Abstract: Disclosed herein is a radiation detector, comprising: a radiation absorption layer comprising an electrode; a voltage comparator that compares a voltage of the electrode to a first threshold; a counter that registers a number of photons of radiation absorbed by the radiation absorption layer; a controller; and a voltmeter. The controller is configured to start a time delay from a time at which the voltage comparator determines that an absolute value of the voltage equals or exceeds an absolute value of the first threshold. The controller is configured to cause the voltmeter to measure the voltage upon expiration of the time delay. The controller is configured to determine the number of photons by dividing the voltage measured by the voltmeter by a voltage that a single photon would have caused on the electrode. The controller can cause the number registered by the counter to increase by the number of photons.

Abstract: Methods, systems, and apparatuses are disclosed for making and using a non-destructive inspection apparatus comprising a portable X-ray backscatter detection apparatus having predetermined electromagnetic radiation cancelling features in the form of deflection yokes in communication with photomultiplier tubes to improve imaging contrast in non-destructively inspecting target substrates in situ and in real time.

Abstract: Apparatus and associated methods relate to dividing a multimedia stream into sections segmented as a function of a characteristic of the multimedia stream, choosing from the segmented multimedia stream sections a highlight multimedia segment selected as a function of the segmented multimedia stream section content, and automatically providing collaboration access to a summarized multimedia stream constructed as a function of the highlight multimedia segment. In an illustrative example, the multimedia stream may be video. The video may be divided into segmented sections as a function of a characteristic of the video. The video characteristic may be, for example, a video temporal characteristic. In some examples, the highlight multimedia segment may be selected from the sections based on video segment content. A video highlight summary may be automatically created based on one or more highlight segments.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to a system and a method. The system may include a first device including a treatment head configured to emit a radiation beam. The system may include a second device comprising a body. The body may include one or more openings at a bottom of the recess that allow passage of the radiation beam substantially free of the interference by the body.

Abstract: A transformable imaging system configured to operate in at least two configurations. A first configuration may be open and a second configuration may be closed. The closed configuration may allow for imaging in along an arc greater than 180 degrees.

Abstract: In the present invention, a ferroelectric body is irradiated with ultraviolet light, and the ferroelectric body is caused to stably generate electric potential. A method for radiating charged particles, in which the UV-light-receiving surface of the ferroelectric body that receives UV light and is caused to generate a potential difference is irradiated with UV light having a wavelength not transmitted by the ferroelectric body, and charged particles are radiated from the charged-particle-radiation surface of the ferroelectric body, wherein the UV-light-receiving surface is irradiated with pulses of UV light at a peak power of 1 MW or greater. The pulse width of the UV light is measured in picoseconds (less than 1×10?9 seconds), and the UV pulses can be transmitted by fiber.

Abstract: A system and method for irradiating a product in order to obtain an irradiated product that has a suitable irradiation dose uniformity ratio and is less expensive and faster than existing systems. The system includes a controller that varies the speed at which a product to be irradiated is moved across a radiation beam. The speed is varied in accordance with a speed function that can be a quadratic function of the distance between a position at which the surface of the product is irradiated and a reference position.

Abstract: A collimator taking the form of a prolate spheroid (40) comprising radiation attenuating material and featuring a twisted slit comprising radiation transmissive material. The twisted slit featuring first (43) and second (44) apertures arranged such that for each entrance point in one of the apertures there is a direct pathway through the major axis ‘B’ of the prolate spheroid (40), at a pre-determined angle, to a point in the other aperture, such that a compound aperture is formed. For each compound aperture the length of the direct pathway through the prolate spheroid (40) is constant. Rotation of the collimator about the major axis ‘B’, relative to a stationary point at the first aperture (43), steers in angle the compound aperture through the collimator from said stationary point.

Abstract: An X-ray system comprises: a source of an X-ray diverging beam having a central imaging portion and a peripheral treatment-portion; a lens transforming the peripheral treatment portion of the X-ray beam into a converging beam directed to a target; a shutter located between the X-ray source and the target in the central imaging portion of the X-ray radiation; and a detector of imaging radiation after interaction with the target and to provide imaging information of the target.

Abstract: Systems and methods are disclosed for body augmentation by mixing hyaluronic acid (HA) with polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) to form an HA-PVA hydrogel; and exposing the HA-PVA hydrogel to one or more freeze-thaw cycles or to an amount of radiation effective to crosslink the HA to the PVA to crosslink the HA to the PVA.

Abstract: A method and an apparatus for scanning with a lowered dose are provided. The method includes: determining a dynamic changing model of a prepatient collimator according to a rotation angle of a tube in a scanning mode; in a case that the scanning mode is a normal scan, controlling an opening angle of the prepatient collimator according to the dynamic changing model of the prepatient collimator at an initial stage and an end stage of the normal scan; and in a case that the scanning mode is a scan with phase control, controlling an opening angle of the prepatient collimator according to the dynamic changing model of the prepatient collimator at an initial stage and an end stage of a phase of the scan with phase control.

Abstract: The invention provides for a medical instrument (200, 300, 400, 500, 502, 600, 700, 702, 800, 802) comprising a LINAC guided by a magnetic resonance imaging system (204). Execution of the instructions by processor to controlling the medical instrument cause the processor to: receive (100) a treatment plan (260) for irradiating the target zone; modify (102) the treatment plan in accordance with an X-ray transmission model of an accessory; acquire (104) magnetic resonance data using the magnetic resonance imaging system; reconstruct (106) a magnetic resonance image (268) from the magnetic resonance data; register (108) a location (272) of the target zone in the magnetic resonance image; generate (110) control signals (274) in accordance with the location of the target zone and the X-ray transmission model; and control (112) the LINAC to irradiate the target zone using the control signals.

Abstract: An X-ray system comprises: (a) a source providing an X-ray diverging beam having treatment and imaging angular portions; (b) one or more lenses transforming the treatment portion of the X-ray beam into a converging beam directed to a target; (c) a first shutter located between the X-ray source and the target in the imaging portion of the X-ray radiation; the first shutter being selectively openable such that imaging portion of X-ray beam reaches the target; and (d) a detector configured to detect at least a portion of the imaging radiation after the imaging radiation has interacted with the target to provide imaging information of the target.

Abstract: Methods for performing dose determination and cost function gradients in a radiation therapy are disclosed, which include: discretizing a volume-of-interest (VOI) into a set of voxels; identifying a set of beamlets which deposit dose contributions of radiation to the VOI, and each beamlet has a weight factor; transforming the dose contributions into a first domain, and transforming the weight factors into a second domain orthogonal to the first domain; calculate the local derivatives of a cost function of dose and cost function gradients with respect to the weights of the beamlets.

Abstract: A system, method, and computer program product are provided for simulating light transport. In operation, a distribution function is decomposed utilizing a technique for sampling from a probability distribution (e.g. the Alias Method, etc.). Additionally, light transport associated with at least one scene is simulated utilizing information associated with the decomposed distribution function.

Abstract: The radiation detector includes image pixels that each includes a counting pixel, to restore an image. The counting pixel includes a radiation absorption layer, which converts incident photons into an electrical signal, and a photon processor that counts a number of the photons, based on the electrical signal.

Abstract: The disclosure relates to systems and methods for interleaving operation of a standing wave linear accelerator (LINAC) for use in providing electrons of at least two different energy ranges, which can be contacted with x-ray targets to generate x-rays of at least two different energy ranges. The LINAC can be operated to output electrons at different energies by varying the power of the electromagnetic wave input to the LINAC, or by using a detunable side cavity which includes an activatable window.

Abstract: Systems, methods, and related computer program products for image-guided radiation treatment (IGRT) are described. For one preferred embodiment, an IGRT apparatus is provided comprising a gantry frame including a ring member, the ring member being rotatable around a substantially horizontal, longitudinally extending central axis, the ring member having first and second horizontally opposing ends. The IGRT apparatus further comprises a radiation treatment head coupled to the ring member by an arm member, the arm member being connected to the ring member at an arm member base. Preferably, the IGRT apparatus is further characterized in that the arm member extends outwardly from the first end of the ring member in a direction away from the second end and is supported only by the arm member base, and the radiation treatment head is dynamically movable in at least a longitudinal direction toward and away from the first end of the ring member.

Abstract: A method for detecting radiation during the examination of a sample (1) comprises the steps of generating the radiation, more particularly X-ray radiation or proton radiation, by means of a source device (10), passing the radiation through the sample (1), and detecting the radiation by means of at least one photoelectric solid-state detector (20) containing a photoconduction section having a predetermined response threshold and a potential well section for taking up free charge carriers. The solid-state detector (20) is a GaN- or GaAs-based semiconductor detector and the potential well section contains a two-dimensional electron gas (2DEG). A setting of the radiation is provided in such a way that the solid-state detector (20) is operated separately from the response threshold of the photoconduction section and in a sensitivity range of the potential well section.

Abstract: A method for planning a treatment session of a patient and optimizing the treatment time for a treatment using a radiation therapy system includes a radiation therapy unit having a fixed radiation focus point. During an optimization of a treatment plan for a patient, a set of shots to be delivered to a plurality of isocenter positions within a target volume of a patient during a treatment session are determined and a beam-on time for each respective sector and state for each isocenter during which radiation is to be delivered are determined based on the treatment plan. For each isocenter position, sectors and states of respective sector are grouped in accordance predetermined rules with respect to beam-on times for respective state of the sectors, wherein sectors and respective states are aggregated for simultaneous delivery of radiation during a predetermined period of time.

Abstract: An elongated x-ray tube that can emit a linear curtain of x-rays along its length. Methods of using an elongated curtain of x-rays.

Abstract: A dose calculation tool operable to generate a variance map that represents a dose uncertainty. The variance map illustrates on a point-by-point basis where high uncertainty in the dose may exist and where low uncertainty in the dose may exist. The dose uncertainty is a result of an error in one or more data parameters related to a delivery parameter or a computational parameter.

Abstract: A differential phase contrast X-ray imaging system includes an X-ray illumination system, a beam splitter arranged in an optical path of the X-ray illumination system, and a detection system arranged in an optical path to detect X-rays after passing through the beam splitter.

Abstract: Treatment targets such as tumors or lesions, located within an anatomical region that undergoes motion (which may be periodic with cycle P), are dynamically tracked. A 4D mathematical model is established for the non-rigid motion and deformation of the anatomical region, from a set of CT or other 3D images. The 4D mathematical model relates the 3D locations of part(s) of the anatomical region with the targets being tracked, as a function of the position in time within P. Using fiducial-less non-rigid image registration between pre-operative DRRs and intra-operative x-ray images, the absolute position of the target and/or other part(s) of the anatomical region is determined. The cycle P is determined using motion sensors such as surface markers. The radiation beams are delivered using: 1) the results of non-rigid image registration; 2) the 4D model; and 3) the position in time within P.

Abstract: A radiography device and a radiography method are specifically adapted for examinations in the field of pediatric radiology. The radiography device examines a diagnosis-relevant region of a patient. The device has a radiation source, which emits radiological rays in an irradiation direction. An irradiation surface is selectable in dependence of a specified examination region of the patient. The radiography device also has a measurement field. The size of the measurement field is changeable such that the size of the measurement field and the size of the irradiation surface correlate.

Abstract: A method of identifying the material content of an object comprises: providing a radiation source and a radiation detector; irradiating a test object with radiation from the source; collecting at the detector system intensity data for radiation emergent from the test object; resolving the intensity data spectroscopically between a plural set of energy bands; numerically processing the spectroscopically resolved intensity data via the following steps: considering a material attenuation coefficient as a plural set of energy dependent polynomial equations in atomic number with a set of energy dependent coefficients across the said plural set of energy bands; determining a measured attenuation coefficient at each said energy band; calculating therefrom one or more orders of Compound Proton Number and/or effective mass thickness and/or density and for example a Compound Proton Number Set comprising plural order powers and preferably plural higher order powers of weighted compound atomic number.

Abstract: Isotope identification imaging of nuclear fuel material or explosives concealed in a drum or container in which nuclear reactor fuel or radioactive waste are sealed is realized while ensuring high precision, high reliability, and safety. A sample 31 is irradiated with laser Compton photon beams 21 and 22 generated by a collision between an electron beam 12 and polarized laser light 16 and 20. An isotope in the sample is identified using nuclear resonance fluorescence, and the spatial distribution thereof is imaged. In so doing, a nuclear level of an isotope whose emission direction of nuclear resonance fluorescence is dependent on the planes of polarization of the incident LCS photon beams is used.

Abstract: To provide a semiconductor device and a driving method of the same that is capable of enlarging a signal amplitude value as well as increasing a range in which a linear input/output relationship operates while preventing a signal writing-in time from becoming long. The semiconductor device having an amplifying transistor and a biasing transistor and the driving method thereof, wherein an electric discharging transistor is provided and pre-discharge is performed.

Abstract: A method of treating a cancerous region in a breast of a patient comprising (i) imaging the breast in a three-dimensional coordinate system, (ii) stereotactically determining the location of the cancerous region in the breast, (iii) optionally determining the volume of the entire cancerous region to be treated, and (iv) while maintaining the breast in a three-dimensional coordinate system that is identical to or corresponds with the three-dimensional coordinate system used in (i), noninvasively exposing the cancerous region of the breast of the patient to a cancer-treatment effective dose of radiation; and equipment for use in such a method.

Abstract: Methods and an x-ray system for dynamically regulating x-ray dose. An x-ray beam is generated and collimated at a source collimator and detected after the x-ray beam traverses an inspected object. A filter may be dynamically interposed by translation of the filter between a focal spot of the source and the source collimator in such a manner as to maintain the portion of the x-ray beam that traverses the inspected object below a specified limit. Alternatively, an aperture of the source collimator may be varied in size or position relative to the focal spot.

Abstract: A radiation therapy system for irradiating a target volume with a particle beam is provided. The radiation therapy system includes a radiation source that is operable to output an adjustable irradiation field that includes a particle beam that is scanned point by point over the target volume. A 3D imaging device may obtain a 3D radiation treatment data set in a radiation treatment phase. An adaptation unit adapts the irradiation field to a change in position and/or shape of the target volume in the radiation treatment phase. The adaptation unit compares the 3D radiation treatment data set with a 3D planning image data set furnished and obtains a transformation that describes the change in position and/or shape of the target volume. The adaptation unit transforms an irradiation field based on the transformation.

Abstract: The invention comprises a semi-vertical patient positioning, alignment, and/or control method and apparatus used in conjunction with charged particle or proton beam radiation therapy of cancerous tumors. Patient positioning constraints are used to maintain the patient in a treatment position, including one or more of: a seat support, a back support, a head support, an arm support, a knee support, and a foot support. One or more of the positioning constraints are movable and/or under computer control for rapid positioning and/or immobilization of the patient. The system optionally uses an X-ray beam that lies in substantially the same path as a proton beam path of a particle beam cancer therapy system. The generated image is usable for: fine tuning body alignment relative to the proton beam path, to control the proton beam path to accurately and precisely target the tumor, and/or in system verification and validation.

Abstract: A system for producing a controllable beam of radiation is controllable electronically, and includes no parts that must move relative to one another while in operation to form the beam. The direction and cross-section of the beam may be controlled electronically by controlling an electron beam. Various embodiments provide an X-ray collimator that allows forming a scanning X-ray beam of desired size and flux independently of the aperture material thickness without requiring movement of the aperture or physical components that create the aperture. Some embodiments provide an X-ray collimator that allows forming a scanning X-ray beam of desired size and flux independently of the beam angle.

Abstract: Some aspects include a system, medium, and method for receiving an indication of occurrences of a substantially periodic treatment opportunity for a target volume of a patient from a motion detection device, the treatment opportunity being a period of time the target volume is in a position to be irradiated according to a burst mode treatment plan to be administered by a radiotherapy device; determining a future treatment opportunity for a target volume of a patient; beginning synchronization of a prescribed delivery period of burst mode irradiation and the future treatment opportunity; presenting, to the patient, an indication of timing data indicative of a time until the prescribed delivery period of burst mode irradiation will occur; and irradiating the target volume during the synchronization of the future treatment opportunity and the prescribed delivery period of burst mode irradiation.

Abstract: A method and an apparatus for filtering radio-frequency electromagnetic beams, in particular x-rays, include a fluid container containing a ferrofluid which at least partially absorbs the electromagnetic beams. A distribution of the ferrofluid within the fluid container can be varied by using an applied magnetic gradient field. An irradiation apparatus and a device for irradiating an object are also provided.

Abstract: Described herein are devices for converting a broadband x-ray beam to at least one substantially monochromatic x-ray beam. The devices may be an adaptor for existing x-ray machines or for use with a standalone machine. The device 20 includes a shielded housing 22 having an inner cavity and a fluorescent target 26, 26? disposed in the inner cavity 24 wherein the fluorescent target 26, 26? emits at least one substantially monochromatic x-ray beam when exposed to a broadband x-ray beam. The housing 22 includes a first opening 30 in the housing 22 configured to allow the broadband x-ray beam from an x-ray source to enter the inner cavity 24 and irradiate the fluorescent target 26, 26? and a second opening 34 in the housing configured to allow the at least one substantially monochromatic x-ray beam emitted by the fluorescent target to exit the housing 22. Also described herein are sources of monochromatic x-rays 60, 84, 112, as well as diagnostic and therapeutic methods of using of monochromatic x-ray beams.

Abstract: Provided is a measuring apparatus which is capable of measuring the distribution of a specific element in a specimen by soft X rays in a state where there is no effect by a staining agent and the like even though the specimen is composed of living single cells or cell aggregates living as they are, extracted in vitro from an organism. A measuring apparatus using soft X rays includes a connection part which is connected with a soft X ray beam line, a mechanism which light-collects a spot size of soft X rays into a micro beam, and a low vacuum vessel having a measurement chamber in which a specimen is disposed.

Abstract: An electron gun having: a cathode for emitting electrons; a first Wehnelt electrode equipped with a first aperture through which electrons are allowed to pass; and a second Wehnelt electrode that is equipped with a second aperture disposed at a predetermined position with respect to the cathode and the first aperture, and that is furnished at a position closer to the cathode than the first Wehnelt electrode, wherein: the cathode and the second Wehnelt electrode are included within a single assembly constituting a unitary body; and the assembly is detachably attached to the first Wehnelt electrode. Replacement of the cathode can be performed by detaching the cathode unit from the first Wehnelt electrode, and then ejecting the cathode unit out from the Wehnelt cover. The emitter of the cathode can thereby be reliably positioned with respect to the second aperture.

Abstract: A radiotherapy apparatus control method according to the present invention includes: a step S6 of calculating rotational and first translational correction amounts based on a position and orientation of a first region represented by a radioscopic image of a subject; and a step S9 of calculating a second translational correction amount based on a position and orientation of the second region represented by the radioscopic image and the rotational correction amount; and a step S10 of driving a couch so that it rotates by the rotational correction amount and translates by the second translational correction amount. The first region is larger than the second region. According to such a method, the second region can be arranged in a predetermined position at higher accuracy compared with a case where the position of the couch is adjusted by using the position and orientation of only one of the first and second regions.

Abstract: An apparatus and method for killing pathogenic and non-pathogenic organisms using low-energy x-rays including a shielding assembly that maximizes internal deflections preventing x-rays from escaping the apparatus enclosing an irradiation zone having a passageway between inlet and outlet portions along a conveyor having either a two-level inline or non-linear geometry that continuously moves the articles to be irradiated through the irradiation zone at a first velocity; and an irradiation chamber housing at least one x-ray having a first power level capable of emitting x-rays for a period of time sufficient to provide at least a predetermined dose of radiation to an article and capable of a maximum continuous power output at 100% duty cycle that is selected from within range of from approximately 16 kW to approximately 20 kW to thereby continuously emit low-energy x-rays having energies of from approximately 10 KeV and up to a maximum of approximately 440 KeV.

Abstract: Motion artifacts and patient dose during 4D CT imaging are reduced by adaptive control of data acquisition. The respiration signal (310) and CT data acquisition (340) are linked, such that ‘bad’ data from erratic breathing cycles that cause artifacts is not acquired by pausing CT data acquisition (360) when erratic breathing is detected, and not resuming CT data acquisition until steady-state respiration is resumed. Training data is used to develop a tolerance envelope for a respiratory signal such that for erratic breathing cycles the respiratory signal is not within the tolerance envelope (330).

Abstract: A process of irradiation Sn containing Pb-free solder to mitigate whisker formation and growth thereon is provided. The use of gamma radiation such as cobalt-60 has been applied to a substrate of Sn on copper has been found to change the morphology of the crystalline whisker growth to a more truncated hillock pattern. The change in morphology greatly reduces the tendency of whiskers to contribute to electrical short-circuits being used as a Pb-free solder system on a copper substrate.

Abstract: There is provided an apparatus configured to irradiate an object with an X-ray and detect a transmission X-ray transmitted through the object, including: a chamber member defining a first space; and a first supply port arranged in the first space to supply a temperature-controlled gas to a part of an X-ray source configured to irradiate the object with the X-ray.

Abstract: A method for use in a treatment planning process or in a treatment process includes determining a type of critical organ for healthy tissue, and accumulating dose for the healthy tissue based on the type of critical organ. A method for use in a treatment planning process or in a treatment process includes determining a type of critical organ for healthy tissue, and determining a constraint for the healthy tissue, wherein the constraint is determined based on different movement trajectories and the type of critical organ.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method and an apparatus for guiding an irradiation equipment (2) located outside a human body (1) or an animal body. The method comprises the steps of identifying, in an image (4), a three-dimensional element (7) visible in the image (4), said three-dimensional element (7) has been in position in, or being inserted into, a cavity of the human body (1) or the animal body, establishing, in the image (4), a preliminary position of the three-dimensional element (7) visible in the image (4) in relation to a reference, establishing a preliminary position of the irradiation equipment (2) in relation to the reference, and adjusting the irradiation equipment (2) in response to the position the three-dimensional element (7).

Abstract: For quarantine treatment of a farming and forestry product for pest control, a method and a device may irradiate logs as a phytosanitary treatment with electron beams. The method may include: spreading the logs; aligning the spread logs to be flush at one end; conveying the spread and flush logs laterally; conveying the logs longitudinally through an irradiation field formed by accelerators to provide treatment of irradiation with the electron beams; throwing the irradiated logs out; and laterally conveying the logs away. The device may include a conveying device for conveying the logs, a shielding structure surrounding the conveying device, and accelerators provided in the conveying path of the conveying device. Two or more accelerators may be provided in centrosymmetry about the conveying path.

Abstract: A method and system for facilitating the identification and/or authentication of objects, and to a method and system for the marking of objects with an identity and/or as of authentic origin, and a set of objects marked to facilitate subsequent identification and/or authentication are described. The marking comprises incorporating into an object or part thereof or onto a tag mechanically engaged therewith a marker material exhibiting a characteristic radiation interaction response to incident high-energy ionizing radiation from a test source that is known to vary spectroscopically across the spectrum of the source. The presence or otherwise of the marker material may be determined by subsequent interrogation of an object with a suitable radiation source and detector to infer whether an object is of marked identity or origin.

Abstract: A dose calculation tool operable to generate a variance map that represents a dose uncertainty. The variance map illustrates on a point-by-point basis where high uncertainty in the dose may exist and where low uncertainty in the dose may exist. The dose uncertainty is a result of an error in one or more data parameters related to a delivery parameter or a computational parameter.

Abstract: [Object] The present invention provides an X-ray irradiation device capable of adjusting the energy of X-rays in a wide range, and an analysis device equipped with the X-ray irradiation device. [Solving Means] An X-ray irradiation device according to an embodiment of the present invention focuses X-rays emitted from an X-ray generation mechanism to a predetermined focal position by a focusing mechanism. The X-ray generation mechanism has a structure which generates a plurality of X-rays having different wavelengths. The focusing mechanism has a structure in which the plurality of X-rays are focused to the same focal position by focusing elements having diffraction characteristics suitable for the wavelengths of the respective X-rays generated by the X-ray generation mechanism.

Abstract: Real-Time Dosimetry System, RTDS, is dose measurement system consisting of an ionization chamber and electrometer with the ability to measure, record, and display the high radiation doses required to meet approved standards for sterilization of medical, industrial and food products.