band signal and a first high-band signal. The first low-band signal is compressed to provide a low-bandwidth channel and is used to carrying encoded voice signals (e.g. G.711). The high-band signal is also compressed to provide a high-bandwidth channel and is used to carry encoded voice signals (e.g. G.722).

Abstract: A multi-scale spike detector for performing multi-resolution spike detections of a signal is provided. The spike detector includes a gamma filter having cascaded low-pass filters. The cascaded filters collectively provide different cutoff frequencies, each of the filters having a respective output. One of the filters has an input, at which the signal is received. The spike detector further includes combining circuitry that combines at least some of the respective outputs of the cascaded filters. The differences formed from this combining provide a waveform representation of the input signal. The waveform representation consists essentially of spikes that occur in the signal.

Abstract: The present invention relates to network coding and discloses a method, an apparatus, and a system for random linear network coding to prevent the complicated and time-consuming process of network coding. The coding method for random linear network includes: splitting original data into at least two data blocks sequentially; determining at least two coefficient groups, wherein a length of each coefficient group is the same as the number of the data blocks, and the coefficient group comprises two elements; performing a bitwise-AND operation on the data blocks and coefficients corresponding to the data blocks to obtain code blocks; and performing a bitwise-XOR operation between the code blocks to obtain a code packet. The present invention is applicable to the network coding which requires a high efficiency of coding.

Abstract: A digital signal receiver including: a signal edge detector configured to receive a signal including a code and detect an edge of the signal; a reference point detector configured to detect a reference point for pulse width detection from a rising time point or falling time point of the edge detected by the signal edge detector; a pulse width detector configured to detect a pulse width from the rising time point or falling time point of the edge and the reference point; a sampling point determination module configured to generate a histogram of the pulse width and determines a sampling point of the code based on an analysis result of the histogram; and a sampling module configured to perform a sampling of the code based on the sampling point determined by the sampling point determination module.

Abstract: A high-speed serial interface circuit includes a data receiver circuit, a clock signal receiver circuit, a logic circuit block that includes at least a serial/parallel conversion circuit, a free-running clock signal generation circuit, a clock signal detection circuit, and an output mask circuit. The clock signal detection circuit compares a received clock signal from the clock signal receiver circuit with a free-running clock signal from the free-running clock signal generation circuit to detect whether or not clock signals are transferred through differential clock signal lines. When the clock signal detection circuit has detected that the clock signals are not transferred through the differential clock signal lines, the output mask circuit masks an output signal from the logic circuit block so that the output signal is not transmitted to a circuit in the subsequent stage.

Abstract: A method for processing audio may include performing using one or more processors and/or circuits in a Bluetooth enabled communication device, receiving audio samples that are encoded by a Bluetooth subband CODEC. The encoded audio samples may include inverse discrete cosine transformed windowed audio data. Shifted subband samples corresponding to the received encoded audio samples may be discrete cosine transformed during decoding by a receive Bluetooth subband codec. The inverse discrete cosine transformed windowed audio data may be generated by an encoding matrix operation. Windowing of the audio data may occur prior to the encoding matrix operation. A plurality of filter coefficients may be utilized for the windowing of the audio data. The shifted subband samples may be discrete cosine transformed during a decoding matrix operation.

Abstract: The object of the invention, which relates to a method and an arrangement for reducing the mutual interference of network subscribers in radio networks, is to provide a solution by means of which data collisions are reduced and thus the data throughput rate of a radio cell is increased. According to the invention, this object is achieved in terms of the method in that the cell size of a radio cell is adjusted by reducing the receiver sensitivity of one or more devices belonging to the radio cell if the device receives interference which disrupts its communication from another device belonging to a different radio cell.

Abstract: Generic and specific C-to-E binaural cue coding (BCC) schemes are described, including those in which one or more of the input channels are transmitted as unmodified channels that are not downmixed at the BCC encoder and not upmixed at the BCC decoder. The specific BCC schemes described include 5-to-2, 6-to-5, 7-to-5, 6.1-to-5.1, 7.1-to-5.1, and 6.2-to-5.1, where “0.1” indicates a single low-frequency effects (LFE) channel and “0.2” indicates two LFE channels.

Abstract: The present invention relates to an encoding device for saving the number of bits of codes. In step S11, the differential value between a normalization coefficient Bi to be encoded and a normalization coefficient Bi-1 for an encoding unit Ai-1 in a band adjacent to the lower side of an encoding unit Ai corresponding to the normalization coefficient Bi is computed. In step S12, reference is made to a table in which a differential value having a high frequency of occurrence is associated with a code having a small number of bits, and a code corresponding to the computed differential value is read. In step S13, it is determined whether or not all normalization coefficients B have been encoded. If it is determined that all normalization coefficients B have been encoded, in step S14, the code read in step S12 is output. The present invention is applicable to an audio recorder.

Abstract: A method an apparatus is provided to generate a gray code sequence from a sequence of binary values having a length “L”. Accordingly, one aspect of the present invention provides a circuit comprising a cycle flag toggle circuit configured to toggle a cycle flag between a first value and a second value, an intermediate value generator coupled to an output of the cycle flag toggle circuit configured to receive the binary value, and configured to generate an intermediate value from the cycle flag and the binary value, and a binary to gray converter coupled to an output of the intermediate value generator, configured to convert the intermediate value to a gray code.

Abstract: Methods and apparatuses enable selective operation in an extended bandwidth channel of a wireless communication band. For example, a client station can be selectively authorized to operate on a 40 MHz channel in a 2.4 GHz band. The client station or an access point or both can determine whether interference exists in the wireless communication band. If potential interference exists, the client station may operate on a non-extended bandwidth channel. If potential interference does not exist, the client station may operate on an extended bandwidth channel. Operation between the two channels can be dynamic based on continued monitoring of the wireless communication band for potential interference.

Abstract: An input signal INDATA inputted to a sender-side interface portion is encoded by an encoder, and a transmission signal generated by the encoding is transmitted to a receiver-side interface portion through two signal transmission lines. The input signal INDATA is encoded in such a manner that the logic level of the transmission signal transmitted through at least one of the two signal transmission lines is changed in any two consecutive elementary periods. The receiver-side interface portion is provided with a clock receiver, and a clock signal is generated based on the change of the transmission signals supplied from the two signal transmission lines.

Abstract: A single chip diversity beamforming antenna array processor is disclosed. The processor utilizes low-power and low area circuits to achieve combining game mitigate the effects of multipath fading provide spatial suppression and provide diversity gain to a single input receiver. The device is radiofrequency transparent yet provides antenna gain by selective three G and four G code acquisition and tracking of a desired downlink channel.

Abstract: A signal for use on a wired network interconnecting electronic devices, comprising: a base voltage for conveying power to the electronic devices; a pulsed voltage signal bearing coded information for transfer between the electronic devices; and a digital signal superimposed onto selected portions of the pulsed voltage signal, wherein the digital signal comprises a carrier signal modulated by a data signal for transfer between the electronic devices. This is used in fire alarm networks, for example, to convey multimedia or other data such as control signals, whilst maintaining compatibility with existing protocols using the pulsed voltage signal.

Abstract: Systems and methods are described for pulse communications using precision timing. A method includes digitally pulse coding a data stream; and modulating a carrier signal using the digitally pulse coded data stream.

Abstract: The present invention provides a single-stage tunable Ultra-Wideband (UWB) pulse generator, by creating and differentiating a variable edge rate signal. Edge rate variability is introduced by first applying a step recovery diode (SRD) to compress the edges of the source and then applying a simple RC network to adjust the edge rate. Next, the resulting signal is differentiated using microstrip transmission lines. The tunable generator resulting from this approach demonstrates a Gaussian and monocycle pulses with good symmetry and low distortion over the tunable range.

Abstract: A pulse generator circuit is provided. The pulse generator circuit has an input adapted to receive an input electrical quantity and an output at which an output electrical quantity is made available. A transfer characteristic establishes a relationship between said input and said output electrical quantities. The pulse generator circuit is adapted to provide said output electrical quantity in the form of pulses having a predetermined shape, suitable to be used for UWB transmission. The transfer characteristic has substantially a same shape as that of said pulses. Moreover, a UWB modulating system exploiting the novel pulse generator is proposed.

Abstract: A frequency generator (100) takes a signal source (clock or carrier) (101) and generates a edge encoded direct digital modulated differential output signal (110). The differential signal (110) is applied to a frequency extension quadrature generator (FEQG) (112). The FEQG (112) includes a fractional differential wavelength delay locked loop (DLL) (280) and a frequency multiplier (240). The DLL (280) generates a control voltage (214) with which to control delays of the edge encoded modulation signal (110). A frequency extended quadrature function is applied to the periodic steady state input signal with edge encoded modulation (110), to provide the output signal set 113.

Abstract: A repeater for regenerating signals communicated along a telecommunication line uses a constellation providing a sufficiently high constellation density to ensure that regenerated signals are spectrally compatible. In one exemplary embodiment, such a repeater is configured to implement a method comprising the steps of: receiving first data signals from a first telecommunication line segment; demodulating the first data signals thereby recovering digital data using a constellation that provides a first constellation density; modulating second data signals with the digital data; transmitting the second data signals across a second telecommunication line segment that is bound within a cable; selecting a second constellation density for use in the modulating step such that the second data signals are spectrally compatible with other signals transmitted across a third telecommunication line segment bound within the cable, wherein the second constellation density is higher than the first constellation density.

Abstract: An efficient method and system for detecting frame slip in an inband signalling block in pulse code modulation. The effect of frame slip on the inband signalling block is that the bits following the frame slip are transferred from the signalling block into an adjacent block. The octet slip is detected by searching an error bit in a signalling block by comparing it to a sample block. If an error bit is found, an error count for the adjacent block starting from the error bit is calculated. If the error count is more than one, a second error bit of the signalling block is searched (26) and bits of the adjacent block after second error bit are verified (27). If bits of the adjacent block after the second error bit are not correct, the octet slip cannot be assumed (29). Otherwise the octet slip can be assumed by analyzing error count and error bits.

Abstract: An approach for reliably communicating over a satellite in support of a communication service including, for example, as direct broadcast satellite and data service, is disclosed. An input message is encoded, yielding a structured Low Density Parity Check (LDPC) coded message. The coded message is modulated according to a high order modulation scheme that has a signal constellation representing more than two symbols per signaling point—e.g., 8-PSK (Phase Shift Keying) and 16-QAM (Quadrature Amplitude Modulation). The system includes a transmitter configured to propagate the modulated signal over the satellite. The above approach is particularly applicable to bandwidth constrained communication systems requiring high data rates.

Abstract: A k-to-2k decoder is provided. Within the final stage of a k-to-2k decoder is a plurality of word line drivers. These word line drivers utilize clocking signals to fire word lines to a memory array. However, power consumption by clocks has become a serious issue with the increase component density on silicon wafers. To alleviate the problem, signals from the first stage of the k-to-2k decoder provide enablement signals to Local Clock Buffers (LCBs) that allow the word line drivers to fire. The enablement signal reduces the number of active buffers and signals carried to word line drivers, reducing power consumption.

Abstract: An embodiment of the present invention provides an apparatus, comprising a transmitter operable to communicate in a wireless network and adapted to use an efficient Golay correlator running at 1.5 times a sampling rate.

Abstract: The code generation apparatus includes: a clock generator which generates a clock signal of a first frequency; a timing controller which generates a timing signal of a second frequency lower than the first frequency; a code table storage in which a plurality of code sequences serving as a source for a pseudo-noise code is stored; an address controller which selects, according to the timing signal, a code sequence to be read, from among a plurality of code sequences; a partial code sequence extractor which extracts, as a partial code sequence, a code of a predetermined length, from the code sequence to be read; and a parallel-series convertor which outputs the partial code sequence one bit at a time, according to the clock signal.

Abstract: A communication system is provided which implements a method for up-converting a baseband signal to a given number of frequency bands that together define a signal transmission channel. A sequential order is defined in which the frequency bands are to be used for up-converting the baseband signal, and up-converting the baseband signal to one frequency band after the other in the defined sequential order such that the spectral distance between two frequency bands is equal or higher for the frequency bands being direct neighbors in the defined sequential order than being direct neighbors in the spectral order.

Abstract: Systems and methods are disclosed for in-band control signaling using bandwidth distributed encoding to send modulated control carrier signals with analog voice signals in the same voice frequency band. A transmitting device generates control carrier signals spread over a voice frequency band, combines them with analog voice signals in the voice frequency band, and transmits the combined signals over a communication channel. The transmitting device can use a control signal encoder to apply a pseudo-random code to the control carrier signal in order to spread it over a voice frequency band. As such, control signals are sent as in-band signals without significantly degrading the voice signals. A receiving device receives the combined signals within the voice frequency band. The receiving device demodulates the combined signal and uses matching pseudo-random codes to determine if a control signal has been sent. The receiving device also reproduces the voice signals themselves.

Abstract: A method of processing a received first code-modulated signal, the received first code-modulated signal being a first signal modulated with a first code, to determine at least one of said first code and a delay in the first code-modulated signal, which determines a correlation between the received first code-modulated signal and a second code, the second code being at least substantially a sum of a plurality of further codes.

Abstract: A method and an apparatus for encoding/decoding key value data of a coordinate interpolator used in a three-dimensional graphic animation are provided.

Abstract: An ultra-wideband clear channel assessment system uses a double-window energy technique for energy detection, which indicates a clear or busy channel.

Abstract: Disclosed is a circuit for encoding code phase modulated (CPM) signals, including a code storage device storing one or more PN codes, a counter, and a multiplexer coupled to the code storage device and the counter, the multiplexer to provide an encoded CPM sequence using the one or more reference codes.

Abstract: Some embodiments include a transmitter having a cycle encoding circuit to receive a data input signal and to provide a full cycle encoded signal in response thereto by continuously joining portions of different encoding signals. Some of the encoding signals have a different frequency than others of the encoding signals and some of the encoding signals have a different phase than others of the encoding signals. Data is represented in data time segments of the full cycle encoded signal and no data time segment has more than one cycle of an encoding signal. In some embodiments, a receiver receives the cycle encoded signal and recovers data of the data input signal.

Abstract: A control unit in which at least one inertial sensor and a processor are accommodated in a housing. The data transmission between the inertial sensor and the control unit is performed digitally. The transmission may be provided with error bits or status bits. The data transmission is configured to be bidirectional in particular. Four lines are provided between the control unit and the sensor, one of the lines being used for selecting the sensor.

Abstract: An electronic watermark embedding apparatus includes means for storing a pixel matrix G with n rows and m columns of an input image, means for acquiring singular values s1 to sr, left singular vectors u1 to ur and right singular vectors v1 to vr of the pixel matrix G, means for creating a watermark information matrix W with r rows and r columns having a non-0 value as at least one nondiagonal element as electronic watermark information, creating a diagonal matrix S having singular values s1 to sr as diagonal elements, and creating a matrix Sw on the basis of Sw=S+aW (a?0). The apparatus also includes means for multiplying the matrix Sw by a matrix U having the acquired left singular vectors u1 to ur as columns from the left and multiplying the transposed matrix of a matrix V having the acquired right singular vectors v1 to vr as columns from the right to create a pixel matrix Gw with n rows and m columns, and outputting it as an electronic-watermark-embedded image of the input image.